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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproou.  .  ^ns  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductiops  historiques 


^1999 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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Q 


D 
D 
D 


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□    Covers  damaged  / 
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□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
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Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

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n 


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n 


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Q    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
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A   Showthrough /Transparence 


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2dx                               50x 

^^^^^^^M 

■■■yJX.                                                  :^X                                                !Ca                                               <:tX 

■■■■■ 

1 

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V 

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12x 


16x 


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24  X 


28x 


32x 


The  copy  filmed  hera  has  been  reproduced  ;hanks 
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filmage 


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empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"). 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  spparaitra  sur  la 
derniire  image  do  chaque  microfiche,  selon  I 
cas:  Ie  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  Ie 
symbole  V  signifie  'FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  cor-ier,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Los  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  etre 
film^s  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  sei  '.  cliche,  il  est  film6  ^  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MKROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 
ANSI  nod  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    1 


1.0 


I.I 


1:  f  lie 

^  "  llllffl 
i:  1.8 


1.25 


1.4 


^      APPLIED  IfVMGE 


if 


Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 

OIVlSlOW  OF  ECONOMICS  AND  MI8T0HV 
A)HN  BATES  CLARK,  DIRECTOR 


PRELIMINARY  ECONOMIC  STUDIES  OF  THE  WAR 

EOlTtD  ty 
DAVID  KINLEY 

rioltiun  of  Polliicit  tfuaar.  Uunitiif  m  IffinK 


WAR  ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  RAILWAYS 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND 

GREAT  BRITAIN 


FRANK  HAIGH  DIXON 
Profcnor  of  BamonAa,  Dannimitt»  College 


JULIUS  H.  PARMELEE 

StatutJcisn,  Bureau  of  " r*~ix  ffrffrniinip . 


ftClMa'tOITlON 


OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  Pill^S 

AMEIti^A^    BmM^Hi   '35    WSfT    32*i>    STREET'^ 
London,  Toronto.  MelbddfneMd  Son^ay 
1919 


"?■"*■.    ",'.  ">       "V  i*l">i»!i- 


Ij%Wi  iiji" «    III  feu 


^■-     •  *'■  ' 


:i:'£SS£:i^ 


(>iiriico;ic  IjuIow  nient  for  Iiiternarioiial  Peace 

DIVISION  OF  RCONOMICS  AND  HISTORY 
JOHN  BATtS  CLARK,   OIRtCTOR 


l'Ki:i.IML\.\RV   KC'OXOMIC    SIUDIES  OF    Ilir;   WAR 

nil  I  m  in 

l).A\  II)    hwlNl,K\ 

Prolriiof    of    I'oliiical    econiimir.  t'nucillr  o»    IllinoU 

Member  af   Commritre  ot  Re«eircH  of   the    Bn4owm«nt 

No.  A 


WAR  ADMINISFRATION  OF  THF  RAILWAYS 

IN  THE  UNITFD  ST..TFS  AND 

GRFAT  BRITAIN 


FRANK  HAIGH   DIXON 

ProfesMir  of   Eronomjrs.   Dart.iiDulli  ColleRf 
AND 

JULIUS    H.   PARMELEE 

Stali^ticiaii,  !'  ire.iu  .if  Kallwav  Eiorinmlci 


SetOND    EllIIIOS 


NKW   VORK. 

OXFORD  UxNlVERSITV  PRESS 

AMERICAN     KRANCH:     35     WES  I      32m)     SIKEEI' 

London,    Toronto,  Melbourne  and  Bornbav 

lit]  9 


FlIftT    iDtTIOM 
lANtlAKV.    191)1 


ItcoNo  Edition 

WITH    tirPLKMIN TAL   CHAPTKRl 

May.  1919 


tiJPVkU.HT  1911 

CARSEtilE    eN()(n\MKSI     KOH     t  S  ThKN  A  1  ION  AI.    I'EACE 

J  JacKIOs    Pl.ACI 

WA»HIN(,T0N.  D    C. 


pRtss  OF  BvRON  S.  Adams 
Washington.  D.  C. 


'"""•      ■     •     ■      I !»s  is  a  rmhcav  z.,:r 


Makshai.  Jokfke 


EDITORS  PKEl'ACE 

This  aaoiim  l.y  I'rutcssor  JJixon  and  .\.'r.  i'ani.elcc  ,.|  il,c  war 
adm.n.stratiun  ut  the  railways  in  Great  liritaii.  .....J  the  L  nitcd 

itatc.  to  date  IS  une  that  should  he  of  great  interest  and  h-lpful- 
nes.s  to  oiir  own  guvernment  and  ,,eoi,le  at  tlic  present  crisis. 
1  he  Hnt.sh  record  .s  nuich  longer  than  our  own.  since  the  gov- 
ernment of  that  country  took  over  the  railwavs  pract.callv  at  the 
hegnnnng  of  the  war.  The  account  guen  In'  the  author^  o.  tl.e 
operation  ,.,  ,hese  raihvays  under  t,^o^ eminent  administration 
shows  that  a  very  hi^h  degree  of  e.fkiency  has  l^en  att  unci  To 
he  siire  the  plan  of  oiK-rations  had  been  framed  vears  hefore 
hut  the  smoothness  with  which  it  ha^  worked  is  evidence  of  its' 
wisdom. 

It  is  clear  from  the  accoun,  that  .he  Mntish  raUuays  hase  l.ccn 

h  «hh  erticient  under  government  n.anagen.ent  for  the  pur,..ses 

o'    he  war.  hut  n  will  he  hasty  to  conclude  that  similar  erf.clencv 

ndcr  .,,,vcr„n,cn,  operation  could  he  attained  in  normal  times  of 

peace.      In    war   tunc   the  onlv   emciency   of   in,portance   is '.he 

pron,pM,an,,,,rt  ,,Mar,e  ,,,an,,,,es  of  certain  cLite  a„d\e 
known  classes  o,  goods  and  of  passenger.      Kniciencv  in    ,e-i 
t.")e  tor  the  railroads  is  of  a  different  character.     It  i,,.  , 

on, n,.n,,n  of  services  or  satisfactions  to, he  patro,;;!.,. 

.  -Iroac  .some  phases  of  .hi.h  ar.  al.n„  ,„  ,he  s  mpler  problem 
o  war  transportat,,..  The  ,raU,c  of  the  railroads  I  Z  „  " 
l-.dv  <hherent,atc,l,  l.o.h  in  freight  and  passenger  servce  The 
service  must  he  of  a  ch-inrf,.,-  ,,.  .-,ti  f  ,  •      ,  ■'"^""  ■     '  '"- 

conditions   M^,  "•"^■^';^'  '"  ^'"'^'.v  .'1  nmltunde  of  different 

c.n<ht,ons,  ta.vtes.  and  re,|u,rcn,ent<  of  individuals.     On  ,he  ,as 
s     .er  sKlcs  moreover,  the  co„..,„n,.nt  an.l  preiudices  of  t         ^s 

-  --en.d  to.  :,„,,,,e  efficiency  .f  a  railroad  is  measuj^ 
I  Tt  In  Its  success  m  .^at.sfving  these.     The  hernv  .  f  ,h 

.   I  >..n(  in. Us,  .111  ,,f  winch  mav 


VI 


KDiiiii^-  riua  ALi-: 


iH.-  ncKlfcted  in  war.  In  .sliort,  the  prol  V-ni  of  securing  e.t.ciency. 
or  snc.ess  >n  >,,.ct.n,  prevailing  con.lifons,  is  a  nuich  more  com- 
plex one,  and  it  i.  more  than  doul,ttnl  -vhether  it  a.uld  be  solved 
hv  Rovernment  '.tV.ciaU  w.-rkin-  according  to  nnitnie. 
■  The  storv  t.,ld  ha>  nianv  lessens  for  us  both  in  the  present 
•ind  the  inuncdiatc  future  in  the  management  of  our  railroads. 
If.  with  our  larger  railwav  system,  we  do  as  well  as  the  I'.ntish. 
we  mav  feel  satisfied. 

The'authors.  needless  to  say,  have  done  their  work  well. 

D.wiD  Kin-ley. 


FOREWORD 

■'■1>'>   nu.n,,^rai,l,    „   ,ul,ject   t,.   all   the   linmations   that   arise 
when  one  attempts  tu  urite  hiMcrv  in  nuJias  res 

'"  <"eat  Dnta.M  a  law  had  been  o>:  the  statute  l«ok  since  1871 
wh.ch  pr.viclcl  for  th.  ntethod  of  ra.hvay  tnana.^entent  in  ease 
'"  uar  and  „n-  the  tinancial  arran^a.nent  utider  wh.ch  the  rad- 
ways  shottld  he  operated.  The  organization  of  railway  execu- 
tives whtch  ,s  now  operat.n..  the  llritish  radwavs  had  been  in 
.x,s  ence  s.nce  18%.     Therefore,  u  .ns  -  ..,,,i,-ely  sintple  n.at- 

and  tl,e'"V    '  ';'"■'"'■"■-■  '"  """""  ^^'^"^  "'^'  ^"'-S-K-v  arose 
and  there  have  been  ,ew  prol,len,s  s,„ce  of  a  fttndantental  char- 

^l^i  n ''  T  T ' "'"'" '"  ^'"p^""'*'^  '^  ''y  ^>-^  --  ^'e- 

smpt..,n  ,s  altogether  contplete  or  well  balanced  an.I  that  ,t  does 
not  fad  to  present  sonte  significant  fact  or  phase  of  the  situation 
A  any  gaps  wdl  I^e  discovered  that  are  due  to  the  nnposs.bihty 
o     obta.ntng  u.torntation  during  the  war.  and  especia  Iv  to  the 
^  ence  of  the  British  govern„,ent  regarding  ntanv'u  h  'int^ 
deahngs  under  war  conditions.  ' 

As  for  the  United  States,  no  preparation  had  i,een  tnade  for 
ra  Iway   parttcpation    in    war   t,ntil    a    few    tnonths   before   on 
entrance  ,nto   it.   l.yond   such   experience  as   was  carr  e     ov 
from  our    adures  of  the  Spanish  War  and  fron.  our  tran  nor 
■on  oi  ntihtia  to  the  b-rder  in  the  sun,-,.er  of  1916      rX    " 
btnlt   on   a  cnipetitive   principle    were   con,pelled   overn  o 

dense  a  scheme  of  cooperation.     It  is  with  this  p.nod  o    ;    .  ! 
ao      oo,>eration   that   this  .nonograph   is   concerned.      It   c  Is 
tn  o  ";,;:::"'"'"^""'""^   -   ^-^-^--^    '-   a   greater   unifict 

nv  i)t>on.l  a  simple  narrative.     In  these  times    when  ti,„ 
cedented   happening   is   i  d.ilv   .  ""  ""P*"^- 

■"--vho'^ten;t:,^:;^LrzriZtr''d^.;r 

ventured  even  a  step  into  ,],.  realm  of  prophecy. 

December  7,   iqjj,  "^""^  Ajthoks. 


FOREWORD  TO  SECOND  EDITION 

•llK-    sudden    u..,at,nn    „f    \v,.uUu,.   and    tlu-    huumik   of   the 
nrnn>tuv   u,    .\„vcnil.cr   la^,   |,n,„j.lu   ,l„.   ,„,.,,,,   ,  „■   „,^.   ^.^^jj^.,, 
Mates  and  ( .rcat   llntan,  lac.  t,,  ra>  c  ^^  „h  a  pml.l,,,.  wind,  ha.l 
I'.n-  bo  ■:  di>cnsM-d  a-  an  acidemia  ,|iK.stinn.  Inn  was  n,m  trans 
tinned   nitu  an   ninMuu   i,r,,l,Ic-ni   nf   ,.ractK-al   poliiic.-tlni    ,,t 
nuluay  ,^a„,nal,.at.,,n.      S.k.cn  ,.  tlu-  niun-M  ,,.  th.  pnlJu-  n, 
tills  ,.Mx-,  that  U  has  .c-cn,cd  doiraMc  tn  rqnant  tin-  niMno-rrapl, 
u.th  snpplcnonarv  chapters  hrui.^in.i;  th.  „ar  administrate  .n  ,„ 
tlu-  radwav.  ,l,.vn  „,  ,iatr     X.,  atic-n,p.  l,a.  l.-.n  „,,,,!.-  „,  pas. 
judonu-nt   np-nn   th.  c-xp.rnncnl   „,  .,nvcrnnu-n,   ..prrai.nn    uln.h 
has  hc-en  ,.n  trial  i.^r  nmrc-  than  a  v.ar  ni  the  rnui-.l  Matc-^      In 
'art,  u  ,.dnnl,tiul  u  hr,hc-r  attcnipN  .,,,lrau  cnrinM, -ns  as  i,    ,hr 
drs.ralMhty  ,,t  permanent  Government  operation   from  onr  hrief 
expenenee  unh  it  mo„1,1  have  anv  ^aiHl^v.  s„  abnormal  have  been 
"HTondmons  „nder  ^hnh  it  has  been  tried.   Chan.-es  in  the  riil- 
^^av  sirnetnre  and  general  metho,!  o,  ,  pc-rati^n  h,.,e  not  Ix-n  ^o 
i>n.n  Mn.l  m  (irea.   iintain  as  i,,  ,he   Tnite-l  States,  but  in  some 
n-pccts    uhal    has   be,-n    Iran^pinn^    in    bai^lan,!   nun    have   e^,■P 
,!,'reater  n,llnence  o„  ,1,,.  fntnre  than  the  nnpreeedente.l  ehan^-es  in 
'iH'  I  nued  .States.      The  contents  of  the  ad,litio.„al  chapter,    .re 
a.nhned  l,oth  for  the  Uiiite.l  .States  and  Great  Rritain  to  a  simple 
narrative.  ' 


.Itril  tj,  loro. 


Tin:    \ 


'"I'llOR.s. 


CONTENTS 


I'AKr   l--THh:  Unitkd   States 

I  Iiitrodiiclioii     

II  Historical   developirniit    

III  War  nriianizatinii  of  tin-  railway: '' 

IV  The  drive   for   i iporatinc;   efficiency 27 

V  Cooperation   of  sovermnoiit  ami   railways •" 

\'I      The  ctul  of   voluntary  cooperation 57 

Aihl'Miihim-  -The  laln.r  -.itnation   ^ 

I'art   II  -Hre-.at  Hkitain 

I  OrKanization  of  the  British  railways  for  war 71 

II  Laltor  and  wages *' 

III  I-^fficioncy  and  economy '"O 

l\'  I'reiKht  and  passenRer   rate? 1'" 

\'  General   re~nlts    '^0 

Taut   1 II  — Si  ppi.kmint^kv   Ch  M'Tkhs 

I  The  fnited   State,   1-]1 

II  (,reat    Britain    '-''7 

Arl'KNl.I("KS 

A     Personnel   of  the  railuay   war  (.iji.iniz.ilion   in   the  United   States 179 

H     Kenulation  -i  the  1- Tees  .let.   1X71   (Creat  Britain) 185 

C     Special   war  powers  (granted  to   l;n;ir(l  of   Trade   ( I  ireat   Britain) 187 

D     Orders  of   Board  of  Trade   (Great  Britain)   under  Defence  of  the 

Real  reKulations.  T"   l^*^ 

E     Proelaniation   of   the    Pre-ident    takn'K   lios,cssi,)n    of   the    railways..  197 

Index    201 


3 
6 
17 
27 
39 
57 
64 


71 
90 

105 
118 
120 


PART  I  -THE  UNITED  STATES 


131 
157 

179 

185 

187 

189 
197 
201 


I 


J 


A\AK   ADMINISTRATION  OF  THK  RAILWAYS 

IN  THK   LJM  IHD  STA  IKS  AND 

C.RKAT  BRITAIN 


CHAPTER  I 

Introduction 

Depen.lence  of  a  nation  upon  its  transportation  svstcni  in  time 
ni  uar  has  co.ne  to  l)e  ai,n,.st  cotnplete.  If  the  t'ran.sportation 
syslun  IS  ni  t.n.e  of  peace  the  vital  current  alon-  winch  Hows  the 
!ite  1>1(X)(1  oi  a  nation's  economic  activities,  even  more  vita!  and 
ev^ential  is  it  to  a  nation  strn-RJinff  for  verv  existence  in  time 
ot   war. 

St.t.ly  of  modern  transiK,rtation  systems  under  war  conditions 
tliercfore.  can  not  init  prove  al.sorbin.olv  interesting  and  useful 
li.e  utility  of  railways  in  war  may  l,e  studied    inder  two  strik- 
mii  aspects:   hrst.   the  military   or  strategic  aspect,   which  con- 
cerns the  utilization  of  railways  within  or  horderin-  upon  the 
^^ar  zone.   an<i   second,   the  economic  aspect,   which  deals   with 
territory   remote    from    the    scene    of   actual    fisl^tin<^   although 
closely  related  to  military  operations.     In  a  region  where  fight- 
ing IS  under  way.  the  line  hctween  militarv  and  economic  ac- 
tivity on  the  part  of  the  railways  is  often  difficult  to  draw    for 
all   tnan.sportation  oi-erations  are  then  subor.Iinated  to  military 
considerations:  the  nearer  a  railway  to  the  war  zone,  the  more 
wholly  sul,merg.d  are  its  economic  as  contrasted  with  its  mili- 
tary  operations. 

It,  FratKe,  for  example,  tlie  railways  have  plaved  a  dual  part 
since  the  1>eginning  of  the  war.     Xorth  and  nor'theast  of  Paris 
the  railw.ays  !.-n.-e  l.een  included  in  a  war  zone  (,oue  dcs  anncc.) 
the  l,.,undane>  of  which  were  drawn  hy  the  government  arou.ui 


\\  Al<    \l)MIM~i  l<  \  riiiN   ()!■    KAII.WAYS 


fcrtaiii  "t  till'  lUpartiiicnt'-,  In  tlii>  zmn.'  tlif  railway  lias  Ik-cii 
>\ilii  II  iliiiati'il  ahii'i^t  wIkjIIv  Id  the  (Icinaiuls  of  the  tnilitarv. 
I'ai  t  I'l  tlk-  iic)rthca>tiTi'  railway  systonis  of  i'rance  have,  indeed, 
ln'fii  iiimpk-tt'ly  ^iiljiiicrr  d  for  the  tiiiu-  U'ln^.  owiii^'  to  enemy 
occiipaiion.  In  the  remaining;  ilcijartnients  (.f  iMance  the  rail- 
ways have  had  niorc  clearly  the  second  asjiect.  namely,  that  of 
etoiioniic  >n|i[)ort  of  military  o]H.Mations.  In  the  pursint  of  this 
economic  activil\,  while  the  raihvays  are  constantly  eiigaj^ed  in 
the  Iran^jvriniii  Ml  of  troops  and  military  supplies  tliev  are  work- 
m.i,'  at  i;rcalcr  di-taiues  from  tlie  Ironl  aiul  withmit  tiie  terrific 
jire^-nrc  niider  which  operations  are  necessarily  carried  forward 
in  the  war  zone  proper,  {■iirtliermore.  a  considei  atile  jjart  of 
thcii-  work  has  consisted  in  handling,'  ordinary  commercial  fjiKids, 
raw  materials,  finished  products  and  the  like,  and  in  the  trans- 
[jortation  of  nor-military  traffic  and  passenj^ers. 

The  L'nited  States,  havin<;  been  wholly  separated  from  the 
re,iL;ion  of  contlict.  has  been  concerned  solely  with  the  economic 
scr\icr  of  the  railways  witli  such  modification  as  has  l)een  com- 
[velleil  l'\-  the  transi>ortation  of  troops  and  sup[)lies  to  the  iwrts 
of  ciiiliarkation  and  the  army  camps.  For  the  period  here  under 
consideration  the  railways  have  l)een  operated  hv  their  own 
executives  under  a  system  of  voluntary  coo])eration  with  rela- 
tively little  interference  and  with  no  aid  whatever  from  the 
federal  Rovenime't 

dreat  Britain  li.is  Ihcii  fortunate  in  her  virtual  freedom  from 
that  invasion  to  which  P.elf^ium,  France,  Serbia,  Russia,  Rouma- 
nia  and  Italy  have  all  been  subjected.  Her  railwav  svstem  iiiav, 
therefore,  Ik-  re^arfled  as  falhne;  more  particular] v  into  the  second, 
or  economico-niilitary,  Ljrou]).  The  r,riti>h  railwav  sysfm  has 
Ijeen  welded  together  by  j,mveriiniental  order  from  the  very 
Ijesjinninf;  of  the  war,  beint;  operiiied  throughout  as  a  single 
unit;  and  while  railway  activity  has  been  largelv  subi>rdinatcil 
to  considerations  of  troop  and  sup[)Iy  transportation,  yet  this 
activity  has  lx;en  comparatively  free  from  the  serious  and  tragic 
problems  confronting  the  railwav^  of  France.  Invasion  not  only 
results  in  military  and  political  changes  of  profound  significance. 


tiif:  unitki)  states 


!-it  a!s.j  l,y  iinrlemiiiiin^.  the  eomn„„c  .truame  niwets  the  uli„'e 
trans,K.rtai,„„  ,.rj,Mnizati<.n.  I^nt^laiul's  freedom  fn,n,  invaMon 
lia.  1ft t  her  tree  t,>  experiment  on  a  lar^^e  scale  with  a  system 
"t  [)rivate  railway  operation  lui.Ier  government  control 


CHAPTER  II 

Historical  Ucvelopnient 

While  II"  ^ikli  cl">f  rclatiiin-.hi]i  l.ftwcin  the  i;ii\t.'riiimni  .iiul 
the  railways  existed  at  tlie  time  of  our  entrance  into  the  luiro|Hati 
War  as  was  to  be  found  in  Great  Uritain.  yet  we  were  not  wiili- 
oiit  exiierieiue  in  tlie  use  of  transportatimi  facilities  for  military 
purposes.  In  fact,  the  relationship  of  fjoviTiiiiuiit  ami  rairiers 
in  earlier  conllicts  in  this  coi  ntrv  has  heen  of  stilVicient  impor- 
tance to  fiirni-ih  a  sound  hasis  of  exi)crieiKe  upoii  which  to  iniild 
a  structure  of  railway  oi)€ration  f^r  tlie  jire-eiit  cnntlict.  It  will 
be  profitable,  therefore,  briefly  to  review  this  relatiiin>liip  his- 
torically. 

Our  first  contlict  after  the  iiitrdiltii'.ii.n  ni  railways  wa>  llie 
Mexican  \\  ar.  It  is  not  possible  to  say  that  railways  were  liC-.cr 
emploved  duriiiij  the  period  of  that  conllict,  but  it  laii  be  stated 
without  fear  of  contradictiiin  that  they  played  no  sii^nificant  [lart 
in  the  mobilization  of  troops  ami  iim  \  an  whate\er  in  actual  tiMop 
nin\enicnts.  .\lthnui,di  the  r|uarterinastcr  ijencral  refers  ire- 
(|iicntl\  in  his  annual  report-;  to  the  ^nrinus  facilitic-;  of  tran^^por- 
tatii'U,  purchased  ami  liiieil.  lie  uiaKes  n<>  iiieutiuil  \\h:ile\er  of 
railways.  This  is  not  straii,i;e  when  mie  recalls  that  the  cnneen- 
tration  of  troops  wa^;  clTectei!  on  the  liwer  Kin  (irande,  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  and  at  I'ort  I.eavenworth  "U  the  Missouri.  This 
was  in  1846.  Four  years  later  we  had  in  the  entire  rniteil  .States 
only  9,000  miles  of  railway,  of  which  over  5,00C)  niile-^  were 
foimd  in  Xew  England,  New  ^'llrk•,  reiin'<yl\ania  and  Ohio. 
Texas,  .\rkansa«  and  Teunevsee  had  tint  a  mile,  ;iiid  all  the  Tiulf 
States  combined  jxjssc^sed  only  .v^O  miles.  From  I'ort  Leaven- 
worth to  ."^anta  b'c  mules,  oxen  and  hordes  w  ere  the  motive  jiower, 
wagons  and  pack  animals  the  vehicles;  ;md  troup-  farther  east 
came  by  transport  down  the  Mississi])pi  and  coastwise  from  At- 
lantic ports.     Tt  was  not  until  two  \ear^  after  the  close  of  this 


Tllh   I   Ml  I  II  >|  AIKS 


and 


war  tliat  Coii-ress  made  its  first  imiKjrtaiit  land  :;r.iiii  m  ai.l  „i 
railway,  that  tu  the  Illitiois  Ceneral  in  which  prnvision  uas 
made  i..r  the  iransiiortatioii  of  pn.pertx  and  tm-.p^;  ,,f  il,e  Cnited 
States. 

The  situation  at  the  n,„nin,-  ni  the  L  ivil  War  was  (piite  .ht- 
Icrent.  Raihoad  hiiildin-  liad  been  rajud  in  the  decade  1850- 
IS-,()  and  tlif  inilea.^H'  liad  ni..ro  than  tivMol  It  was  al  lost  cx- 
.lusively  o.nlined  to  the  territory  east  <,i  ilir  Mississippi,  which 
uas  tlic  area  from  which  most  of  the  tr..,-,K  ucre  drawn,  and 
ilic  scene  of  many  of  the  conflicts  Ihc  tcriifTv  to  be  covere.l 
irmy  mnbilizaiioiis  and  troop  mownuiit^  was  so  extended, 
alternative  means  of  transi)ortati..n  in  the  territr.rv  between' 
the  Mississip|)i  and  the  Atlantic  coast  so  meatier,  if  nut  alioi^ctlier 
absent,  that  the  railways  became  an  cs,cnti;.l  lu.t  ..,  ,1,^  military 
oryani/atinn.  In  f.,ct  it  is  ;,n.,K.ralIy  cnnce.led  bv  v.udents  of 
mdttary  lu.i..n  ihat  the  American  Civil  War  uas  the  first  -rp.at 
military  conflict  m  ubicb  railu.-n.  uerc  a  si.;nillcant  fart,,r 

To  the  pos.ibl,ti,.<  ,,f  ,„cb  ,1  relational,,,,  I„.tuccn  iiiibta-y 
1,'ovornmcni  and  railwavs.  attct,...,  h.,d  been  ^n\.-n  dnrii,.-  the 
I.rcvio,,.  ,lcca,lc,  \.  carK  a.  I  S J4  a  ^rani  of  hmd  for  canar,,ur- 
po-c,  m  liubana  bad  provide!  that  tlu-  uatciuav  .j,,,,,!,]  be  "a 
public  hiuhwav  for  tbc  m.c  of  the  .^overmncnt  of  the  Cmu.,]  ^t,,,,", 
iree  .ro,„  .,„v  t,,ll  or  cba,-e  vNliatevc-  for  anv  ,.ro,,ertv  .,,  the 
I  mted  Manx  or  persons  in  tbcir  mtvu."  Wluibcr  tiic  -ovcn,- 
"lent  bad  military  transportation  in  mind  bi  the  insertio,r,,f  this 
clause,  it  is  impossible  to  sav.  fl,it  it  is  si^^nificant  that  in  tbe 
.^ra.it  .„  land  lo  ibc  mi,,,,,-  Antral  Railroa.l  Compam  in  IS^I  ^- 
tbe  lirst  ot  tbe  -reat  railway  land  -ranls-the  uord  ■'tr.n.ps" 
^linnld  be  substituted  for  ••persmis."  Thereafter  in  railuav  land 
,^Tants.  ,1k-  toll,,^^i„;.■  danse  from  that  charter  was  repeated  with 
scarcely  c\cr  an  altcraii.in  iii  w.irdin'i-: 


Sai,  railroad  and  branclu-s  shall  be  and  remain  a  ,,nb- 
iic  hi.uhuay  tor  the  use  of  the  Sfovernment  of  ,hc  rnited 
Mates,  lice  from  toll  or  other  char-c  upon  tbe  transporta- 
tio„  ,,,  anv  ;>roperty  or  troops  of  the  I'nited  States 


8 


WAH  ADMINISTRATION  OF  RAILWAYS 


This  provision  l)ci-ame  tlic  ocvaMon  i,,r  -en  n,,  c  ,,iitruvcrs' 
that  ended  only  with  a  Suihiiik'  i  .mrt  .liciMun.  hnt  ihis  was  j 
decade  after  the  ('ivil  War  liad  closol  '  A  coiisidcriiljle  pro 
portion  ni  the  land  yraiUs  uas  nut  iiiailc,  cr.  it"  made,  the  lan( 
did  not  come  mto  possession  of  niieiitini,'  railways,  until  tin 
war  was  over.  Moreover,  whatever  may  have  been  m  the  muu 
of  Congress  when  it  enacted  this  itrnvi>i<in,  and  it  sccns  cleai 
that  Congress  iiiiciKJci!  to  secure  irci  tr.insporiatiun  f.,r  it- 
property  and  troops,  it  was  quickly  realized  ulicn  war  u,,s  ,,1 
that  roads  could  handle  such  traffic  free  only  at  a  \ery  n-nsid- 
crable  sacrifice,  and  that  llie  -enenms  spirit  in  wliicli  the  rail- 
ways offered  ilicir  services  to  the  j;ovcnHiicnt  sii.mld  ],<_■  met  by 
a  corresixjiidm-  -encDKity  on  the  part  nf  the  -ovcrntiK  nt  In 
1861.  the  Sccretarv  of  War  made  the  iMJIinvinij  statement  tn 
the  president  ..1  liu-  Illinois  Central-  -it  has  been  decided  by 
this  dei)ariment  (hat  tin-  rl.iiNe  in  \ui-r  charter  .;,'ives  a  clear 
'''Sht  to     .      .      .      the  i^e  of  your  ruadwav  without  compensa- 

*'^"'" \- ■'M"'"I't-'rcnmpeiis.itioii  tor  lUMtivf  ])()\ver.  cars 

and  all  other  facilitic'^  incident  to  tran~p-rtati -n,  two  cents  per 
mile  will  be  allowe.l  tor  pas^en-er  travel,  subject  to  a  discount 
of  thirty-three  and  a  third  ]K;r  cent,  as  due  to  fjovernment  for 
charter  jirivile-e-,."  He  also  st.-ued  that  a  re.iMinable  ch,iri;c  for 
frei.yht  would  be  allowed,  subject  to  a  similar  discrmit, 

■|he  function  oi"  ibe  r.iilways  in  this  conflict  was  not  alone 
that  f)f  transporting"  troo])s  and  supplies  biu  perhaps  of  even 
greater  importance,  the  maintenance  and  development  of  our 
industrial  activities  from  which  the  war  was  to  leather  its  suste- 
nance. In  the  rc-ion  of  actual  conflict,  railways  became  a  fac- 
tor in  military  strafe,L:y  and  were  built  .-md  destroved  accordin- 
to  the  exisencies  nf  the  -situation.  That  the  authorities  realized 
the  important  part  r.iilwavs  were  to  pl.iy  is  evident  from  the 
fact  that  Secretary  of  War  ("amcrou  appointed  as  his  assistniU 
Vice  President  Scott  o''  the   I'enn-vKania   Railroad. 

X'o  uniform  and  comprehensive  policy  of  commandeerintj  bv 
the  irovcrnment   u,.-  luidertaken.  the  -eneral  rule  l^ein-  to  leave 
•  Sec  p.Tce  11. 


THE  UMIIJ)  M.\TK.-i 


I  i)iurij\  cr:<\ 

iliis  w.i-i  a 

Icrahk-   pro- 

\v.  the   land 

■>,    until    the 

III  the  nniui 

'■ccnis  ilear 

ii'ti    for    its 

k'ar  wa-i  on 

cry  ii-iisid- 

li  tlie  rail- 

lie  met  by 

IltlUHt         111 

ateiiKMit  to 
decided  by 
.•es  a  elear 

coni[ien>a- 
'ower.  cars 
")  cents  per 
a  disci  Mint 
'nnicnt  ior 
cliari^e  tor 
lit, 

not  alniie 
)s  of  e\eii 
nt  of  luir 
r  its  sn-te- 
itrie  a  fac- 

accordin,' 
es  realized 

from  the 
s  assistant 

lecrint,'  h\ 
,?  to  leave 


>•"l^^.n.  ...  prn.„e  hands  unless  the  su„atin„   .ailed    i„r  more 
drastic  acti.m       I  h,.  decision   was  ,l.,„l.tless   n.ilnenred   hv    the 
•■"l.tnde  ol   the  radu  ,v,  themselves  u  i,u  h   m   lar.e  part   place.l 
tl.eir   tacihties  u.irescrve.lly  at   the  ,hsp.,,.,I  ,„    ,he  ^uvennnem. 
As   early    as    |.S(,1,    ,nterriiptt,Mi    m    communication    nuak    it 
.Kvessary  for  the  Secretary  .„    War  to  take  ,>osses.,on  of  such 
I-tions  of  the  railways  as   were  nccessarv   to   the   restoration 
"I  a  connection  between  Washington  and  the  ynrtli.      I  his  u,s 
<loiie  purely  as  ,,   uar  measure  and  without  express  authoriza- 
tion ot  Cunf,.rcss.  and  the  Imcs  were  returned  to  their  owners  be- 
fore the  situation  uas  repun.d  to  Conj^-ress.     .\Itho„.d,  the  .var 
power  o.   the    iVesiden-    uas  probably  amide,  more  <peulk   au- 
thority  seemed   dc-irable. 

The  hrst  statute  ,„  the  kind  enacted  t,,  meet  war  e.xi.^encies  was 
tl.e  law  o,  January  3],   18r,J.  p,,<sed   m   rcsp-nse  to  thi.  desire 
It.-inthon.ed    the    !Tes„leut,    u  hen    „,   his    iudf^nieni    the   .,„bln 
salety   mi^dit    re.|uire.    to   take   ,>osstssi,.n   .,f   all    railroad    bnes 
mcludm;,^  rollinir  stock,  buildnius  and  all  appurtenances    to  pre- 
scribe re,;,'.,l,ations   for  usm,-  and  maintaiiimi,^  them,   "to  extend 
repair  and  complete"  them  m  a  m  umer  most  condncue  t-  tiie 
sa.etv  an<l  interest  of  the  ,^'ocernment,   to  place   un.ler  mditar-, 
contn.l  all  n,„eers,  a.^ents,  an.!  emploves  -,,,  ,|,,,   „,,,  ,,,.,„  |,^, 
considered  as  a  p,.st   mad  and  a  part  ..f  the  nulitarv  establish- 
ment of  the  rnited  .States,  subier,  ,„  all  the  restriction-  lmp..ed 
l>v  the  rules  ami  articles  „f   war.'     Three  <  nmmiss,„ne, .    wee 
>'•  be  app.ante.l  bv  the   Tresiden,  „,  ass,...  ,1,,  danurns  and  dc 
termme  the  compensation  to   which   the   railroad    niid.t   be   en- 
titled  as  a  result   of  seizure,   and   their  av.ard   w.as   ,,    he   s„|,- 
"'.t'ed  ,o  C-on.aess  for  its  action.     The  transportation  of  ,roop- 
an.l   mditary   p.opertv   was  ,„  h,   „„,,,,  „,,  ,„pervis„,„   ,,f  the 
Secretarv  of  War.    The  operation  and  use  of  ,he  railwa'.s  1.   ,lu 
federal  authorities  was  not  to  exten,]  hcvnnd  the  time  nc-essarv 
lor  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion. 

The  purrx.se  expressed  in  the  last  sentence  was  clearlv  bro„.d,t 
out  ,n  debate.  This  was  exclnsivelv  a  war  me,-:sure.  The  power 
,-,f  the  Tresulcnt  w.-k  ,„  1.,  ,,,.,n-ised  onlv  under  the  pressure  of 


10 


W   \K    Kli.MIM-l  kAl  |i;.\   oF   KXil.WWS 


iiiiliian  in.->_c>Miy,  when  an  iiiiiionam  line  vi  cumimiuuati. 
had  brukeu  down,  <>v  ua>  in  the  hamU  ui  ihe  cneinv.  I'li; 
Congress  was  dcteiinincd  .-^o  to  limit  the  interprctatiun  ui  tl 
act  was  shown  by  tlie  passage  during;-  the  .-anic  session,  in  |;il 
186-',  ui  a  joint  re^uhitiMn  deeiarin^  that  the  act  shunld  iMt  1. 
so  cnnstrued  as  lo  authorize  the  eonstruelion  of  anv  raih'o.id  , 
the  completion  of  any  line,  the  greater  part  cf  which  remaine 
iinconiplctcd  at  the  time  ..I  the  approv.al  of  the  a':t,  or  to  engag 
m  any  work  of  railroad  construction  :  "and  as  much  of  said  ;n 
as  authorizes  the  I'resitleni  of  the  Tnited  States  to  extend  an 
complete  any  raiir.  ad  i~  lierehv  repealed." 

The  act  was  not  to  he  employed  as  a  means  of  ircating  a  sys 
tem  of  government  railways.     The  policy  pursued  was  in  coti 
forniity  with  these  princijiles.     On  I'ebrnary  11,  18ri2,  P.rigadie 
Genera!  ?dcC"alkim  was  appointed  ■"military  director  ,and  super 
intendent  of  railroads  in  the   I'nited  States"   with  authority  t( 
"enter  upon,  take  jiossession  of,  hold  and  use  all  railroads,  engines 
cars.  locomotives,  e(|uipments.  appendages,  and  apinirlenances  tlia 
may  be  re(|uired."     Sue.  jiortions  ai  railways  as  were  actualh 
required    were   taken    o\er.    reconstructed,    and    operated    itnde 
General   McCallum's   direction.      .\n   ellicietn   (Organization    wai 
perfected   and   the  work  apportioned    iK-tween   a   transp,  ,rt;ifior 
section  and   ;i  construction   corps.      DitTerences   in   gauge    wen 
eliminated,  new  bridges  erected,  additional  lines  laid  dnwii.  tracl 
transferred   from  ,  .ne  p.-int  to  another,  machine  and  car  -hop' 
were  built,  equipment  constructed  and  commandeered.     Rut  tlu 
line  or  portion  of  1  ne  taken  over  w,"  ..  in  each  instance,  restored 
t  ■  its  owners  as  soon  as  the  militarv  exigencv  had  passed.     .\nd 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  all  the  line,  which  had  been  taken 
possession  of  in  this  manner  were  form.illy  restored  bv  Kxecu- 
tive  Order  dated  .\tigust  .9.  1865.     .\t  the  close  of  the  war  the 
government  found  itself  in  possession  of  rolling  st,„k  and  other 
property  valued  at  .S7.500.000.    This  it  divided  amon-  southern 
roads,  taking  their  bonds  in  payment.     Failure  bv  some  of  the 
roads  to  pav  tltc  intere-t  on  their  bond^  led  to  litigation  and  legis- 
lation, and  the  cr.ntroversv  dragged  on  for  n  decade  before  "the 


f 


THE   r.MTKl)  STATICS 


11 


iiiniuiiKaliuii 
ifiiiy.  1  iiat 
atiuii  ui'  the 
aon,  in  l;ily, 
loiilcl  iii't  bo 

■  lailrn.id  iir 
ell  iLiiiaiiii,'il 
ir  U>  ciiu;ai;e 

1  of  said  act 
cxtt-ml  ami 

'aiini;  a  svs- 
was  in  I'oii- 
2,  r.ri-a.licr 

■  and  sr.per- 
aiithorit\-  to 
ids,  eiis^ines. 
enances  that 
cTc  aitually 
"alcd  under 
ization  wa'^ 
nivpi  irtatii'H 
:,Mut;e  were 
:In\\ii,  track 

1  car  ~li(if)s 
1.  Hut  the 
ce.  restored 
ssed.  And 
been  taken 
hv  F\ci-n- 
hc  war  the 
c  and  i>ii;er 
1,?  soiilherii 
oine  of  tlie 
1  and  lcc;i?- 
hefore  the 


l■a^es  uerc  t,nally  settled.  The  total  mileage  taken  over  dtniu'. 
the  entire  course  of  the  uar  wa-  only  2.105  „,iles  all  conlined 
I"  the  >iate>  m  Xir^mi  ,,  .M.^M^Mpp,  and  \orth  Carolina.  The 
.i^rcater  proportion  of  the  railuav  service  enjoved  l,v  the  ..overn- 
nient  v.as  perfonne.I  by  the  railuavs  independently  and  the 
ser^,ce  panl  ,or  at  rales  a,:;ree<l  up.,n  betueen  the  railwavs  and 
the  .Secretary  of  W  ar. 

In  the  Confederate  States  no  adequate  control  over  ralKvavs 
seems  to  have  been  e-<erci.sed,  and  the  relation  of  that  n-,,vern- 
ment  to  tie  roads  was  confined  to  ai^reen.ents  as  to  rates'}..,-  the 
transportation  of  troops  ar.  .  sujjplies. 

Wliile  the  Civil  War  was  .still  rasin- and.  in  spite  of  the  inter- 
l>"'<'-'t-n  placed  np,,n  the  land  .^^rant  sections  n,  railway  char- 
ters at  the  he.i^umin.ir  of  the  conflict  by  the  Secretary  of  War  at- 
tempts were  made  in  Con,i,^ress  to  e.xact  free  transportation  frotn 
the  railway...  1  lut  all  attempts  failed,  the  .^a-neral  sentiment  bein.. 
that  mo<t  of  the  roads  w<.nld  be  bankrupted  bv  lite  enforcement 
of  such  a  poh-cv.  Until  1874,  the  policy  adopted  bv  the  Secretary 
ot  \\  ar  was  contmucl  un.hancrcd.     In  that  vear  Con-ress  passed 

an  act    uhu-h  declared   that   no  part   of  the  armv  appropriation 
.liould  be  paid    'to  any  railroad  co.npany  for  the  transport.ation 
ot  atty  property  or  troops  of  the  Cnited  States  over  anv  railroad 
,      ,  '     •     •     •     ^^■•■^'^  constructed  by  the  aid  of  a  -rant  of  public 
land,  on  the  condition  that  such  railroad  should  be  "a  public  lii-h 
way   lor  the  use  of  the  .qovernment  of  the   [-nited  States    free 
irom  toll  or  other  diar^^e.'  or  upon  any  other  rondition.  for  the 
nse  of  such  road  for  ^uch  transportation.-     Rnt  the  act  .^-tve  the 
roads  the  n,ht  of  appeal  to  the  Court  of  Claims  for  the  collection 
of  any  payments  held  to  he  due  them.     Thi.  invitation  wa.  ac- 
cepted .and  the  Co.irt  of  Claim.,  havin,  ruled  adver.elv  upon  the 
;k.nands  of  the  roads,  ap.peal  was  taken  lo  the  Supreme  Court 
The  deei.ion  rendered   in   187.',  was   favor.able  to  the  railways 
This  dectston'  went   back   for  its  l,a<ic  principles   to   the  canal 
?rams  where  di.tmction  was  clearly  made  between  a  toll  ,„r  the 
'A'J.'"'"""'  "Tnnck,!  an<l  .Santa  Fe  R    R    Tn    v«    it    c;         j  ,    ,      - 


\2 


\\    \1<    A1)MI\I>1  RA  rillN    Ol'    KAIi.W    \VS 


u^e  L'l  the  liii^hway  .iiul  a  (.liarL^L'  icr  larriam.-.  li  held  that  (.'nii- 
i,'re*s  had  tlii>  di^tiiutiiiii  in  ir.iiiil  when  it  pas-ed  the  hind  _L;rant 
section^  anil  "iliat  iIk:  re--ervatinn  in  (inestion  secures  to  the  gov- 
ernment niily  a  tree  n-e  (I  the  railroads  concerned  and  that  it 
does  11'  t  entitle  the  l;o\  eniiiunt  to  have  tro.i])s  or  ])roperty  trans- 
l)urled  li\  the  conipanie.--  mer  their  re>]iecti\e  roail^  tree  of 
cliar,^e  ior  transportiiii;  the  -anie."  It  is  donbtfiil  whether  the 
court,  whose  deci^ii'ii  was  by  a  bare  niajiirity.  correctly  inter- 
preted the  intent  of  Cc'iisre'^-^.  It  is  more  than  proljable  that 
Congress  meant  what  it  said  when  it  enacted  tlie  word^  "free 
from  toll  or  other  charge"  !ip<m  the  transportation  of  govern- 
ment property,  and  that  but  tor  the  administratix  e  inter])rct;iti' m 
placed  upon  it  at  the  beginning,  ;iie  railways  might  now  Ik- 
handling  the  enoiinnus  gcernnit  .t  bu>iness  without  con.peu- 
satiun. 

Ill  a  few  gr,'utt-i.  Congress  made  its  will  known  Ix^yond  per- 
adventure  liy  adding  to  the  usual  free-from-toU  clause,  a  provi- 
sion in  siib'^tantiaily  the  following  form: 

Nnd  the  same  (property  or  troops)  shall  at  all  tiine~  be 
tian~]nirted  at  the  cn-t,  charge,  and  expense  in  al!  rc-pect-^ 
of  the  com]iaiiy  or  corporation  or  their  successors  or  assigns, 
having  or  receiving  the  lienefits  of  the  land  grants  herein 

m;i.le.'' 


Ill  ilu-e  I.aiicr  case-  it  is  clear  tiiat  gi'vernment  business  is  to 
be  perfi'rnied  gt  atuit' ■u^l}'. 

To  meet  the  term-  "f  the  Supreme  Court  decision,  a  provision 
wa>  inserted  in  the  Army  Aiipropriation  I'i'l,  pa^^sed  in  18S1, 
.appropriatii'i;  ."-IJ.^.i"")  "for  the  jiayment  of  arniv  transportation 
law  fully  due  >uch  laud  grant  railroads  as  have  not  received  aid 
in  government  Itond-.  to  lie  adjusted  by  the  proper  accounting 
officers  in  accordance  with  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  ca>es  decided  under  such  land  grant  act-  but  in  no  case  shall 
more  than  fifty  per  cent  of  the  full  amount  of  the  service  be  paid 


'  From   a  laml   trant   l"   tlio   CliitaK".    Miluaiikii'   and   St.    I'aul    Hv.,    lulv 
4.  \Si^.  '      ■ 


TIIF.   I'MTKI)  STATICS 


,? 


Tiilv 


I'ntil  a  tltial  judioal  ,Icn.i.>n  -liall  he  l,a.|  in  n-i^rt  ..|  oarli  ca>e 

in  'iL^inite."  such  payment  to  he  accqnc.l  a.,  ,n  full  ui  all  demands. 

he  lulloun,-  year  th,s  clause  uas  rcenacted  with  the  provision 

that   !hc  hity  i.er  cent  cnn.iK'n..ation  uas  to  he  computed  upon 

llic  has,.  ,,1    lar.it..   for  like   transportation  performed    fur  the 

puhhc  at  larj,^e.     In  1891  a  clause  uas  added,  providing  that  the 

government   shntild  pay  at   >uch  rate  as  the  Secretarv  of  War 

should  consider  just  and  reasonahle.  hut  not  to  exceed  60  per 

cent   oi    the   compensation    charge.!    to  private   parties    for   like 

transportation.     This  hgure  of  60  i,er  cent  was  changed  to   >0 

l>er  cent  the  lollowing  year,  and  has  since  heen  recnacted  m  each 

annual  army  appropriation  hdl   without  modir,cation 

I  he  rate.s  prescrilH^d  hy  the  Secretary  of  War  are  the  maxnna 
allowed  under  this  provision  :  that  is.  hfty  per  cent  of  tariff  rates 
Or  roads  rece.vmg  land  grants  under  the  terms  of  the  free- 
from-to  1  clau.se.  In  the  case  of  the  one  hond  aided  road  whose 
financal  relat.ons  with  the  government  are  still  un^ettle.l-a 
I>or Uo,^  of  the  ^ hssouri  i-acifu-the  govern.nent.  in  co„,phance 
-  h  statute,  w.thhoKIs  all  payn.nts  for  transportation  and  ap- 

t\X^Z  '"'  '"^^^^^  "^""  ^"*^^^'  ^'^-  '-"^  --^  - 
'"  order  to  participate  in  governn,ent  traffic,  a  large  pro,K,r- 
'"'"  "V^^  ^^'■'■'"■^  ^^^'-'  ^J^-eed  to  charge  on  competitive  lusi- 
--  only  the  rates  that  land  grant  roads  are  pernutted  to  dt^^ 
T  es    earners  are  known  as  •■e,ualizati„n  hues."    So.ne  roads  ^e- 

o    tr  «:   r  "•"  '""'  ^'■'^"  ^"''  ^""^'^  ™-'^  --i'^  --ain  kinds 
ot  tiaffic  that  is  unremunerativc. 

The  Spanish  War  provided  a  valuable  lesson  to  the  -^n-ern- 
nu-nt  as  to  the  results  that  inevi.ahly  follow  from  a  dec;     r     . 
>^  ..nn  of  au.hontv  in  transportation   matters,  and  a  total        k 
"•  --_l-ran.,n  w„h  the  railuav  .-uitli,  ,ruie.      S„  far  a.  the  trn 
portation  of  troops  was  concerned,  the  ,novcn,ent  seems  to  h    ^ 

ZZ'i^XrT"";     ''''  "^^'■^  "^   ^''^  nnartermaster 
^ral   for  IRO.S  ,,,ers  ah„„.t  uith  enthusiasm  to  ,he  success 

■  .^'.'Ction  5260.  Rov.  .Stat. 


J 

I 


14 


W  \K    AIi.MIM>  1  KAlIllX    OF    KAll.WAVS 


111'  tlli^  uiiik'rtaUin.ir.  lU'twrni  .\]>iil  ami  Sciitcmiicr,  tlu-  rail- 
ways rujved  17, So.'^  n|'iiL'u->  ami  ki3.36'.>  men — a  relatively  -mall 
mnvciiK'm  when  cuniparcil  with  inir  rccciil  exiitricnct.'.  i'.ut  the 
organizalioii  hrokc  duwii  when  it  attcmiitcd  ti>  prcjvision  and 
supjilv  the  camps  As  an  illustration,  su[)iilics  l'^  ir  70, (XJU  men 
were  ordered  to  'l';im]i;i.  In  their  el'fort  to  deliver  these  cars 
promptly,  the  railways  created  a  cons;estion  so  serious  that  whole 
lines  were  l)locl<ccl  as  tar  north  as  C'lhimhia,  S.  ('.  [•"reisht  cars 
were  not  lalieled:  U"  one  knew  what  any  car  contained,  or  where 
an\  --pecilic  >ii]iplie>  were  to  he  ii  uiid  UaMwax'  i.tlicer-  had 
Ijeeii  called  upon  to  perform  service  uith(,ut  any  preliminary 
notice,  and  were  put  under  the  authority  of  local  and  minor 
military  cotumanders  wlr'  were  concerned  onl\'  with  the  prob- 
lems of  their  (u\!i  territories.  There  was  no  coniprehensive 
plati,  ni>  Concentration  of  atithoriix  in  tlie  ot'tice  of  the  (piarter- 
master  general,  1  tlie  contlict  heen   serious  and  prolonged, 

this  utter  ])rca:  in  the  qtiartermaster  service  would  have 

been  a  sitrniticant  factor  in  the  final  outcome.  Troops  and  sup- 
plies were  transported  !)>■  the  railways  under  contracts  which  in 
general  provided  for  pa\tiient  on  tlie  land  L'^ranl  basis. 

Evidently  the  experiences  of  the  Spanish  W  ar  had,  sunl<  deep 
into  the  minds  of  army  officials.  The  lesson  of  the  futility  of 
decenir.alizatioii  in  the  h;indliiig  of  tran-^iiortatifm  problems  had 
been  karnetl,  and  when  Mexican  troubles  lo<imed  up  on  our 
southern  horizon,  >tep>;  were  early  taken  to  avoid  the  danger  of 
any  repetition  of  th.e  ineptitude-  of  1898. 

As  early  as  Octolier  of  l*^!,",  the  (|uartermaster  general  ad- 
dres.sed  a  letter  to  tlie  .'^ecret.ary  of  War  recommending  that 
he  coiumiinicate  with  the  .\merican  Railw;i\-  .\ssociation-~a 
national  organization  in  which,  railwavs  are  as  a  rule  repre- 
sented by  their  operating  excciuives — suggesting  the  establish- 
ment x\ithin  that  association  of  a  committee  on  militarv  trans- 
portation with  which  the  Deprirtnient  coidd  cooperate  in  tlie 
transportation  of  troops  and  supplies.  In  conformity  with  this 
suggestion,  a  Special  Committee  on  Cooperation  with  the  Mili- 
tary .\nthoiities  was  appointed,  (••■nsisting  of  I'^airfax  Ilar-ison. 


Tiiic  r\i  1  i;i)  >r  mics 


15 


I'icmMciu  oI  the  Suiiilurn  kail\\,-iy,  L  liainiiaii :  K.  II,  .\i>hton, 
I'iiM.kni  of  the  Chic-n,';r.  aii.l  Xnrtluvestern  Railua_\.  A.  W. 
■rii"inpM,n,  Vw  I'lCHilciit  Ml  the  Mahim.  re  and  Ohio  Railmad, 
aiKl  W.  (i.  liesk-r,  I'lesident  of  the  Central  Railroa.I  ..f  W  w 
.ler>ey.  ("onfcrcnce.s  were  held  hetweeii  thi^  omimittce  and  the 
<|..artenna.t.r  .general'.  ..nice  and  a  -eneral  plan  ,,f  cooperation 
Nvas  outlme.I  uhich  c.nl.l  he  made  opeiative  at  anv  time  ..f  puhhc 
enieriL;ency. 

When  the  call  f.,r  the  mMhihAaii.,n  ,>f  state  nnlitia  wa>  i.>ucd 
"1  jnne.  1"1(,.  the  i>hin  earlier  prepare.]  ua>  pnt  nit..  ..itecl  \ 
railuay  ..mdal  was  ].lare.l  i,  the  .  .ftlee  ..f  the  .|uarternia>ter 
general,  at  each  department  hea.I.nmrters  anrl  at  everv  in<,hiliza- 
tion  camp,  to  assist  in  anv  way  p.KsiMe  in  the  asscmhlin-  of 
equipment  and  its  loadin-  and  unloading,'.  The  Tnllman  Tom- 
pany  e^iahlished  an  office  in  Washington  to  direct  the  distnhu- 
tion  ot  toiin-t  sleepers  in  cooperation  with  the  (|uartermaster's 
oiiice.  A  meetin-  was  immediately  held  in  Wa-hin-ton  at  uhich 
tu  ratlwav  cvecntives  pledged  themselves  to  make  available  all 
tlK'ir  e.pnptnent,  m.nive  power  a.td  persottncl.  and  placed  the 
execution  ,,f  plan>  in  the  hands  of  their  special  committee  This 
comnnttee,  ,n  cntrast  t-  the  Railroad,'  W-.r  Hoard  later  created 
•■oncerncl  ttsdf  only  with  the  transp, .rtation  of  troops  and  mil- 
Hary  -upphe..  and  except  in  matter^  directlv  affectimr  train  opera- 
tion, acte.i  ..nly  on  nNinicti.ms  fr.M-i  the  War  Deoariment 

As  early  as  Vn2.  the  <|uartern;as.er  ^a-neral  had  drawn  up  a 
pan  uuh  the  Master  Car  RniLlers'  Association  for  placin.^ 
placards  on  carloa<l  shipments  of  government  property  in  tin^e 
■"  ^^.•"■  or  Unvatened  war  ^vhich  .honlrl  oive  prioritv  to  ^^overn- 
"'-'t  trc.ht.  This  plan,  n.v.v  made  effective,  expedited  the 
'"'■vc.nent  ,.f  freight  an,l  eliminated  the  connection  which  hroke 
<l-wi  ll.e  transportati.in  tnachirc  in  1808.  Cars  so  ,,lacarded 
were  n,vcn  ri,ht  of  „;„■  fron,  ,,n,in  ,o  .le^tination  :  thev  were 
never  sKletracked  except  to  he  ,,,.,,.,  in  ,hro„,h  trains'-  thev 
were  sinfted  and  unloaded  without  awaitin,^  the  formalitv  of  the 
snrren.Ier  ot    ,,i!|,   ,,  u,,,;,,^      .,,,^  ,.^„   ,,^,,,,,   ,,^^,   ^^^^^-^^^^    ^.^^ 

tran.portatton  car.e  at  a  tinte  wl:en  con-mcrcial  passenger  traf- 


I 


16 


^y\K   .\IiMIM-|R.\-lI(i.\   (IF  K\ir,\\AVS 


fic  was  at  ,N  h„oh,--i„  ,n.  /..r.ni^lu  inclu,!,,,^  ihe  l.'ourtl.  , 
ji'ly.  \,t.  !,,,au^c  .„•  carctnl  prclinnnarv  planning;  an.l  a  co, 
counmnn  „f  autl,„r„v  i,,  W  a.hi„,.,n„,  the  n,nvcn,cnt  was  ei 
cc.c.,1  u,tluu:t  cnn,,os,u,n  „r  delay  and  walunU  inconvenienc 
to  the  travelM,,-  i.nhlic.  Fnnu  tlu-  U-^unuu^  nf  the  n.ovcnen 
"P  to  Jul,  31,  IQir,.  there  were  .ra„sp,.ned  to  the  horderTn  9," 
men  uuh  nnpedimcua.  materials  and  supplies.  The  distan. 
traveled  vaned  tmn,  r..,S  „,i,,s  f„r  ,|„  Louisiana  troops  to  '0], 
rndes  tor  the  C.nnect.nu  troops.     Savs  the  .p.art,  n,,a.;er';;en 

Con.siderin^^   the   great   distance   traveled    l,v    ihe    .niliti-, 

trom   t  e  var,o„s  cantps   to  the   M.-xican   honie     \h    t^ 

that  the  e  was  Inu  a  single  accident,  and  that  of  n,  nor  clr 

auer.   the  celerny  with  which  the  trants  were  t^  ed      nd 

he  en  ,re  absence  of  congestion  or  delav.  it  is  I,"  e\ed  1 1  m 


The  distiirlied  cndition  nn  the  \r,.v;-,,i  i       i      • 
quence  of  the  Colnnthus  ran    ^te    "  V       "'"f''"  '"  '■'"''- 
in  the  n.'^e  of  r-nr  railroa.Is     iPp  r      ,•  f'  ^^-^Penment 

facilities  conid  Z^!Z"±:.:^:!  !?^^''"'^^^  "'"^  ^^'^i^h  their 
men 

the  hearty   cooperation    uhich    ilu 

ironi   ilio-^o  m1, 

prises. 


.1..;.-  c„„i,i  I,  „,f,,a„i.,  rj„-  ,;,„„„  ,,'"-"  """■ 


Out 


01  the  cxpericnre  derived  in.m  this  tm., 


the- effective  or..„u>a,i,.n  v  hich  u    I  I    1  •  ''    '"""^""^'"^  ■?^^•^^■ 

into  one  operanug  unit  ""  """^>-^  "f  "- -'i- 


f  l-'uiiitll  of 
and  a  coti- 
cnt  was  ef- 
iconveniencc 
e  iiiovciiicnt 
(ItT  111,910 
lie  distance 
ips  to  _',916 
iKi'^ter  'Tcii- 


llif  militia 
■r,  the  fact 
iiinor  cliar- 
nrned,  and 
■lieved  that 

have  !>eeii 
ir  while  en 


the  follow- 


I"  111  conse- 
-xperiinent 
hich  their 
le  povern- 
tiation  of 
an  exprct 
ion  enter- 


lent  2;rc\v 
he  nation. 


CHAPTER  III 

War  Organization  of  the  Railways 

In    tlu-    Arniv    .  sppr.  .pnatin;,    Art    ..i    An^mst    .").    IQir,,    was 
c.>iiiaine<l  a  pnniMon  to  establish  a  ("oiincil  of  Xational  Defense 
"lor   the  OM,nlinati..n   of   industries  and   resouro-s    fo,-  the  na- 
tional security  and  welfare."     This  act  <lirected  the  Council  of 
.National    Detense.    uhidi   consisted    of    six   cabinet    officers    to 
"""'■nate.  an.l  the  President  to  appoint  "an  Advisorv  Co.nnns- 
sion  consistin-  ,,i  not  more  than  seven  per.o,,..  each  of  whom 
shall  have  special  knowledge  of  ^mie  indn>trv.  pnl.lic  utility    o. 
the    developnunt    of    .o„,e    natural    resource,    or    he   otherwise 
specially  qualihe.l"    for  the  performance  of  duties  assi..„ed   hv 
the  commission.     Th.  .hities  of  the  Gnmcil.  which  were%,^cif^'- 
cally  mentioned  in  the  act.  were  numerous  and  of  lari^a-  .i-niih- 
cance   u;   the  .^.^leat   campai-n   of   prepare.lne..   upon    which   the 
conntn-  uas  enterin.^^     The  first  of  these  pre.crihc<I  duties  uas 
the  location  of  railroads  with  reference  to  the  frontier  of  the 
Lnued  States  so  as  to  render  possible  expeditious  concentration 
"tjroops  and  supplies  to  points  of  defense:  the  coordination  of 
nn.itaiy.   industrial  and  commercial  purposes  in  the  locaf--on  of 
fxtensne  h,,diways  and  branch  lines  of  railroad;  the  utilization 
ot    waterway..  '     A.   the   transportation   expert    who  should   l>e 
respnn^ible    for   the   development   and   u^o   of   railwav    facilities 
tlie  1  rcMdent  appointed  Daniel  A\-illard,  Presi.ient  of  the  Ralti- 
niore  and   Ohio   Ra.Ir.ad,   and   he  was  made  chairman   of  the 
Y":>'"'»'--  .""     r,ansp<.rtatir,n   and    Co„,munication,    and    la'er 
chairman  ot  the  Advisorv  Commission 

UiK.n  the  initiatix.  of  M,  Willard,  the  exectttue  committee 
of  he  .American  Railway  Association  met  on  Februarv  16  1917 
and  elaborate.!  plans  for  the  more  complete  cooperation  -if  rail-' 
^^a  s  ,n  the  scheme  of  national  defense.  These  plans  were 
embodied  in  the  follou  in.e  resolutions:  ^ 


18 


U  \K  ADMIMSTKAlIiiN   (.1     KMl.W  \\> 


\\  iii.i;i;.\>,  '1  lie  I'rc.-iilc'iit  ni  ihr  I'mu-d  Siaio  has  ajj- 
pointed  a  Council  of  National  Iki'iiisc  lUr  tin.'  ])iiri)()';e  uf 
asccrlaiiiiiij;  the  resources  oi  tlu  (.tuimry  ami  ui  secuiiiig 
the  ct'uperatioii  of  all  ori,'ani/.e(l  tra!i--portation  an<l  indus- 
trial activities  in  furtherance  (■!'  tlli■^  purjiu-e. 

Rksulved,  Thai,  in  order  thai  the  iaiU\a\s  niav  lie  in  a 
position  to  assist  with  their  full  >irenL;ili  the  (iin.icd  ut 
National  Defense,  fourteen  lueiniicrs  he  .added  tn  the  Special 
t'omuiittee  on  Cooperaiion  with  the  Mihtary  Aulhuiities, 
including  Mr.  l-'airfax  Harrison,  as  general  chairman,  >o 
as  to  constitute  a  committee  of  eigliti'fii  inemher'-,  ti>  rep- 
resent the  railways  in  connection  with  the  work  \sliich  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  has  in  hand ;  the  niemhersliip 
of  the  conunittcc  to  he  representative  of  the  four  (4)  anny 
dejiartnicnts  into  v.hich  the  country  is  divided. 

l\i:soi  \  Ki),  That  the  u.-uuc  of  tlie  Special  Commiitcc  "U 
CooiKTation  with  the  Military  Authorities  I)c  changed  to 
Special  Committee  on  National  I'cfcn-c,  of  the  .\nicrican 
Railway  Association. 

The  committee  aiijii  linlrd  under  ilii-.  re~ohnion  C()n^i>tcd  of 
Fairfax  Harrison.  I'resiiKnt  nf  the  Southern  Uailw.ay  a>  chair- 
man, and  -eventecn  others — six  in  the  I'a-tcrn  Department,  five 
m  the  ("entr.al  1  )c|i;irtnu  nl.  and  ihnc  <'aili  in  the  SMUthern  and 
Western  Department-,  (  )n  llu-  -,inic  da\  ilic  l're>ident  of  the 
American  Railway  .\>MKialion,  .Mr.  W.  W.  .\tterlniry.  Vice 
President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rai!r'.,id.  -int  ,i  telegram  to  the 
president  if  every  r;iil\\;iy  in  the  C'lnntry,  de-i-ril>ing  the  acti^in 
t.'iken  and  re(|ne-.ting  the  hearty  co:i]H?ration  of  each  laihvav  in 
the  work  if  the  Council  of  National  Defense.  The  Special  Ci'Ui- 
inittce  on  Nation.al  1  )efeii-e  \v;is  called  into  conference  on  March 
1  with  the  Secretarv  of  W.ir  a.  '  ''ilier  otucials  of  the  \\':\r  De- 
partment, where  definite  pl;in^  were  drawn  u\-i  for  organization 
looking  toward  greater  cooperation. 

!i  thn-  licciinu's  clear  that  the  gronnfhvork  fc>r  railwa\-  um'tv 
ir  the  puhlic  interest  had  'ici'ii  Laid  jirevions  tn  otir  ei  trance  itUo 
the  war,  and  that  much  had  l>ceii  done  in  the  wav  of  prepared- 
ness which  wa.-  of  materi.al  a^>istance  t(;\\;n-<'  ^pecdv  .and  eft'ec- 
tive  .accompli'^hment  when  the  coiint''\-  had  actnall\-  eniitarkcd 
upon  the  contlict. 


'    MTIiU  STATE.S 


19 


liLrlaialini)  ,,i  a  >ta[c  oi   uar  hetuiTii  the  L'liitol  State,  and 
'Kiinaiiy  was  furiiially  made  !>>•  (  nii-icvs  uii  April  (.,  I'M;,   'i  1,^ 
iimc.liii-  ,l;,y,    .\i)ri:  5.   Cliainnan    Harrison  ga\c  out   a  .tatc- 
iiiciit   111   uhich  he  aniioiiiKcd   that   the  rail\xay.s  acting;   thn,iiL;h 
their  nfilual   organization,    ihc   .\infncan    l^aihvav   AsMjciatuni 
^^'"^■1>  I'ad  ,n  i,„„  dek-j,'atcd  the  p,.uer  u,  the  SpcJial  Connniitee 
on  .National  Defense,  had  arrange.!  to  ,n,t  at  the  service  oi   the 
i;"v..rni,,ent  and  !„  ;,nve  it   the  [.referential  use  of  all   facilities 
^^l'"-Ii  "iii^ht  he  lurd.d.  and  ,,lan.  had  hee.i  cnniplccd  between 
the  railway  cuinmittee  an.l   -he  <|narternia.ster-s  department    f,,r 
inahin-  the  most  effective  n>e  of  facilities  in  case  of  war       lie 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  contract  with  the  piocednre 
"1    l.i.Kland    ^^l,e,e    the   ,,.  .vernmeiu    a.Mimed    le^p,  ..Hihiiitv    for 
■■e,.perat..,„,„   ,h.  rail.av^aiHUnaranlced   net  .arnii,../  here 
the  government  uonld  c..,|-nu-  itself  to  advi^in^^  the  roads  a,  to 
tlH-   .erv.ce   roinired   and   the    i  esponsihilitv   would  Ik.'   upon   the 
'•■"'^-:}    .  ■pc.aim^   a.  , -ne  mvtied   >y.tem.   ;,,   pn.Mde  thai   .er- 
viee.       1  !,e  chairman  expre^sd  the  hehcf  that  this  plan  of  hold- 
ni-  railway.  re>pon>ihle    for  roults   would   work   for  efficiencv 
••""'    "'■-''    "H'   railuays   ^^ould   he   ahle   to   meet   ^.wernment    re- 
'imrcircm,   uuh    preferential    treatment,   and   at    the    <ame   time 
Handle  cnm„,,,.,,,,l  t,,,.,-,,^..  ^vithont  siihstantial  delav     While  l,e 
a-erinl   thai   th.  raiiu.y.   ,,,re  Uei.K    appivcialiv;  ,.f  ,h,,  .p. 
portnnity  to  demonstrate  to  the  co.intrv  the  value  in  time  of  war 
of    railroads  with  elastic  mana^rcment,-  a  careful  readinj^  of  this 
I-n.n.„„cemem  rcvejs  e'earlv  that  it  was  intended  as  a  waniin-^ 
an,    nor  ^n  ,  n,ere  statement  oi  policy.      The  railwavs  were  on 
''■■"■      I  P-n    the    .uccc..    „f    their    cooperati.m    <iepended    the 
l-rcervatinii  of  the  principle  of  "elastic  management  " 

l-'t  the  C.nncil  of  Xa.ional  Defense  was  apparentlv  inient 
^'Pon  a  1  .,:re  thorouKhffoim^-  railwav  cooperation.  Mr'  ITa,  ri- 
sen .  staienieiU  had  to  do  o„lv  with  the  handli,,,^  ,.f  .government 
Propeuy.  whereas  the  Cuncil  ^sa.  interested '  in  all  the  va«t 
ro-ol.lems  of  HKhtstrv  that  lay  hack  of  the  mere  movement  of 
Sovernmem  troops  and  supplies.  Moreover,  it  seems  pr„!,al,le 
"^■"  "u'  r,.,;nc,l  wa.  not  altogether  sure  that  the  Spt-cial  Com- 


20 


\\   \\<    \|iMIM>l  U  \  I  l(i\   i>K   KMI.U   \N 


iiuttcc  Mil  National  lJi:lt.-ii^(.-  (mhIiI  ^(K-rik  with  I'liiux-  inntnli 
lor  the  railways  as  a  wholo  an.l  iliat  s.  .mc  m.irc  ck-tiiutc  \ik 
of  support  was  iieccssan"  if  ilu-  railways  were  to  remain  n 
|nii(lent  ill  tlieir  operation.  1  he  (  oiniril  cmlMKJicd  its  (lc> 
in  a  ri'siilntion  as  fullows: 

i\i.M)i.\  I  u,  Thai  (  Dniniissioiier  Willard  he  reciiiestct 
call  up<iii  tile  railroads  to  ><>  orKaiiize  their  husiiK-ss  a: 
k'ad  lo  the  j;reatest  cxixilitii  m  in  the  ni'iM-nient  of   Irei 

Commissioner  W'lllard  inniifdiately  called  ihc  railuav  cx( 
tives  to  \\'ashint,non  hy  telej^aain  and  on  Aj)iil  11  there  t 
place  the  ino>t  si<r„ifn-ant  assenihlai^r  of  railwav  nun  that 
ever  occurred  in  oiir  hwtory.  Rvery  railwav  represented  s 
np  it^  initiative  an<l  ii^  nulependeiice  for  the  |KTio,|  ,,t'  the  \' 
and  united  with  the  re-t  in  the  creation  of  a  sinf,de  unified  r 
way  system  for  ilu-  entire  eonntry  under  the  s. .le  direction  . 
conmiiitee  in  W  a-hinu't.  m.  Nearly  -even  hnndre<l  iail\\a\' 
ccntives  placed  iheir  -i-na'.nres  upon  ihe  !o|Io\\iiv_|  extraordin 
resolution : 


Ri'.sniA'i-n.  That  the  railroads  of  the  I'nitcd  States,  ; 
int,'  through  their  chief  executive  oftuer-  here  and  r 
assemhled.  and  stirred  hv  a  hii;li  -e-.ise  of  their  op|X)rtui 
to  l)e  of  the  j,'reatest  -er\ice  to  their  conntiv  in  the  pre^ 
national  cri^i-.  d. .  herehv  pled'^e  theinselves.  with  the  s 
ernnunt  of  the  ['nited  States,  with  the  .t^overnnients  of 
-everal  states,  and  with  one  another,  that  durin,!::^  the  pre* 
war  they  will  coordinat-  their  operations  in  a  continei 
railway  svsteni,  nierf,Hn<,'  lurinj,^  Nuch  period  all  their  niei 
individual  and  competitive  activities  in  the  effort  to  [ 
dnce  a  maxinnini  of  national  transportation  efficiency, 
this  end  they  herehy  at,n-ee  to  create  an  or.i^anization  \\1 
shal  lave  general  authority  to  formulate  in  detail  and  fr 
tinn  o  time  a  policy  of  operation  of  all  nr  anv  of  the  r 
wavs.  whieli  policy,  when  and  a-  announced  hv  such  ti 
porary  organization,  shall  he  accepted  and  earnestly  ni 
effective  hv  the  several  mana^^ements  of  the  individual  r 
road  companies  here  renresented. 


TiiK  iMTrn  statf:- 


21 


lire  iDiitiilcncc 
(Icl'mitc  pk'il^'c 
>  remain  itide- 
icd   it-;   (k-Mii's 


e  rc(iiu'stc<l  to 

lni-^iii'"ss  as  t(i 
I'lit  i)l'   freight. 

railway  cxccu- 

1  1      llUTC    t'Hik 

iiKii  liiat  iia> 
iresciUed  save 

m1  ..f  ilu'  war, 
le  uiiifieii  rail- 
'lirectioii  of  a 
'il  railway  ex- 
('\tra(  irdiiiars' 


c(!  State-,  act- 
lere  and  imw, 
•ir  oy>|x>rtunii\ 

in  the  present 

with  the  <,'ov- 
nnients  <<{  tlic 
nc;  the  ])resent 

a  continental 
1!  their  nierelv 
ctt'ort  to  pro- 
'ft'icicncv.  T'  ■ 
n'zation  win'eii 
etail  and  from 
ny  of  the  rail- 

liy  such  tem- 
arnestly  made 
ndividiial  rail- 


I 


Il  ua,  a  dr.imuta-  ni..meni  m  ihr  In.io.s  oi  raiUvav  inaiiai;e- 
fi.ni  and  control,  enacting;  ..  l,.,hc^  uiuch  may  have  far  rea.hin^' 
con>e(|iunccs  after  the  war  has  ceased. 

I""r   the   execmiun   of   this   plan,    the   Special   foninnttee    on 

■'^•" •''    ''^•'^■"^t^    "■■'•^    enlar^e.l    to    thirtv-three    niemU'r,    an.l 

divided  into  six  <i.iannunis  corrop-mdinj?  to  the  departments 
ot  the  army.'  .\n  e.xecniive  committee  of  live,  selected  from 
this  sp..cial  committee  and  knoun  as  the  Railroads'  War  IJo-ird 
established  headquarters  in  Washin-ton.  It  consisted  of  j-air- 
l.•.^  Karri.,,.,.  President  ,„  the  .'^..mhern  K'ailuav.  Chainnair 
^amnr!    K.a.   i'reMdent  of   ,hc   iVn.isyKama    Kadroa.l.    llouard 


l.hairman   of   Committee    on    Intercorporate    1 


vei.ation- 


V  •   ■'"■''•    "•'^■'"  •■""'   "•""■'■'•'I    Kailroad  C.npanv  and 

UKurman  ot    l-.xecutive  Connniltee.    \,,r'hern    I'actk   Kailvvav 
.liilms  Knitt.schnitt.  Chairman  of  ,hc  Sonthe:,,  I'acilic  (^ompan'v 
^""'    "■•'''■    ""'•'-'     ''—•'-<    '"•   the   .  h,Va,o.    llurlm,,,,,,    an'.i 
nmncy    kailn.ad.      Mr.    W  .Hard,   a,  ex   otfico   meml.-r   ,„    the 
CKec.itive  committee.   iunu.\n.l  the  connection  with  the  Conncil 
';<  Nafonal  I  ).u.„.e.  and  l^dward  I-,  t  lark  performed  the  same 
^     ...nct.on    „,    l>ehalf    of    ,l>e    Interstate    Connnerce    C.mnn^.on 
;.■    .).rectlv  reporting-  to  ,!„.  \\  ,r  n„ard  were  .seven  snhco„,n„ttees 
"»drr   who.e  d,reci,on   the   vario,,.   p,,!ides   of  the   IloanI   have 
I'cen  snen  expression:  namely,  The   Commission  on   ("ar   Ser- 
vire.  and  snhcommittees  o„  Military  Trans,>„rtation  .\cc,  ..ntint: 
■  Muarv  lapnpn.ent  Standards.  .Material,  and  Supplies.  Military 
!  assenser  laritis.  Military  lYei^ht  Tantt..  and  Express  Tran;. 
portation. 

The  Cotutnis.ion  on  Car  Service  has  been  so  conspicuous  in 
the  work  o,  the  railwav.  ,I,at  its  development  requires  treatment 
.-.  so.ne  detail.  It  was  ori.nnally  a  standinj^  committee  of  the 
American  Nailwav  .\s..K-iatio„,  .^nd  on  December  s  1016  was 
r-<.M,„n.d  and  e.tal.Hdied  in  U-a-hin^^ton  as  a  Juccess^r  to 
!^'l"""'""'"  "'-  '■■^'  I'-'tinency.  which  had  l...n  acin,,.  m  co- 

f.'nr  tn  MX.   ^  section..,  tliu.  increasing  the  number  of  Hfpartmems  from 


22 


W  \K  ADMIM^IHAIHIN  tJl    KMI.W.W.i 


dtcraiiuii  with  tlic  Ititcrstaic  Lomnierce  Cunmiission  in 
ciulcavor  to  relieve  car  sliortaije  ami  congestion.  Sim  t 
oull)riak  "f  the  luiroiican  War,  the  purchases  of  iiclligcrcni^ 
this  country  hatl  crcatol  a  ilcinaml  tor  transjiortatiun  that  c 
facilities  proved  inadequate  to  meet.  The  uncertainties  of  oce 
transportation  added  t<>  the  difticidties  of  regular  and  spee 
niovenHnt.  and  thi.-.  lid  to  serinu>  con;;ehtion  at  the  ports  and 
lines  leading  thereto.  M  the  suggestion  of  the  Interstate  Co 
niercc  Commission  and  with  its  cooperation,  an  effort  towa 
greater  unitv  of  action  \\a>  undertaken,  tnit  the  >ituation  gr 
worse  rather  than  k-ttcr.  The  establishment  of  the  Car  Serv 
Commission  was  a  part  of  the  at>?mpt  to  improve  the  situati. 
Workim,^  in  cooiieration  with  the  Interstate  Connnerce  Conui 
sion,  tl  '  jdy  had  received  weekly  re|)orts  from  all  parts  of 
country,  ..istrihuted  box  cars,  (ordered  the  return  to  owners 
oper  top  cars  for  coal  and  ore,  relieved  the  difficulties  in  resp 
to  refrigerator  equipment,  and  imposed  embargoes  when  fot 
necessary.  This  was  withotu  much  regard  to  the  code  of 
ser\-ice  rules  adopted  by  the  American  Railway  .Xssofi.ition 
November,  1916.  The  Mtiiatiou  was  out  of  hand,  and  dra 
emergency  orders  took  the  place  of  rules. 

Meanwhile,  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  had  b 
making  an  investigation.  Its  report  on  car  supply  was  issi 
in  lainiary,  1917.  and  the  Commission,  by  a  vote  of  four 
three,  prescribed  a  ii;in';d  code  of  lar  -orvifc  rule^  by  .-m  o 
cise  of  authority  which  was  at  least  doubtful  under  the  >tatut 
a  doubt  which  the  Conunission  voiced  in  a  rei|uest  to  ("ons;i 
for  the  grant  of  this  si>ecific  jiowei-.  This  stirred  the  i;ii!\\ 
to  action.  The  Conmiishion  on  Car  Service  was  reorgani: 
and  given  full  powers  until  May  1  to  deal  with  the  situation 
an  agreement  signed  by  the  roads,  under  which  they  nni 
took  to  ol)ey  the  new  code  of  car  service  rules  then  adnp 
By  this  agreement  they  also  conferred  authority  ujion  the 
Service  Commission  to  make  such  necessary  modifications  in 
rules  as  exigencies  might  require  Tlic  Interstate  Conini 
Conimi^^ion  thereupon  jmstponod  the  i.'tTicti\c  date  '^f  it«  o 


TiiK  ivri  III 


■l.vl  !•.> 


ission  111  an 
1.  SiiK'  tlic 
wlligcrcnts  in 
tiuii  tliat  1)111 
tities  of  ocean 
r  and  sjiecdy 

pi)rts  ami  uii 
terstate  Coni- 
L'lYort  toward 
itiiali"ii  ^R-w 
e  Car  Service 

tlie  situation, 
erce  Coniniis- 
1!  parts  of  the 

to  owners  of 
ties  in  resj>ect 
s  when  found 
c  coile  of  car 
\ssDciation  in 
d,  and  dra>tic 

•  i'iii  had  l)ecii 
ily  was  issued 
'te  of  fmir  t" 
es  hy  an  cxcr- 
r  the  >tatute — 
-t  t(i  ("on,<:;res'- 
il  tlic  rai!\\a\- 
s  rc()r;:;aiiized. 
le  sitiiati'Mi  li\ 
h  they  under- 
then  adopted 
upon  the  Cai 
fieations  in  thi 
ate  Commercr 
te  "\  it^  orrlc' 


23 

.  and  co<.,Hrrate.l  thro„.|,  ^  representative  with  the  Car  Service 

^  Connuissioi,  of  the  railways  in  the  attempt  to  make  the  re-ula- 

..  tions  of  the  railways  effective.     At  the  nieet.nt'  on  April  ll.  at 

'  which  the  raihvay  e.Kecutivc  cotnpleted  their  national  urL'ani/a- 

^  ti.,n  lor  war  puiposcs.  the  Commission  on  Car  Servire  was  made  a 

,  ^nhcummittee  of  the  Special  Committee  on  Xationai  Defense 

tK.n  of    916  and  the  possibility  of  still  mure  serious  confusion 
arising  from  our  entrance  into  the  war.  was  unwilling'  to  leave 
-  .e  solution  .,  the  problem  of  car  supply  wholly  in  the  hands  of 
.     the  railways.      lo  be  sure,  the   Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
-=^    >.on  was  coo,K:rating  and  its  counsel  was  k-ing  heeded,  hut  the 
Lo„.,„,ss,on  had  no  sfx^cific  statutory  power  to  take  the  situation 
vigorously  m  hand.     Accon-ingly.  on  May  29,  1917.  Congress 
-■ting  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Commission,  paj  the 
~'  .  1..11  amemlmg  the  Act  to  Regulate  Commerce.     Tins  gave 
-   .■  ln.er.,a,e  Commerce  Commission  „„..,  ,,„.,  u..nu,  .■,:;. 
■complaint  or  on  its  own  initiative,  to  establish  car'service 
>  co„...n„„,  „,,  „.,vc„K.nt,   dis.rilni.ion.   exchange,    inter- 

ra.^M.  nt  tor  use  of  cars  of  o.her  railwavs,  ..„.,  p,„,„ie3  f„ 
non-observance  of  the  rules,  ^^■henever■  in  its  i  id^^t  e m  ° 
-•.ency  exists,  the  Commission  may  at  once,  wi  ho.T      „ 

"™.r  "?■",'-    '''  ''''''''■  ^"^^^-'  '•-  operation     /: 
.  ru  Is  and  substitute  others.     The  Commission  mav  also  r  - 

-nue   IS  a  ,,art  of  tbeir  tariffs.     The  act  is  permissive  and 
'-    o;.npuUo,.v  and  thus  far  the  Commission  has  not  seen  fi     o 

■',,,.''„77c  ;;"'■''•■'""■ '"  ""'^ »""  »«"■  -I  nm  ;„e 


24 


WAR  A 


DMIVI-TK^'I"^^'  "'•'   1< '^I'-^^' ^""'^ 


Interstate  Connuerce  C.nnn.Mon  proposed  to  take  in  the  exer- 
S  :!;  ,.s  new  powers  .a.  thus  expressed  by  Connn.ss.oner 
C'laik  in  July: 

Tlvu  law  (the  Ksch  l.iH  i  comes  into  existenee  at  a  tune 
whe  the  ai  a.ls  then,selves  are  in  ,ny  judg.nent  c  eahnR 
: .llh  this  Suatinn  n,  a  c.nprehen.ive,  patr.ct.c,  able  an<l 

'"h'~  l>e  most  unfortunate  it  l^ecanse  that  law  has  cast 
Slhr^StJ'lJl  Sn  say  authoritatively  that  it  is  not 

^-^'i;-:^>\^rd:;;r:Serwel;o;;:';^:-"e 

:^oUem;^a^h.^.rdial  cooperation  -th  tins  C™,ue.. 

We  do  not  want  to  interiere  wuh  anv  ^^^",''^"  •..'',  e,. 
ccived  plan  that  this  ConnnUtee  has  tornied.  W  t  arc  or 
Animlt  perform  those  duties  with  those  purposes  defi- 
;;  m  niid.  ^^•e  wish  to  establish  the  best  possd,le  mean, 
of  contact  with  the  Car  Semce  Lomtn^.ott  a  d  t^  1,. 
thorou-h  understandings  wnh  them.  ^^  ^  ;>' '  Ha^V"" 
seerTts  front  thent  a.td  till  consult  ft     'y    wth  thett,  on  .nt- 

^ut  n^^pStaps  entirely  ttnfortunatethat  this  law  .vas 
passed    l>eca use  in  anv  large  movement  tor  progress  .,r  re- 
fo  m  we  run  against 'the  recalcitrant  that  wtll  not  w.lhng  v 
ie  "."o  1  ne.     ?o  if  it  becontes  necessary  m  dealmg  w,  h 
?e  a  citrants  or   insnrgettts  the  Cotnmission   wtll   have   the 
powet^  to  require  proper  action  and  will  .tot  hesttate  so  to 
act. 
So  important  has  hee.t  the  work  of  this  railway  cotnntittee  on 
car  service  and  so  significant  the  results  of  its  efforts,  that  the 
subject   uill  be  given   separate  consideration   in  the  chapter  on 

Efficiencv.  .     ,i  „ 

The  activities  of  the  remaining  cr.mtnittees  reporting  to  tne 
War  Board  mav  be  Mimmarucd  hriedy.  The  >ulKom,mttee  on 
Military  Trnn^po.rtation  Accouming  consists  of  seven  chiet  ac- 
counting of^cers  with  headquarters  in  Washington.  Its  func- 
tions have  been  of  two  kinds :  first,  to  cxi>edite  movement  of  both 


THE  UXUED  -TATICS 


f 


goveriiiiiciit  and  onimitrcial  freight  by  tlie  introduction  of  more 
(.-rficient  accounting  methuds,  and  second,  to  assist  army  quarter- 
nuislers  in  tlie  acc(junting  details  incidei  c  to  the  transportation 
of  troops  and  mihtary  supphes. 

The  complete  i  organization  >nlH)rdinate  to  the  Military  Traiis- 
])(irtation  Accnunting  sul)committee  consists  oi  (a  )  seven  general 
acccunting  agents  who  keep  in  touch  with  the  seven  departmental 
r.  .minandants  and  with  the  adjutant  generals  of  the  states  com- 
jiri-ing  the  districts  to  which  they  are  assigned,  TQ\K>rt  their  ac- 
counting needs  to  the  accounting  ofificers  in  each  state,  and  cor- 
rect or  adjust  such  accounting  irregularities  as  may  l^e  within 
their  jjower;  (hi  forty-one  state  accounting  officers,  whose  duty 
it  is  to  keep  in  touch  with  governmental  officers  in  their  respec- 
tive states  (some  officers  rei>resenting  more  th;.n  one  state),  to 
supervise  the  field  representative^,  and  act  upon  conditions  re- 
iwrted  liy  them.  They  represent  all  railways  in  the  states  to 
which  i'.  i-y  are  appointed  and  report  to  the  chairman  of  the  sul)- 
conimittee  in  Washington,  (c  )  Appro.ximately  one  hundred  and 
tu'i  acconntnn's  or  field  representatives  who  are  located  at  the 
camps.  They  r.re  appointed  by  the  state  accounting  officer:-  to 
whom  they  report  weekly.  The  chairman  of  the  sul>committee 
in  Washington  receives  these  weekly  rerwDrts,  keeps  in  touch  w  ith 
departmental  officers  of  the  government,  and  adjusts  such  irregu- 
larities as  may  require  attention.  He  makes  weekly  and  special 
reports  to  the  \\'ar  Board. 

To  the  subcommittee  ^n  Military  Equipment  Standards,  con- 
sisting ni  representatives  of  the  mechanical,  car  building,  and 
purchasing  departments,  was  assigned  the  task  or  preparing  de- 
sitms  for  fitting  up  existing  equipment  for  military  uses  and 
designing  new  equipment  as  required. 

The  sulK-ommittee  on  Materials  and  Supplies  has  a.s  its  futic- 
tinn  the  determination  of  the  need  by  the  railways  for  materials 
and  the  methods  of  satisfying  thai  need. 

The  subo-^mmittce  on  Military  Passenger  Tariffs  was  created 
U'T  the  purpose  of  working  out  routes  and  base  rates  for  the  han- 
n'.mg  of  troopc.  and  the  MilK-.minu'ttee  on  Militarv  Freight  Tariffs 


^-.^v«^ 


26 


\V.\U  A 


DMI  NITRATION  OF  RAILWAYS 


^  h 


^lnulal 


lunctiun  in  connection  wit' 


the  handling  of 
the 


g:;;;;;,u;nt  nuucnal  particularly  inM.edin.enta  .ccon.panyn,g 

"^tas  founade.i:al,,e  in    ,u,.. .create  an. 1« 
corunittee   on    Express  Transporta.on   -"-^'"S J     the     ' 
p,.eM,lents  of  the  different  express  companies,  ^or   he  purpo  e  o 
coordinating  the   work    of   these  compan.es   wuh   the    general 
prohlem  confronting  .1k>  railways  ot  the  country. 

Finillv    late   in    Xovemher   a  committee   ot    seven   operal.n, 

exl^  dv  :  S  eastern  railways  was  created  to  take  radica    steps 

Tt       h' ection  of  a  pooling  of  facilities  in  an  eftort  to  solve  the 

^otlem  of  congestion  which  in  spite  of  all  measures  taken  to 

prevent  it  had  grown  -teadily  nmre  serious. 


mdliiig  of 
iuying  llie 

ional  sul> 
[  the  vice 
l)urpose  of 
,ie    general 

,  operating 
ulical  steps 
[o  solve  the 
es  taken  to 


CH^PTER  IV 

The  Drive  for  Operating  Efficiency 

It  was  evident  at  tiie  beginning  that  there  would  be  a  demand 
lor  railway  equipment  far  beyond  the  ability  of  the  raihva\s  to 
.supply  it  if  all  the  customary  trade  agreements  between  ship|)ers 
and  carriLTs.  and  the  established  interchange  rules  ijetween  car- 
riers themselves,  were  allowed  to  prevail  as  in  normal  peace 
times.  Under  the  deterrent  intluence  of  high  prices,  the  inabil- 
ity of  the  c;ir  builders  to  j^ct  material,  and  the  demand  for 
eeiuipnient  abroail,  the  supply  of  new  equipment  has  I)een  very 
small.  In  face  of  this  shortage  tliere  was  the  extraordinary  de- 
mand for  rolling  stork  that  began  with  the  e.xport  of  sup])lies 
to  the  Allies,  which  was  greatly  enhanced  when,  upon  our  entrance 
into  the  war,  the  movement  of  supplies  for  the  construction  of 
army  camps  began,  together  with  the  speeding  up  of  all  indus- 
tries directly  and  in  irectlv  connected  with  the  war.  The  rail- 
ways were  on  trial  and  they  realized  fully  that  a  breakdown  at 
this  time  might  mean  a  change  in  governmen'al  policy  so  radical 
and  so  far  reaching  that  a  return  to  the  pi  vvar  system  would 
l>e  unlikely.  Faced  with  this  situation,  the  Railroads'  Wai 
Board,  through  its  Commission  on  Car  Ser\-'ce,  undertook  with 
extraordinary  vigor  a  campaign  of  education  and  organization 
throughout  the  entire  country,  to  eii'ect  such  a  degree  of  cooper- 
ation between  sliippiT^  and  carriers  as  would  eliminate  w;i>te 
and  conserve  moti\-e  power,  car  capacity,  and  fuel. 

Cer.cral  policies  of  national  scope  were  quickly  promulgated. 
.\  general  order  concerning  interchange  of  various  classes  of 
cars,  and  instructions  concerning  routing  which  suspended  exist- 
ing practice,  disregarded  ownership,  and  lookea  ;:-.vard  more 
etticicnt  movement,  were  put  into  elifect.  Orders  for  tlie  mobili- 
zation of  open  top  equipment  in  the  service  of  ore  and  coal 
carrying  were  issued,  and  the  use  of  this  equipment  for  other 


<  s 


28 


WAR  admix:  ruAiiuN  or  kailways 


iHls  ot  tiafhc  narruv.ly  rcstrictc<I.  Orders  were  issued  requir- 
ing that  the  .i,oven,ent  of  ore  a.ul  coal  k-  given  special  and 
contniuous  preferential  service  until  further  notice.  Rules  uere 
adopted  froverninj;  the  i,n,n,pt  return  to  the  home  road  of  hopix-r 
and  y,:n,Io!a  cars  used  in  thi,  kind  of  trafhc,  an.l  the  Board  an- 
nounced Its  nuention  of  enforcinjr  this  order  by  disciphnary 
.neasurcs  ninch  should  inch.de.  ^^  Ihm,  deemed  necessarv  the 
pul.hcat.nn  ,.f  ,,a„,es  .f  officers  and  raduays  refusing  or  failing 

put  nito  execution. 

These  new  orders,  compelled  by  our  entrance  into  the  war 
canceled  ex.stmg  car  service  rules  under  which  the  Car  Service 
C-omm,ss>on  had  )..„  a.tcnptmg  for  some  time  to  solve  the 
problem  of  car  supply. 

To  facilitate  tlie  ,,rompt  movement  of  coal  to  the  nortl-west   a 

plat,  was  effected  „„    f.„e   1    ,,  poohng  all  coal  at  Lake  Vn. 

ports  regardless  of  ownership,  thus  increasing  the  rapidity' of 

a. ling  and   movet^ient  of  lake  vessels.     .X  s^-ing  ofle'a,: 

K-lM  .    davs   „..   „K.   „n,e   of  each   coa!   car   was    thus   accom- 

>!»  u-d.  l-or  tlK.  return  i„urnev  lake  nre  shipments  were  similarlv 

>U-d    a,.    „  ,K.  U.„  ..Hniated  that  m  these  two  movei^^^^^^ 
mere   w.jih    he  a   ^a\in"-  i.f   ^  :>  fu"Mi  ,..,,,    i     •  , 

.uiii^   ,.i   r_.(KK)  lars  during  the  season   of 

-v..at,„n.      Smidarh,   in   Julv  an   agreement  ^as   reached    ^ 

shippers   of   tidewater  bituminous   cal    to  pool    all   their     hir^ 

rnents  at  the  ports  of  Xe.  y.,,.  PhiladelpHr .  Raiting  en^ 

^T:  n  V  •     T  ^"'"^   ^^^'"-"  ^'-  "-b-  °^  kinds  o 
coa    fn.m  1  l.r,  to  41  and  there  was  no  longer  any  holding  of 
coa    -n  f,e,glit  cars  until  a  =hip,.r  accnnuilated  a  full  cargo  of  a 
particular  grade.     Delav  to  cars  at  ports  was  cut  dow  'an^    a 
cry  la,^  part  of  the  shifting  of  car.  at  terminals  elimin"    d 
It  uas  estimated  that  K^3.W  freight  cars  would  be  saved-oer 
n.ttmg  6.640  OOO  more  tons  of  coal  to  be  hauled.     Coal  men 
h     e  sacnficed  well  established  trade  names  in  the  inte    st  o 

m  th?fi"'"'^""J-  ''''  '''''''''  '■^^"'^^  -f  this  pohcv  are 
that  in  the  five  months  ending  September,  1917  there  were 
n-ved  I..V  the  128  railroads  engaged  in  coal  hauling,  4,^1.188 


Lied  requir- 
;pecial  and 
iCules  were 
I  of  Iiopj)**!- 

Board  an- 
liscipliiiary 
tssar}-,    the 

or  faiiiiii; 
tral  liiiR's 

•  the  war, 

ir  Service 

solve  the 

rti-.\vest.  a 
-^ke  I'.rie 
ipidity  of 
one  and 
s  acconi- 
similarly 
ovements 
easnn  of 
iched    by 
eir   shijv 
lore,  and 
kinds  of 
)ldinjT  of 
irs:o  of  a 
n  and  a 
minated. 
sd — per- 
oal  men 
crest  of 
3Hcy  are 
re  were 
951,188 


TirE   f.MTEl)  STATES 


29 


.™'i""r;:i''t,"'ir' ""  •"- "™  --«'  --« «■ 

'-™  •■ -« . ' „  L;  :  ,:;„;""  -•'""'  '"""- 

demi  sen,  „i,|,  „„  .,',  ,^  "'    '-  «"'lol,  aT„l  Qrs  ,>..„  .„- 

<...p.ic.  .o  .„„„„  ;,,:;:'7,;o?  t;  r,:'r,*,;  ■"^"  '■»*  »■■ 

<'"  "HK-rative  demand  Inp  tran.H  r,   ,  equ.j.nient  and 

andOctoI.r.    1917    tie  n    '  '"  ''™-      ^^'"'-'^^"  ^av 

"-  .rain  sitna,i,:r ^^.^^ ir::^:'^:^'^"  ''^^  -^•^'>-  -Po-ts  on 

-"  --.  and  an,ounts  shipped"    h'   ,"'"""  '"?  '"  ^'"•^•°- 
.-'•••"■"  m  ports  for  exp„rt     .n        ,  '  '!""  '"'^  '^"""^^''^  '^'^e. 

o'"er  countries.     Thi    .   '.        :  ";'"'"^^  '■^'  '^'^'-^^  ^'^  "^"-l  and 

actual  „nn,l,er  of  cars  r:ed-nr'T  ""-'^'  '"  ^'^''^■^■""  ^'- 
of  r6,0C0.O()O  bu.hels  nf      -^     ,-         ;  ''''^  '"  '"  •''''"'^'•"^"'  ^x  -on 

and  an.horized  ^vhene^er  con^stt  „  ,7  l"  7'°"  """  "'■■^'-'^^ 
'■'"'f  l'"'"t.    -Moreover   the  en^l  threatened  at  anv  impor- 

'"-"-  ^'.ainst  shi,;er    Ih         7'  "^^^  ^^^^'^^''^^  -P'-^ed  is  a 
''-i-  or  against  conJilnee         o      '"'  '"°"  "^^^  ^''^  ^'->-  --''! 

-'^o-  -.nractin.  in:;;rrn  ''r'-'-'  ^"^^"-- 

^o  conserve  th     (     t  ^--v-i  >j)ai.e. 

;--  -  "-  -nuavs  w    ,  '   f^     /t:'^  "^  ''^^  '^"^'^  ^"^^- 
passenger  service  .w    ^  e  '-'^"-^'''lation   of   through 

;enpatroni.ed:ti;lL      ™;:;^;^- 
''"""lent  of  exenrsions-  on  br.nrh  f  u         '  '"''  ^'^'^  ^'^3"" 

-;■-.  and  .he  substitn.::  ^^^f  :^,;  v^^^"^''""  '^^  -- 

and  passencrcr  service-  th.  "!' '^'"'^  f*^"- separate  freii^ht 
'^-■ns  which  had  pr  ;J  :  ,  "'"^j""  '^^  '^"^"^'>  '^^  passen^r 
"-  <^'--a.ion  or'::    SS.  :;r^^""   '^  '-^^-'  ^or  speed;  ^nd 

lI.e.esnq^ge.tionswerepr„n,pt!y 


30 


WAR  ADMINI.-TRAIION   nl-    RAILWAYS 


adoplfd  l.v  lar-c  nuinl.ers  of  roads  througliout  tlie  couiU.y.     In 
main-  ca^c^  where  such  curtaihncnt  .IM  n^t  mean  CLur.omy,  it 
ha.  nevertheless  l>een  effected  m  .^der  to  encourage  the  nu.ve- 
„,.ut  of  foodstuffs  and  to  clear  the  lines  for  the  prompt  handhn- 
of  governnK-nt  supplies  and  troops.     The  War  Board  has  esti- 
mated that  in  the  the  montlis.  May  to  Septc-ber.  there  was  a  re- 
duction cf  twentv-five  million  train-mik-  annually  m  passenger 
service      In   the  fifteen  states  of  the  Central  Department  it  is 
estimated  that  the  total  saving  from  pa-enger  tram  reductions 
up  to  October.   1917,  amounted  to  1,086,000  tons  ot  coal  per 
annum,  J03.0CIO  barrels  of  oil.  350  locomotives  and  17/4  men. 
In  a  maioritv  of  instances  the  economy  has  been  accomplished 
with  the'he.-i'rtv  approval  of  the  pubHo.  uhuh  has  acceptcl  the 
aitendant  inconvenience  as  a  war  necessity  and  has  sacrifice.l  it^ 
personal  interests  for  the  larger  good.     There  have  been  a  tew 
ca^c=,  of  oi.position  on  the  part  of  state  regulating  bodies,  bu 
thev  have  been  the  e>cception.     Due  illustration   will    sufhce   tc 
show  how  hampering  a  state  commission  can  Ix;  when  it  sets  it: 
own  dignitv  alwve  the  public  interest.     The  Texas  and  Pacific 
in  order  to  conserve  coal  supply  and  injure  the  regular  move 
ment  of  sugar  traffic,  eliminated  nine  branch  line  passenger  tram? 
The  Railroad  Commission  of  Louisiana  on  November  22  impose 
a  fine  of  $5,000  for  an  "arbitran.-.  wilful,  delilx'rate  and  flagrant 
violation  of  tl.c  rule  -f  the  commission  which  forbids  the  d\< 
continuance  of  a  passenger  train  without  the  consent  of  the  con- 
mission.     It  was   further  ordered   that   the  fine  should  be   ir 
creased  by  $5,000  for  every  day  that  the  violation  of  the  ru! 
continued.     Fortunately   the    federal   court   came   to   the   re=cv 
with  a  temporary  injunction. 

The  Commission  on  Car  .Service,  with  headnuarters  in  Wasl 
ington.  has  organized  thirty-three  U-cal  committees  in  importai 
commercial  centers  throughout  the  country,  each  of  which  r 
ports  weekly  to  Wa-^hington.  These  committees  in  turn  ha' 
sulKommittees  to  the  number  of  fifty-two  located  in  the  small 
cities  contiguous  to  the  large  centers.  The  local  committees  ha 
been  given  large  measure  of  discretion  in  their  form  of  organu 


1  UK  r.MTED  MATES 


31 


luiuy.  In 
:uriijniy,  it 
the  niove- 
)t  hanilliiif^ 
d  has  Cbti- 
L'  \\  as  a  re- 

passcnj^er 
Imeiit  it  is 

rechiclions 
jf  coal   per 

1774  men. 
:comi)Hsheil 
rceptcd  the 
acrificei!  its 
lieen  a   few 
bodie-.  but 
II    suffK-e  to 
:n  it  sets  its 
and  Pacific 
jiilar  inove- 
;np:er  trains. 
•  22  imposed 
n-l  tl-iLrrant" 
)ids  the  dis- 

of  the  com- 
lould  lie   in- 

ot  the  rule 
)  the  rescue 

;rs  in  Wash- 
in  important 
->f  which  re- 
n  tnrn  have 
:i  the  smaller 
imittees  have 
of  orcrani^a- 


tP.n  and  tiie.r  methucU  oi  work;  but  tltev  furnish  a  niediiini  for 
ihe  .lisseminatiMH  and  adopti.,,,  „t  ,.,licics  decided  upon  bv  the 
central  omnnm.c  t.,r  the  cumtry  as  a  whole,  it  h  their'dntv 
t-  antR,i.ate  trouble,  to  localize  complaints,  to  bn,.-  ,,uicker  -md 
ni.  .re  eUectne  action.  Personal  solicitation,  correspondent  e  -v  ,th 
^inpiK-.  au<l  -.lewspaper  campaij,ms.  have  all  been  enmh.ved 
1  hey  have  stnven  u  nh  •a,,.  ,„ea>Mre  .,f  success  for  co„pcran.„i 
^;>tl'  larj,'e  sh.pjKT,  a„d  u,tl.  dup,,.T.-  and  commercial  .,r.^•un/■^- 
t.ons  ot  all  kmds,  and  uuh  the  state  railway  and  pul,  ■'^service 
comnnss.ons.     Weekly  tneetin.^s  ha^e  been  held  to  wh  pre- 

<en.at,ves  o,  the  shippers  a,>d  the  state  regulating  bod,.,  have 
.ecu  u.vued      AbKt  of  tne  invitations  have  l^en  accepted  and 
he  accomphshtnents  of  the^e  comn,ittees  i,t  the  few  ntouths  of 
thetr  actn-,ty  have  heen  due   in  large  part  t„   the  spirit  of  co- 
oi.rat,on  displayed  bv  carriers,  shipper,  and  regulating  Ix^dies. 
lo  those  ^yho  are  Inoking  beyond  this  ^^ar  to  the  nonnal  activi- 
nes  o.  a  tmte  of  renewed  peace,  this  growing  .spi.it  of  cooper- 
a.o,    ,s  tuost  st.gu.f.cant.     If  it  can  be  preserved  and  a  structure 
cued  upon  ,t  uluch  will  ntake  use  of  the  experience  gained  in 
ns     me  of  stress,  we  shall  have  g, -ue  far  t,>  eliminate  manv  of 
die  problems  mvolved  in  rail^va^    regulation  ■ 

llie  resttlts  accou.plished  bv  the  central  Comtnissioti  on  Car 

'^n^::  •  t",  '":'  ?'^°™!''--'  -  -P'-ned  in  detail,  would 

'a  r^    us  ,„to  the  techn.calmes  of  commercial  procedure  to  an 

xtent  un.nted  to  this  d.cussion.     An  enumer^ion  of  th^" 

..ects  sottght  and  the  results  accomplished  will  suffice.     Te  ,mica^ 

petals  tor  tne  promotion  of  efficiency  have  either  er^S 

,  7      ■"■'"  Commission  in  ^^'ashington.  or  hav^  be 

nmre  ot  the  local  conmi.ttees.  Inspectors  have  l^en  emoloved 
to  st.mulate  the  adoption  of  the  plans  suggested,  to  watch  for 
v.olat.ons  ot  the  new  regulations,  to  studTthe  wo:i:"o;  li:! 


'Tl 
Cr.nit 


v^  .principle  of  roopcr.itir.ri   i 


nmHs,„„  which.  i„  its  onlor  of  October "oiotr  'li'.-'""";'--'*^  Commerce 
N".  n,  concor„,„s  the  recent  anu-mln";  ""•  ,'^' V '^""■'"■"J  ^''^"'^"  ^■^''•'r 
approv,-,!  of  all  tari.T.  fllerl  „  Re"  c  ,1  \ri  "  "">"■  ^-^l"'.""*?  an  advance 
r-  and  .h.pper  hefo.e  new  ".anffs^^^^'oS  ?or  f!^^^^"""  '^^'^^-"  ^^ 


32  W  AK   ADMIM- I  KM  IcN    nl     KMl.WAVS 

new  su^'Rcstions.  In  some  sections,  solicitors  of  trciglit  liave 
abandoned  tlicir  cun  iciitive  activities  and  are  devoting  their 
erliie  lime  tn  tiie  \\t>  k  >'i  tlie  car  service  ctunniittees. 

I  he  center  of  the  \\lu>lc  nn  veiiient  has  l»een  the  drive  for  a 
mnre  intensive  car  Inadiii},'-  I-ach  ominuMHty  as  it  has  moved 
in  nuantitv,  as,  fur  example,  vefjetablcs  invni  .'..e  southeast,  coal, 
lunil)er.  has  been  sul)iecte(i  to  study  and  tlie  relation  of  car  ca- 
pacitx-  to  averatje  Inad  ascertained. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  the  averai;e  load  of  a  freijjht  car  is 
far  lielow  its  averap;e  carryintj  cajracity.  I'lie  following  table 
from  oilk-ial  lij^urcs  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  re- 
veals the  relationship  since  1904  : 


10,14 

.Average 

capacity 

(tons) 

30.1 

.Xvcrapc 

load    per 

loaded    car 

(tons) 

17.7 

I'er   cent 
capacity 
utilized 

59.9 

l'H!5 

30.8 

18.1 

58.7- 

1906 

32.2 

18.9 

58.7 

1907 

33.8 

19.7 

58.4 

1908 

34.9 

19.6 

56.2 

1909 

3.^3 

19.3 

54.7 

1910 

35.9 

10.8 

55.2 

1911 

36.9 

10.7 

5.^.3 

1"12 

37.':^ 

20.2 

53.9 

1013 

38.3 

21.1 

55.1 

1914 

30.1 

21.1 

53.9 

1915 

39.7 

21  2 

53.4 

1016 

40.4 

22.4 

55.4 

There  should  not  l-io\\e\er  be  too  h.isty  criticism  of  the  rail- 
\va\-  for  the  wa^tc  clearly  revealed  in  this  table.  Whether  or 
not  a  car  can  be  loaded  to  1(H1  per  cent  capacity  depends  upon 
many  consiilcrations  other  than  the  actual  capacity  of  equipment, 
such  as  the  nature  of  the  commodity  to  he  loaded,  the  supi)!y  of 
the  couimoilit\'   avail.ible    for   >hii)ment    at   any   particular   time, 


TIIK    IWITKn    STATES 


33 


:'cr  cent 
capacity 
utilized 

59.9 
58.7- 
58.7 
58.4 
56.2 
54.7 
55.2 

53.9 
55.1 
53.9 

53.4 
55.4 


.1.1.1   the  c-oniinercial   cm.Iiti,,,,.   nn.icr   uhich   ilu-   various  oni- 

' '"'^'^  ■'"■^'  ".a.kctcl,  uhich  ,„  ,un,  .,.,vem  tl,e  i,„its  of  sl.ip- 

n.ci.  I  ,„I.,-  o,n,l,iin,H  ,,.-  keen  .triie  for  busines.s  shippers  can 
I'tin,:^  ,„cs.,nv  t,,  U^ar  npon  .a.ri.rs  to  furnish  more  cars  than 
■  run.  the  st..H,lp,„nt  ,,f  capacity  are  actually  required,  an.l  can 
Keep  ,|,,un  the  inunnmrn  weight  required  for  a  carloa.l  It  i>  a 
^^'■1I  m-,.j,^n„oi  fart  that  nnt.in.a  have  n.,t  increa,.ed  at  all  pro- 
I'"r„„„a.ely  u„h  ihe  increase  in  carrying-  capacuv  of  equipment. 
in  HKUiy  cases  the  ntuu.num  ha.  k-en  the  sellin-  unit  of  the  coni- 
"""'">■;  '"  '"IHM-  unnls,  it  has  been  fl.xed  l>v  the  shipper  It 
-.s  this  smtation  that  the  Car  Service  Cunnn^ssion  face.l  when 
)t  undertook-  its  campai.im  for  l,etter  car  loadin- 

A  yan,pai,u  was  s.arte.i   for  a  loa.l  n„t  onK-  to  the  n.arked 
capacty  o.  the  car.  in,t  for  „ne  li.  per  cent  in  excess  of  capacity 
-  the  tnaxunun,  load  which  the  cars  are  constructed  to  sustain 
J  "i^  a.^nat.on  ran  up  a-ainst  trade  practices  under  which  ship^ 
I'crs   uere   employn,,.  units    that   had    lon^  ken   standard.' aild 
"Pon   winch   the   tnutinnnn    carload   provisions   of   the    railwavs 
u  c  ha.sed.     The.se   were,   ntany   of   then,,   survivals    fron,   the 
PC     .when  cars  of  less  capacity  prevailed.      Vet  al,  over  the 
ount,     husntess  men,  at  the  ,noe„t  solicitat.ot.  of  the  railwavs 
iKive  abandoned  their  u.n'.s  an.l  have  ordered  and  shipf>ed  in  full' 
ca  loa  s   merdy  nuhcatin,  whether  thev  wanted  a  lat^e  or  sm:!! 
ar.     When    tins   has   prove.I    impracticable,    the   railwavs   have 
-■n  Pmtm,  n,  double  tninimun,  weight  carloads,  and  ev^t  triple 
uarhads,  m  a  sm.de  car.     Clubbing  t...,.e,her  of  buvers  and  the 
-"-ntra„on  of  shipments   for  a  single  destination  have  kn 
nr,  d  and  radwavs  have  been  instructed  to  consolidate  under 
-^1  ^merchandise  cars  at  transfer  points.     One  of  the  t  t 

a^mn    'ir'"'T"'f  '•  '"  '"'^^'  ^""'^""'^^^  ''>'  ^^^^  -^^s  of 
•    -Pt.njr    e.ss   carload    tre.^ht   on   .specific   davs   onlv-"sailing 

>    as  they  are  called-for  specific  destinations,  thus  consoli 

:'atH  g  shipments  and  ensuring  heavier  loading.     Pressure  is  k- 

.",.   i>.o,,ght   to  elintinate   -trap-car   sen-ice" ■\,nder  Xch   ,  "s 

tracks.     Advocacy  ot  the  raising  of  minimum  weights  has 


34 


WAR  ADMINISTRATION  OF  KMI,\VA\> 


conic  ir...n  some  sections-even  from  shippers   orga.nzat.ons- 
but  this  involves  approval  of  the  hmT>tnte  Commerce  Lomm.s- 
sion  and  the  movement  has  not  tln„  far  ,:;aine(l  .nuch  hea.Kvay 
\ut  onlv  is  there  a  growing  coop.rati..n  Ik'Iuc.u  ^lup-.K-r  and 
carrier,  but  likewise,  through  the  mechum  of  thc.e  local  com- 
mittee   a   rigid   insistence  uiK>n  cooi^ration   l^tween   earners 
themselves  uherc  snch  cooperation  is  essential  to  etlicicncy.     A 
large  manufacturing  plant   that    formerly,   because  of   railway 
competition,  had  an  abun-lance  of  cars  which  it  loa<lc<l  hi^lnly   is 
now  provided  with  only  enough  cars  to  meet  its  ncnl   under 
maximun.  l-ad  and  the  traffic  is  divided  among  the  hno.     In 
Octol^r  an  at;recimnt  ua>  rea-'  ■  '.  among  earners  at  I'.ttslmrKh 
to  apportion  iron  ore  among  consignees  for  the  remamder  of  the 
navigation  season,  in  order  to  prevent  excessive  accumulation  at 
some  plants  and  shortages  at  others,  and  to  apportion  car  supplv 
equitablv.     War   exigencies   have  converted   the   agreement   in 
restraint  of  trade  from  a  misdemeanor  punishable  by  imc  ami 
imprisoinr.ei.t   into   a   hi;,;hly   virtuous   and    respecl.-ible   buMuess 

practice. 

The  results  of  the  intensive  loading  campaign  uill  lie  set  forth 
completclv  in  a  t:ibulation  later,  but  it  is  of  interest  to  notice  that 
the  increa-e  in  >i7.e  ■  t  trade  units  has  made  appreciable  headway 
under  the  patriotic  stimulus.     Cotton  which  formerly  moved  in 
units  .,f  50  bales  now  moves  in  units  of  65  and  7?  bales,  which 
means  a  saving  ot  from  83,000  to  125,000  small  car<.     Suijar 
which  foimerl"  moved  on  a  minimum  of  24,(H«)  pounds  now 
moves  onlv  on  a  minimum  of  60.000  ixiun.!-.     Report-  made  to 
the  Car  Sen-ice  Commission  in  SeptemlxT  show  that  car-  troni 
Florida  and  Georgia  now  carry  200  barrels  of  potatoes  each  a- 
compared  with  125  barrel-  a  year  ago;  that  cement  cars  are  carry- 
ing 77,mi  pounds  a-  again-t  70.000  pounds  last  year;  that  the 
avcraec  carload  of  tlour   fmm  Minnesota  last  year  was  alxnit 
46MIH)  pound=,  this  year  it  is  62.0(X>  pounds.     A  check  of  cal 
cars  on  one  of  the  coal  carryin-  raibvav-  >.howed  them  loaded  on 
the  average  to  1 1 1  ikm-  cent  of  capacity.     Examples  could  l>c  nnil- 
tiplied  in  which  manufacturers  and  producers  of  raw  materials 


THE  UNITED  STATES 


35 


't    lllUll- 


have  either  changed  their  units  (,r,  realism-  the  value 
Mve  loading,  are  nuw  filling  the  ear,  i<>  capacity. 

Uut  tlie  campaign  na,.  included  n.n  only  an  attack  on  waste 
capacity  hut  likewise  on  waste  time.  The  railways  husint-s  is 
n..t  tons,  hut  ton-miles.  I->eight  cars  are  vcliicls.  nut  7van-- 
housc-s.  and  the  lack  of  track  room  has  often  U-vn  as  scri.nis  as 
the  lack  of  cars.  The  time  spent  in  loadmg  an.l  unloading  is  to 
|he  radway.  and  should  be  to  the  ^ln,,per.  just  so  tnnch  waste,  to 
he  aycided  as  completely  as  po^>ihle.  To  conserve  time  numer- 
ous reforms  have  iH.-en  urge.!,  and  are  1^-i,-  p,n  int..  ettect  ,,.  it^t 
as  conduions  or  the  conserya.ue  attitude  ot  the  particular  o.m- 
niumty  has  permitted.  On  the  part  <.{  the  shippers,  tins  ha.  „.- 
vohe,!  the  hmiting  of  or.lers  for  cars  to  the  number  that  can  be 
promptly  loaded,  the  pn,„,,,t  furnishing  of  billing  for  the  ship- 
ment, and  of  switching  and  reconsignmct  orders;  the  pro„,  ,t 

M-rru,der  of  hilN  ,,Mad„,,  ,,.   .ars  ,,,  ■v,,,,,,.,V  ,,^de/^^  am^ 

speedy  unloadmg  .,th..,u  re.,ard  to  the  usual  allowance  of  free 

■me.     On  the  part  of  the  carriers,  there  has  been  a  speeding  up 

n  the  placentent  ot  cars  for  loading  and  unloading  and  a  shorten- 

ng  of  the  ttme  consun,e,l  in  transit  and  terminal  delays-  a  care- 

"I  watch.ng  to  prevent  the  nurea.e  in  cars  needing  'repair  and 

he  ,ntn.duction  of  n,ethods  that   will  hasten   repairs  when  th 

'mage  ts  shght.     There  has  been  al.o  a  rednction  of  •■tune  „' 

^hop  .  a  strong  agitati-n  fw  .he  ab..Iit,.,n  ,,f  the  -aven,...  a,.ree- 

™      under  which  co,,.,„,,.  ,,,,,,,,,,  ^^^ 

ZZ^T'   """  "'  ^<^"^'^— ^  '-  --"'-■:  and   there   is 
I   ..and    „  some  sections  for  an  increase  ,n  de.nnrrage  rates 
ne  of  the  most  important  steps  in  the  direction  of  .pe  dm  '  up 

e  fe  tne  OctoVr  I.  re,,„inng  that  all  carload  interline  shipments 
shall  be  accon,pan,ed  by  the  revenue  ^.av-bill.     This  is   L  X 

ha";  be    f        ,  ""■"   "'^'   ''''''   ''"^  "^   I'^^«'"^'^-   provision 

1  as  been  made  to  expedite  merchandise  and  pncka^e  cU      tZ 
^'os.ng  ot  treight  stations  to  the  public  in  tl  e  aft^rn,;.;,  ill 


36 


U  \K  ADMINISTRATION-  OF  RMl.WAYS 


huur  or  an  Iwn.r  .arlier  has  l.een  put  into  ettect  to  a  very  la  , 
extent.  n.akn,«  pu»ihlc  the  l-a.lin^  of  all  oml>ouncl  bus.ne.s  U. 
day  an.l  preveniins  c<;n«cst.on.  In  only  a  lew  n.,tance.  has  tl 
practice  l.ccn  ^,criou^ly  opposed  by  shipi)crs. 

i„  fact,  the  success  of  tlie  entire  n.nvtnient  uouUl  have  Ik.' 

i„„,,sMl.lc  without  the  aid  of  the  shippers  in  Unh  their  orKumz 

and  indnnlual  capacity.     A  conference  of  the  National  Conn 

of  American  Cotton  Manufacturers  was  held  in  Octnln^r  at  ^^\u 

there  \vere  represe  tod  the  growers.  Kinners.  compress  coinpan 

and  carriers.     The  prol.leni  of  greater  density  of  compressi 

was  thorouRhlv  discussed  and  means  devised  for  halancin^'  hm 

ment  bv  water  an.l  rail  to  prevent  ingestion.     Otticers  oi   1 

National   Indu.-,trial  Trattic   League  and  the   Railway   Husin 

Association  are  very  active  in  ad.lressing  their  meniU-rs  >n 

interest  of  more  efficient  use  of  railway  c.iuipment,  and  the  qn 

termastcr-s  <lcpartmcnt  ha<   isMied   orders   that   all   governm 

freight  is  to  Ih;  loaded  \n  \\n  per  cent  of  the  capacity  ol  the  > 

Ihc-  results  of  the  efforts  of  carriers  and  shippers  to  cond 

the  freight  trans- station  of  the  rmmtry  with  increa-ed  ett.cie 

„,av  W  suinmari^cl  in  the   form  of  a  table  for  the  months 

Ap'nl  to  »  irtoU-r,  l'>17.  nu-UiMvc.  cvering  the  first  seven  nmi 

cf  the  activities  of  the  War  P.oard. 


a  very  large 
business  tliat 
itices  lias  this 

lid  have  Ix-'cii 
eir  nr^^aiiizfd 
i.Mi;il  CuhikII 
dIx-T  at  wliifh 
ess  companies 
:  compression 
lancing  ni(ne- 
Mticers  of  the 
way   lUisiness 
eniU'rs  in  the 
anil  tlu-  qn.ir- 
II   goviTntnent 
;ity  of  till'  lar. 
ers  to  ciinduct 
•;i>cd  ct'tiCRMK-y 
ihe  months  of 
;  seven  mniiths 


THE  UNITED  STATES  37 

FKKIGHT  OI'KKATIONS 
S»vrn  months  rridrcj  October  31 
Koa.h  with  annual  opiraliiiK  riv.niicj  above  $l,ljl«»,()mj> 

Vni  ■-  Per  cent  of 


Item 

I'rcight  train-iniK'5 

I-rcight  locomotive-mites 

I'rtijiht  car-milc« : 
I  -oaded 
Kni|i|y 
Total 

Rtvcniie  lon-mitt'!t 
Xiin-revcnuf  tnn-milrs 
Total— revenue    and     non- 
rivcnuc 

Average  number  of  freight 
iKoniniivrs  in  service 

Averaiie  niiml)er  in  shop  or 
awaitiiiK  sliop 

Per  cent  in  shop  or  awaiting 
shop 

Average    number    of    freight 

car>;  in  service 
AvcraKe   number   in    shop   or 

awaiting  shop 
Per  cent  in  shop  c.r  awaititin 

shop 

Tons  i><T  train 
Tons  per  car 
Ton«.  per  loaded  car 

Average    miles    per    locomo- 
tive pt  -  <lay 
Average  miles  per  car  per  day 
Average  miles  opirated— 
single   iraik 


3«»,*Je.S^7 
<6J,  1 54.105 


9.695.211, 14' i 

•».2(>7.34J<.4«i 

I.?.90i559.f^I 

241..15(,.()17.(i2f, 
21.088,597.2^5 


1916 
37J.08,t.«J2 
44I.9K«.-».L' 


''.4J?.7(rf<.41.; 

4.IM4,(/>|,V4 

l.i,4<i(i,4()0.()7<* 

214..W1,757,775 
19,127,221.72.! 


.?  1.449 

A.MA 
W) 

2.146,591 

l.v,,7r,7 


674 
IS') 
27.1 


27.7 
d  =  decria-c. 


31.0J6 

4.74.1 

15.3 

2.289.866 

144,,SH4 

6.3 

626 
17.3 
2AA 


66.5 
27.S 

228,1,51 


inrrr.Tsr 
4,8 


2.9 
4,3 
i.i 

12.6 
10.3 


262,444.614,f;2I         2.13,508.979,498  12.4 


13 
rl  8.0 
d  92 

2.5 

.1   5  6 

d  7.9 

7.7 
92 
9J 


3.i 
0.7 

01 


When  ..tiidie.I  w„l,  o.rc-  iln\  t.-.Me  ^ev,ak  a  .trikinc^  picture  of 
nperatmfr  eff.cicncy.  1,  „  ,11  he  noted  i„  ,l,c  f,r.t  place  that  the 
"K-rease  m  ec|„i,„nent  availahle  fnr  u^c  has  hcen  very  small- 
..nlv  L.-,^,^.,-  cent  in  ".-ei-ht  U.-cmctives  and  2.S  per  cent  in  cars. 

phMicd  !ar.L;ely  with  the  ntiliz;i- 


so  that  the  re-nit-;  ha^c  h,.,.,^  .,,.,.,  ,.,,.,i;  i.„ 


38 


UAK  .\iaUNl.=  TU.\Tl()>:  <,F  UVH.WW: 


ti„„  of  cx.X.n,  c.,u„nu.  :  Xcu  .,u„.,ncnt  ha.  been  p.acu  ^  > 
unobtainahle.  partly  .br.,u,h  lack  of  funds  wun  winch  lopu,- 
cha^e,  hut  mainly  because  mure  imperative  use  has  been  tound 
i,,r  ncu  c(|uiiinKnt  in  1- ranee  :-n(l  Ku-^ia. 

I  inncncN  ,.  rcNcalcd  in  ih,.  table  nr^t.  in  the  t.icrea^e  m  Mze 
,„•  ,,,,,1  „„i  ,1,,  nt,>re  o.,u|.lete  tttih/.ati- at  of  eMnipment.  and 
..o.nd  m  the  greater  nnlea^e  n.ade  1.  car.  iM-ei^ht  ,ran,-,n,le- 
have  nece-arilv  increased,  but  the  increase  of  4.4  per  cetU  ., 
s,pall  cnn„.ared'  unh  the  utcrea-e  in  revenue  l-n-mdes,  1_.6  ,>er 
,  -nl  The  averai^'e  number  of  tons  per  tram  has  increased  /./ 
,,;,,,,,,,,,.  ,,,M,er  car  ' 'J  l.er  cem.  and  per  1.  .aded  car  O..M-r 

cent  \t  tlte  ^a.ne  t>me  the  amount  of  equipment  held  tor  re- 
pair^ ha.  been  reduced,  the  percentaj;e  of  locomotives  under_or 
Uaitin,  repair  decreaMU^  ').:  per  cent,  and  of  freight  cars  ,J 
p.,  cem  In  the  matter  of  .lailv  niilea'.-e  there  has  beer,  an  in- 
c;ease  per  locomotive  of  .v3  per  cent,  of  c;.,-.  0,7  per  cent  =mo 
this  in  the  face  of  the  factor  that  woul.l  tend  to  retard  rfK^ed.  the 
factor  .  f  increased  load  per  car  and  per  train.  Tn  othe.  wor.ls 
the  frei.dit  locomotive  in  l^ir  uas  hauliuR  nearly  a  twelfth  mor« 
tons  to^he  train,  and  covenn-  more  mik-  each  day  u.th  th. 
heavier  train,  tlian  in  1916. 


practically 
h  to  put- 
een  fnund 

,1-e  ill  ^izc 
iiieiit.    and 
iraiii-mile- 
)cr  cent  i> 
;,  12.6  per 
•reased  1  ' 
car  ''..^  per 
eld  for  re- 
s  iinik-r  or 
ht  cars  7.9 
leen  an  in- 
r  cent,  ami 
1  ;-[>eed,  tlie 
the.  words, 
velfth  more 
IV  with  the 


CHAPTER  V 

Cooperation  of  Government  and  Railways 

Ii  "as  ii..t  l.ir  Ja-k  of  power  thai  the  i^Mveriinieni  refrained 
irnin  takmj^-  over  the  railways  upon  our  entrance  intr,  ihe  war, 
and  operating  them  on  pnhlie  account.  The  power  of  the  I'resi- 
deiil  i(.  lake  |h  ..-.e-~>i. 'ii  i.f  railway  Hues  cniiferred  in  the  Act  of 
ISf.J  expired  liy  limitation  upon  the  ".oppression  ,.f  thi.s  RelK,-!- 
Ii'-n,"  and  renewed  autliority  \.as  necessary  l)efore  anv  steps 
could  l.e  taken  unless  the  President  chose  to  make  this 'drastic 
ni"'.e  under  iii,-  ,-eneraI  war  powers.  Douhtle^s  such  exercise  of 
authunty  would  ha\e  heeii  sustained  by  public  opinion  had  the 
exi-ency  been  .nfticient.  init  Coii-rcss  did  not  leave  the  matter 
in  till-  ci.iuliii'in  nf  uncertainty. 

In  iliL    \rtny  .\npropriation  Act  passed  in  August,  191^.  tlie 
following  clause  was  inserted: 

The  President,  in  time  of  war,  is  emiiowcred,  thr.ii<di  the 
Secretary  „t  \\  ar.  t-,  take  posse-. -icm  and  as>ume  C(,ntrol  of 
anv  ^^xtem  .,r  sy>tenis  of  transportation,  or  anv  par  thereof 
and  to  utilize  the  same,  to  the  e.xclusion  as  far  as  mav  be 
uecessar-y  ot  all  other  traffic  thereon,  for  the  transfer  or 
transportation  of  troops,  war  material  and  equi.iment,  or 
t-r  such  other  puqio^es  connected  with  the  eniertre.icv  as 
m.av  be  needful  or  desirable. 

^  This  placed  the  discretion  in  the  hands  of  the  Chief  E.xecutive 
Miotdd  the  railways  at  any  time  fail  to  fulfil  their  functions  as 
war  a-encics,  the  President  is  clothed  with  full  authoritv  to  re- 
l-eve  tl-eir  management  of  further  responsibility  and  to  under- 
take the  t.-sk  himself.  For  the  first  nine  months  of  the  war,  he 
deemed.  ,t  wise  tn  leave  laiKvay  operation  in  the  hands  of  railwav 
■nen,  toe.xercise  ,,  close  -cruti.,y  of  the  success  or  failure  of  private 
•"anagement,  and  to  cooperate  in  ,,nv  wa.  possible  thr-xigh  depart- 


^ 


40 


W  AK 


M.MINI-IKAIU'N   OV   KMLVV.WS 


iuvcrunicntal  ^r 


'anizalluiis  in  se- 


nicut  hc■ad^  an,l  ihf  van-u.  gc 
""';""";M""mrf    lT«..l«"t  \N.lb,d  oi   .1.C  Baltimore  and 

o,i;:K::^:L:::,;.a*o,a,n,,a,,<.^.o«;-i™n; 

,„e  t„n.K.l  ".  ^»"°"f  'f  ™f„„:l  complaims  fron,  ever, 
„„„,,r.   „r,„«         '-":;,;„,.  jiffi„„,i«.     The  orsa,.iza.io„ 

:;;;f;;rr:;«a;.o*e.».e»ao.^ 

;;::•::'»:;:■:::.;:*:  :!^  ^- »'  —  -':;: 
™zr::::rr,:;/;;^^s^ir\va;B.^e,. 

rr::    xoi^,l  nil  on.eWa.Boa.U  they  auen. 

ne    in.^s  frec,u.n,lv  at  the  be^innin,  .hen  questions  of  c 

,  ;"  ^"and   relationship  .ith   the   .oven.nent   ^^.re   up,^ 

;    "     hcv  furnished  the  connecting  hnk  l.t.een  the  rad.. 

:;;,,., nnn,Mra,..K  and  thevexernscd  a  ;U,.K-,em>orn. 

:    hat  thev  .ere  prepared  to  advise  the  P--'-t  ,    he  she 
at  anv  tin.e  have  under  consideration  the  u^e  of  the  po    e 
-onnnandecr  the  roads.     As   time   v.ent   on   Mr.   W  Hani  c 
;".eU  less  with  the  detail  of  raiU^^^^ 
"Ju.cd  l,v  du.  War  !:.ard.  :md  n^,re  unh  the  lar,er  probU 

of  transportation  that  involve  shipment  hy  ^vater  as  well  as  t 
nnd  that  hrincr  under  consideration  internattona  as  well  a.  1. 
l,hlem^  His  retirement  from  the  Board  took  pace  upon 
'       ptancc  of  the  chairmanship  of  the  War  Tndustr.es  Board 


THE   L'MTED  STATES 


41 


,11  s  in  se- 

s  and  llie 
constantly 
:  the  more 

imore  and 
on  Trans- 
mission of 
beginning 
from  every 
.•olving   car 
rganization, 
V   wrote  to 
e  and  most 
al  Defense, 
1,   and   even 
[ost  of  these 
Board  either 
:nted  by  Mr. 
Timission,  as 
,le  having  no 
hey  attended 
stions  of  or- 
were  upper- 
the  railways 
:ient   scrutiny 
:  if  he  should 
the  power  to 
Willard   con- 
ration  as  rep- 
rgiT  pri'lileni'- 
IS  well  as  rail. 
,s  well  as  local 
place  upon  hi- 
tries  Board. 


(  »iic  Ml  ihc  niM,t  serious  and  fundamental  problems  of  this 
war  Kii  jt^  iju-ino-  side  arose  from  tlie  fact  that  consumption 
ua>  outrunning  production  at  such  an  alarming  rate,  that  in 
icoiioinic  terms  demand  was  far  in  excess  of  supply.  It  became 
iiiiperaiive.  it  we  were  not  to  reach  a  state  of  utter  demoraliza- 
tion in  prices,  that  tiie  principle  of  priority  should  be  rigidly 
aii])lied  in  this  courury,  as  it  had  been  in  iingland,  and  the  coni- 
peting  ■leiiiands  for  the  same  product  should  be  graded  accord- 
ing to  urgency.  We  are  not  directly  concerned  in  tliis  discus- 
sion with  the  manner  in  which  the  Administration  has  tempor- 
ized with  this  problem;  the  futilities  of  a  democracy  are  too 
voluminous  for  adequate  treatment  here.  But  we  are  concerned 
with  the  application  of  the  principles  of  priority  to  railway  trans- 
portation. 

.\mong  the  amendments  to  the  Interstate  Commerce  Act  in 
T'liC.  was  the  following  (Sec.  6)  : 

1  liat  in  time  of  war  or  threatened  war  preference  and 
precedence  shall,  upon  demand  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  be  given  over  all  other  traffi;,  to  the  transportation 
of  tn«ips  and  material  of  war.  and  carriers  shall  adopt 
every  means  within  their  control  to  facilitate  and  exi)edite 
the  military  tratiRc. 

I'.  thi~.  the  .\aval  .Xppropriatii^n  .Act  of  .\ugU5t.  1916.  passed 
a:  a  luw  uf  severe  congestion  in  railway  traffic,  added  the  fol- 
lowing amendment : 

■  Nnd  in  time  of  peace  shipments  consigned  to  agents  of 
the  United  States  for  its  use  shall  l)e  delivered  bv  the  ear- 
ners as  promptly  as  possible,  and  without  regard  to  any 
embargo  that  may  have  l)een  declared,  and  no  such  eml>argo 
shall  apply  to  shipments  so  consigned. 

Hut  the  powers  here  granted  were  not  sufficient  to  meet  the 
situation.  The  act  of  1906  gave  the  President  authority  to  de- 
inan.l  precedence  only  with  resj^ct  to  strictlv  militarv  traffic. 
The  amendment  of   lOir,,   while  it  related  to 'traffic  other  than 


42 


WAR  ADMINISTRATION  OF  RAILWAYS 


inilitarv.  \\a>  only  a  deniaiid  for  prompt  niuvciiient  and  contained 
no  iHjwcr  to  dfinand  priority  of  shipment. 

It  miL;lu  In;  argued  that  the  section  in  the  Army  Appropriation 
Act  ;^i\ing  the  i'resident  power  to  take  posses^KJii  of  the  roads 
contained  all  the  authority  needed,  had  the  I'resiileiit  chosen  to 
exerci-e  il.  to  handle  effectively  the  food  and  fuel  situation,  for 
the  I're-idcni  might  assume  control  "for  such  other  purposes 
connected  with  the  emergency  as  may  he  needful  or  desirable." 
■S'et  tlie  .\dininislration  had  no  desire  to  take  jjossession  (if  the 
rail\\a\.>  ur.lc.-s  it>  hand  were  forced  by  a  breakduwn  (jf  private 
managcn;ent. 

In  view  c'  tlie  fact  therefore  that  our  important  service  in  the 
wai'  fur  the  \ear  I'M",  at  least,  v^  as  to  consist  in  an  adequate 
outnut  and  an  elVicient  di>trihutK  n  of  food  supplies  and  raw 
materials  "f  manufacture,  quite  as  much  as  a  prompt  handling 
of  nnlitarx-  !:;i!tic.  some  additioual  power  in  the  hands  of  the 
F-Xccutive  seuiu-d  urgciitl\  needed.  Accordingly,  on  .August  10, 
I'MT,  Congress  pa>sed  the  Priority  La\v.  under  which  tlie  Presi- 
dent was  authorized  vluring  the  continuance  of  the  war  to  direct 
that  carriers,  whether  b\  rail,  water  or  otherw  i-e,  shall  gi\'e  prefer- 
ence in  trans])ortatinn  to  such  tr.-d'fic  as  in  his  judgment  is  essen- 
tial to  the  national  defense.  lie  may  issue  his  orders  direct  or 
tlnougli  such  person  as  he  may  designate  for  the  purpose,  or 
through  the  Interstate  (^nnmp'''e  Commission.  The  common 
carriers  are  authorized  without  responsibility  or  liahiiitv  on  the 
part  of  the  United  States,  to  maintain  in  Washington  an  agencv 
emjiowered  li\-  ■-uch  carrier-  as  join  in  the  arrangement,  to  re- 
ceive service  of  such  orders  in  behalf  of  all  the  carriers.  .\nv 
failure  on  the  part  of  a  carrier  to  obey  such  orders  subjects 
oftuers,  agent-,  and  employes  to  punishment  for  misdemeanor, 
either  by  tine  of  .S.^,000  or  imprisonment  for  one  vear,  or  both. 
For  the  transportation  of  property  or  persons  under  such  orders, 
just  and  rca-onable  rates  .are  to  Ije  prescribed  bv  the  Interstate 
(  ommerce  Cominission.  In  complving  with  orders,  cprriers  are 
relieved  from  penalty  for  the  violation  of  any  existing  law. 
This  last  provision  ha-  reference  p'-csumably  to  the  prohibitions 


"^ 


TIIK   rXITED  STATES 


43 


Ml  cliM-iiminatioii  in  the  Jntcibtate  loinnierce  Act,  and  agree- 
imnt-,  and  conspiracies  under  the  Anti-trust  Act.  Yet  it  is  con- 
uvable  that  this  will  also  exempt  earners  at  times  from  penal- 
ties tur  violations  of  such  acts  as  the  Sixteen  Hour  Law  and 
the  Satety  Appliance  Act.  and  that  it  may  even  override  the 
exercise  ot  police  poucr  in  the  several  states  uhere  full  crew 
;'"'!  similar  hnvs  have  I,ecn  enacted.  Such  exemption  coul<l 
hardly  have  entered  ihe  CongroMnnal  mind  ulien  the  law  was 
:  :i->e(l. 

_   l^ihcrt   S.   Lovctt,  Chairman  ,,f  the  Executive  Committee  of 
t:ie    L  nion    I'acitic    Railroad,    was   appointed    bv    the    JVesident 
.\i!,..i.t  KS  a.  Director  of  Priority  Shipments,  and  has  since  been 
"Kulc   chairman    of    the    so   called    Priority    Moard,    which    has 
.r.'adci    .unctions  than  tho.c  relating  to  trans,,  rtation  merelv 
\\  ith  judge  Lovett's  approval,  it  was  arranged  that  the  Rail- 
n-.uN    W  ar  Board  shouhl  accept  orders  on  behalf  of  all  carriers 
1  he  railways  individually  signed  an  agreement  authorizing  the 
\\ar  Lnard  to  accept  service,  and  pledging  themselves  to  con- 
-'..er  such  orders  as  legal  and  binding  upon  them.     It  was  the 
i'.'rpose  01   the  Priority  Director-and  he  has  adhered  to  this 
policy  ,c,nce-to  interfere  with  th.  independent  operation  of  the 
.ai  ways  only  when  an  emergency  required  the  exercise  of  his 
■■'""'onty.     Lp  to  the  middle  of  Xovember  he  had  issued  bu: 
—  -rders  under  this  law.     The  first  followed  immediatelv  upon 

\\VirBoarIr'"'  '"''  ''''  ''  "''  "'"''"'''  '"'""^^^  °^  '^''  R^^roLw 

_\>  has  been  descril^d  elseu  here,  the  War  Board,  bv  the  pro- 

-I^'ation  o    special  car  service  rules,  had  succeeded  in  increas- 

U    materially   ,he   movement   of   cal.      Moreover,    it    ha<l    nr- 

■•"-■'I  a  poo   of  coal  at  Lake  Erie  ports  to  ensure  more  rapid 

-nement  to  lake  ports  in  the  northwest.     But  in  spite  do 

;'KTat,ve  efforts  on  a  large  s.ale.  there  was  a  decrLe    n    he 

'"    of  coal  loaded  into  boats  at  Lake  Erie  ports  as  compa  ed 

e     re    '„•"", 'f"-     '"'""    "''^^   ^^^^   immediatelv   t'>   be 

red  through  heaver  lake  shipments,   the  northwest   would 

'a-  a  cntical  situation  f^r  the  winter,  as  the  deficiency  could 


44 


W   \l{    MiMINI-rUAlIliN   IH-    KMl.WWS 


,„,!  l,c  Mipp'.ii-d  hv  lail  ^hil)lnt•nts  direct.  Ir.m  ore  tralTic  Ikmhi; 
the  return  !n;ul  tn.in  the  e.  al  in.)venient,  is  dependent  directly 
upon  the  efficiency  ni  that  niovenient.  The  War  Hoard  con- 
fessed its  inalnhtv  to  control  this  northwest  movement  to  the  ex- 
tent neees^arv.  Moreover,  in  tiie  creation  of  a  coal  pool  and  the 
insistence  that  preference  Ik;  accorded  to  coal  tralTic.  the  railways 
had  not  only  been  violating  the  anti-preference  clause  of  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Act  and  the  acts  of  various  states,  but  they 
had  pn,bably  invited  the  iK-nalties  of  the  Anti-trust  Act.  They 
felt  the  need  of  absolution  for  their  justifiable  sins. 

On  Aususl  20,  Judge   I.ovett  issued  his  first  priority  order. 
He  declared  that  s\ifficient  bituminous  coal  could  not  under  exist- 
ing conditions  l)e  forwarded  before  the  close  of  navigation,  and 
that  an  adequate  supply  was  necessary  to  the  national  defense 
and  security.     He,  therefoic,  ordered  railway  companies  serv- 
ing Lake  lirie  ports  in  the  transportation  of  bituminous  coal  for 
transshipmeni  to  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior  jwrts,  daily 
until  further  order  to  give  priority  in  the  distribution  of  cars  to 
coal  mines  served  by  them,  and  in  the  transportation  of  these 
cars  to  lake  ports.     Water  carriers  were  ordere  '  to  receive  and 
handle  such  coal  so  as  to  give  it  preference  in  transfK^rtation. 
The  effect  of  this  order,  in  combination  with  the  arrangement 
for  the  pooling  of  ownership  of  coal  at  lake  ports  referred  to 
elsewhere,'    was   to    avert    the    threatened    coal    famine    in    the 
northwest,  and  to  provide  that  section  with  slightly  more  fuel 
th.in  it  i>ossessed  at  the  corresponding  date  in   1916.     In  fact, 
it  was  announced  on  Xovember  10  that  the  priority  order  would 
soon  l)e  rescinded  in  full,  l)ecause  the  demand  for  coal  nearer  the 
mines  was  equally  urgent  with  that  in  the  northwest,  and  l^ecause 
any  shortage  in  the  northwest  that  could  not  l^e  met  during  the 
remaining  davs  of  lake  navigation  could  be  made  up  by  rail  ship- 
ments.    At  the  same  time,  a   suspension   of  the  priority  order 
was  announced  for  twenty-four  hours  on  Xovember  19  to  permit 
operators    to    supply    industries    in    Ohio    and    Michigan.     The 
original  task  contemi)lated  was  the  transportation  of  29,(XK),000 

1  Sci-  p^ige  28. 


IlIK   LNITEU  STATES 


45 


tMiiN  oi  c.ial  (liiniif,-  the  .season  of  navijjatioii.  Uii  Dectinbtr  1 
iliirc  liad  ,>ccii  traiisix.rted  27,072,2VO  tons,  which  was  an  in- 
crease of  ^.7  i>cr  cent  over  last  year's  fij,nires  for  the  same  date.' 
A  second  exercise  of  authority  under  this  statute  was  also 
-ccaMoned  hy  the  coal  situation.  It  appeared  increasinf,dy  evi- 
■kiu  [hat  coal  shipments  were  lx;ing  impeded  by  the  selfishness 
"1  ^liip|)ers  and  the  indifference  of  some  carriers,  in  usinj,'  coal 
I. lis  NT  less  imjiortant  purposes.  Automobile  concerns  and 
iiianv  other  shippers  who  could  use  open  top  cars  to  advantaf,'e 


cic  U/adm-,'  these  cars  instead  of  returninj;  them  empty  to  the 


!i' iiic  road,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  cf  the  existin-,^ 
•  .11-  service  rules,  and  many  railroads  seemed  unable  to  withstand 
Hie  pressure  of  the  shipjiers'  demands.  The  state  of  Ohio  even 
iiad  l»een  usinf,^  six  thousand  cars  weekly  for  road  building  mate- 
nalv  Judge  Lovett,  in  his  f^rst  order,  had  required  that  "prior- 
i!y  should  \>€  given"  to  cars  of  lake  cargo  coal.  While  the 
incining  of  the  word  "priority"  would  seem  to  be  fairly  clear 
and  definite,  some  shippers  and  carriers  insisted  that  in  its  im- 
piication  there  was  an  element  of  discretion.  Accordingly,  at 
tlif  suggestion  of  the  railways'  Car  Service  Commission  the 
-cc.nd  order  was  so  worded  as  to  leave  nothing  in  doubt.  Rail- 
\av.  were  required,  l)eginrjng  with  Xo\  eml)er  !,  to  "deny  the 
^iH',"  e.vcept  in  .shipments  for  the  United  States  government,  of 
■IHii  top  cars  for  the  transportation  of  materials  other  than  coal 
IT  highw.-iy  purposes,  for  construction  and  repair  of  buildings 
IT  amusement,  or  for  manufacture  of  pleasure  vehicles,  furni- 
ture or  musical  instruments:  and  for  transportation  of  passenger 
vehicles,  furniture  or  musical  instruments.  The  order  speci- 
fically named  the  commodities  to  which  open  top  equipment 
-ii-uld  in  the  present  emergency  1)e  devoted:  namelv,  coal,  c(ike. 
ore.  limestone  for  blast  furnaces,  ra^■  materials  for  sugar  and 
Krtilizer  industries,  and  other  commodities  necessary  for  the 
"ali,.nal   defense  and   security.      It   was   estimated   that   by   this 


■In  addition  the  nr.rtliwest  has  rfceived  all-rail   frnm  Illinois  ar 
'.early  three  times  as  much  coal  as  it  received  last  year. 


Indiana 


4,,  W   \U   AI. . MINIMUM  l>iN    nr   KMl.W   \V> 

„,,K.r  the  o,aI  .novcnou  could  l-e   ni.rca.cd  ..n^.UUU  lun.  per 

'''wiuihcr  .v.n  this  draMic  nnk-r  u.-uM  >olvc  the  coal  problem 
,„  all  u.  rani,t,cati..n.  >ccn,c.l  duuMiul.  A  p-'ul  oi  trc^du  car. 
sinnlar  t,>  that  nisuuucd  n,  the  case  of  hox  cars  was  be,.,-  con- 
sidered,' and  plans  wc.c  under  uay  lo  pool  U.e  output  u.  coal 
mines  for  the  purpose  of  rchevn>^  conj^eM.on  atul  facd.tatntg  dts- 
tribution  to  o.n.-uiner>. 

So„,e  of  the  tno^t  cttecivc  work  ,.t  the  War  Hoard  ha.  been 
acconiplidted  throui^h  its  subconinnttces.     The  close  workut,.;  rc- 
Uu.ottshtp  of  the  lon.ntission  on  Car  Service  a.ul  the  Interstate 
Conttnercc  Loinntis^ion's  Dureau  on  far  Service  has  already  been 
,le>crilK-d      The  result.  ..f  the  car  efficiency  moventent  have  tK>en 
made  the  subject  of  a  .ei>arate  chapter,  Imt  the  other  committees 
have  accompH.hed  results  well  worthy  of  six^cial  mer.t.on       1  he 
subcommittee  on  Military  Transportation  Accountms.  as  already 
in.licated  in  the  chapter  on  Organization,  has  a  representative  at 
each  .luarterma^ter  depot  and  at  each  mobilization  and  concen- 
tration camp,  to  cooperate  with  the  Uxal  quartermaster  m  the 
issuance  an<l  accomplishment  of  government  bills  ot  ladm-  tor 
freight  shipment,  and  transi^rtation  requests  coverniR  the  han- 
dling' of  troops.     This  committee  has  materially  assisted  m  expe- 
diting the  han<llin-  of  troops  and  supplies  by  promulgating  de- 
tails to  guide  the  railways  m  all  accounting  features  relating  to 
wiv-billin-  materials  for  camp  construction  and  the  later  provi- 
sioning of  the  camps,  and  has  worked  toward  the  more  prompt 
settlement  of  accounts  with  the  government.     Instructions  have 
l)een  issued  to  wav-bill  all  government  freight  through  to  des- 
tination   whether   through    rates    and   divisions   prevail    or   not. 
Special  wav-bill  envelopes  and  cards  to  be  attached  to  cars  have 
been   devised   to  expedite   government    freight.     The   most   im- 
portant and  far  reaching  activity  of  this  committee  has  been  its 
determined  advocacv  of  universal  interline  way-billing. 

A    Central    Accounting    P.ureau.   uiuler   the   direction   of   this 


>Sce  iiaRe  29. 


1  UK   l\ll  i:i)  SI  \TF,S 


o-iiiiiiiitn.',  l■.a^  hcfii  i-ialjli-lu-il  in  Wa-liiiij^tdi  lu  which  {,'(>  all 
acoMiiii-  I.I  all  raiK\a\>  a,L,'aiii-t  the  j^'uvcniinent,  where  tliev  are 
>etlle(l  (lirecl  u  iih  the  ..tl'nH-  nt  the  (|nartei  ma-lcr  K^iH-Tal.  1  lere- 
tniore,  all  Mtilcineiits  iiavc  Iruii  made  wiih  the  ileiKit  ([luuter- 
ina^ter>.  with  the  rCMilt  <<i  much  waste  time  ai:  1  iiieriicniK-y. 

1  he  >iik.  .mmittee  (.m  Military  i-jniiinnent  Staiulanls  lias  pre- 
!  ared  plans  and  s])ecilicati'  'tis  for  the  various  modifications  needed 
!  .  CMiivert  existing,'  e(|nipnient  iiiti>  hospital  and  troop  trains,  all 
ii  winch  have  iieeii  accejited  l»y  the  ,i,'ovcrnment.  It  ha-,  re- 
ceived and  considered  various  sufji^estion^  tor  nioditlcatinns  in 
ci|iiil'iiifiit  sul.mitteil  liy  j;overnment  officers  and  f)thers.  It  has 
'k-i,i;ned  Some  eijuipmeiit  of  a  distinctly  military  character— 
nutalily  an  armored  car.  Tlin.uj^di  the  Master  Car  T-uilders" 
Association  it  has  seemed  incorporation  in  the  car  interchan-^'e 
rules  of  [>ermission  to  load  freit,du  cars  of  Sn,()(K)  pjiuids  capacity 
aii.l  over  to  full  axle  cai>acity:  it  has  drawn  up  plans  for  uniform 
and  proper  l..ailin.i,'  of  j,'uns,  uniform  nilcs  covering-  resiwnsi- 
'■ihty  and  hillin-  for  rei>airs  to  equipment  used  in  niilitar\-  move- 
inciit.  and  various  iiistruciions  concerned  with  exi)edition,  inter- 
chaiii^'e  and  repair  of  cars.  It  has  Ijeen  burdened  as  has  many 
aiiMther  organization,  jnihlic  and  private,  with  the  man  wissess- 
)ni:  an  invention  that  is  to  save  the  world.  Out  of  the  ni'uititude 
•f  cranks  and  crooks,  there  sometimes  appears  one  whose  suj,-- 
-estion  commands  attention.  With  the  possibility  of  discoverinc^ 
-ticl!  an  one.  much  valuable  time  must  l)e  wasted  on  the  others. 

In  a  time  when  the  demand  for  steel  and  other  raw  products. 
'■"th  for  military  an<l  commercial  purposes,  is  unprecedented  and 
lar  beyond  the  country's  productive  capacity,  it  becomes  a  serious 
■liicstion  who  shall  ru  the  output.  Oujjht  this  to  Ik-  left  to  the 
'-elative  strength  of  tlie  competitive  bidders?-  Fixperience  says 
■  for  every  country  that  has  tried  it  has  found  it  suicidal 


W". 


•md  has  eventually  abandoned  it,  .And  so  have  we.  after  leam- 
:iiK  ironi  our  own  exiiericnce  rather  than  from  that  of  the  coun- 
:ries  that  had  tried  it  lie  fore.  The  situation  here  is  now  in  the 
■  ntrol  of  the  Triority  Committee  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 
!t  IS  as  a  connecting  link  between  this  Priority  Committee  and 


48 


U  \R    NDMINKTRATIiiN   HI     KMl.W  \S 


i1r-  railuav.  tli.ii   -Ik-  sulKoniniittec  on   Malcrials  and   Supplies 
of  the  K.iilr.-adV  W  ar  I'-canl  has  piTlornu-d  iu  mo'-t  ti-cMil  serv- 
ice.     It  ha^  thoroughly  lanii'.iari/cd  ii-cli  with  tlic  cnnditi..n  and 
need,  o:   thi-  iiiduidual  railuavs  uiih  res|)ect  to  material,  such 
a^  relayinj,'  rail.  locomotives,  locomotive  boilers  and  tiic  like.     It 
has  investiL,'ated  the  capacitv  of  the  different  car  and  locomotive 
pl.-iiits,  and  their  situation  with  re^nrt  to  materials  and  supplies, 
with   the  piirpM-c  of   a>M>tiiii,'  tlie  different   plants  in   ol.tainuip: 
the  neeev.ary  materials.     It  has  had  close  uorkini;  arrauKements 
with  the  steel  coinpanie-  and  h;i-  Iccn  m-irumental  in  i>romot- 
iii!,'   1-. inferences   1)et\veen    tlie   steel   and   car  companies    on   the 
pnil.lem  of  Iniildinp;  material.     It  has  secured  a  modification  nf 
the  .^^hippinj,'  i'.oard's  emhar-o  on  hiinl>er  so  as  to  secure  luml^er 
for  car  r.'pairtn.t,^      I'ina'ly.   it  lias  U-cn   the  siwktsman   of   the 
railw.avs  individu.illy  and  collectively  l>efore  the  Priority  Com- 
mittee of  the  W  ar  Industries  Hoard  in  uri,Mn<j  preferred  delivery 
of  ncces-ary  maleiials.     Its  efforts  in  this  direction  have  not  been 
wholly  without  result.     While  each  instance  has  been  handled  as 
conditions    warranted,    the    Priority    Committee    has    recof,niized 
the  imperative  character  of  railway  demands,  and  has  <,'enerally 
-isi'ii  them  a  (  l.a-s  IM   raliiii;-.  which  is  the  hii,diest  ratini;  ^iveii 
ti>  aiiv  claims  except  tlin...e  of  actual  war  work. 

The  sulKomniittee   on    Military   Passenger  Tariffs,   after   e.>c- 
teiuled  ne<.4otiations  with  i,'i->\ ernnient  ofticers  concerned,  worked 
out  complete  rotitin-s  of  troops  between  the  Mexican  border  and 
militarv  post-  and  Atlantic  and  Culf  ports,  Itetween  home  sta- 
tions and  mobilization  ]«iints  and  cantonments,  and  l)etween  can- 
tonments and   .\tlantic   and    Culf   ports.      These   routines   have 
Ix-cn  avraiiired   with  a  view  to  the  consolidation  of  movements 
by  the  most  direct  and  serviceable  lines,  with  the  special  object 
of    lurnishinj;-   maximum    facilities    and    the   greatest    efficiency 
consistent  with  the  avoidance  of  conc^estion  and  delay,     .\ctual 
exi>erience  with  these  r^iutings  under  which  an  army  of  over  one 
million  men  with  its  impedimenta  has  U-en  moved,  has  demon- 
strated tlie  efficiency  .and  wisdom  of  the  ]ilan:   tor  by  keepinj^ 
tiafhc  spread  over  dift'erent  lines  it  lias  lx?en  able  to  move  trains 


riiK  iMTin  -r  mes 


49 


Siipplii's 
■nil  serv- 
ition  and 
rial,  such 
:  like.  It 
M'cmiotivi' 

supplies, 
()i)tain!iip; 
iiLjcnients 
I  ]>romot- 
s  ()!i  the 
ication  nf 
re  him!>er 
in  of  the 
rity  Com- 
il  delivery 
L'  not  been 
landled  as 
■ccoi^nized 

t^enerally 
:in;4  yiven 

after  ex- 
d,  worked 
lorder  and 
home  sta- 
tween  can- 
tinjjs   have 
noveinents 
■cial  object 
t'fticiency 
y.     Actual 
)f  over  one 
las  denion- 
by  keeping 
nove  trains 


i 


-i 


f 


.ii/rc,.>l    wnhwiit   seriuuslv    taxiiij,-   tlie   facilities  of   the   carriers. 
Ihi^  cinnmiltce  has  U'en  uithicniial  in  cninplclinj,'  the  a^'reciiiciits 
for  a  -laiuLirdi/.-.l   net    fare.      liiis  h.i,  bc<'n   brou^iit   ab,.iit   by 
regular  monthly  rate  conferences  at  whidi  net  fares  have  been 
o.nipuled   and   slated.      To  these  conferences   representatives  ..f 
the  -dvcrnni.  tit  .ire  invite<l.      The  tanj,'ible  results  ,.f  ihcse  a^'iee- 
rients  are  the  eluninatioii  of  controversies  between  the  carriers 
,in.l  the  f^overnment  and  the  promotirm  of  prcjiiipt  and  uniform 
settlement  of  accounts      Similar  in  function  is  the  suU-ommittee 
■  n    .Military    l'rei},dit     laritt's,   which   has  <kvelM|,fd   a   simplitied 
basis   for   wayd>illint,'  and  assessing   frei^dit   char}.;es   ..n   inipe.Ii- 
iiKiita  acconipanyin.,'  troops.     This  has  been  in  part  accepted  by 
the  Koveniment  with  the  probabilitv  of  complete  adoption  soon. 
It   has  al.so  [)roix)sed  the  pui>lication  of  military   freifjht  tariffs 
ill  a  sinii)litied  manner,  uhieh  shall  show  net  rates'  ,,ii  f,'oveniinent 
sliipments    to  the   various   posts  and   cantonments.      This   com- 
mittee has  worked  out  the  methods  of  identification  of  preferred 
irrif^ht.  which  have  contributed  materially  to  exix-dilious  ni..ve- 
iiunt   of  government    materials. 

The  sulK-ommittce  on  Express  Transp.irtation  has  provided  a 
means  by  which  the  jjovemment  may  reach  the  express  .,r^,^-mi- 
zati.ins  in  every  part  of  the  country  with  the  minimum  of  delay. 
Ihe  I-oo,1  Administration  and  the  vari..us  branches  of  the  amiy 
and  navy  have  dealt  with  this  committee.  It  has  also  assumed 
die  task  of  expeditino;  essential  e.xp-ess  traffic,  a  ta.sk  of  no  mean 
prnportions  in  view  of  the  additional  burden  thrown  on  this 
service  by  the  conj^estion  and  embargoes  on  Icss-than-carload 
irciijht. 

Hie  accomplishments  of  the  suk-ommittees  of  the  War  Boarrl 
■list  outlined  Rive  .some  suppestion  of  the  manner  in  which  the 
transixirtation  .system  of  the  countrv-  is  woven  into  the  very 
texture  of  our  war  administration.  But  the  relationship  may  be 
!ool<ed  at  ajrain  from  another  anj^Ie.  There  has  been  devised 
a  complete  .system  of  cooperation  between  the  quartermaster 
-1'annient  of  the  anny,  which  is  charged  with  all  trans,.>rta- 
!:■■"  tiinctions.  and  the  carriers.     This  system  begins  in  the  office 


50 


\\  \U  ADMIM--!  I<  \  I  IiiN   III-    KMI.W  \\- 


III  till-  i|u.iMiiiii,i'tir  ^;i'iur.il  aii'l  ^|)hmiI-.  i>nt  lo  ilu-  icinuH.'-t 
lilobilizaticii  laiiip.  t'lCiicral  a;;iMit>  u|  iiaii^|>  ■nation  liavi-  U'cii 
apiMiiiitfd  and  as^i;;iic(l  In  duty  in  the  oltue  "i  tlic  quai  tcr!iia->lcr 
},'cin'ral  ill  \\a^liiiiL;ii in,  at  military  lit.'adi|uartcrs  t>\  the  six 
dcpariiiKiu^.  and  at  caili  nt  tlie  tiiol)ilizati(/ii  and  iMiuciitrati'Mi 
caiiips.  Their  <kities  are  to  a>M>t  the  (|iiartcrma>ler>  in  >eriiriiig 
e(iiiii>mcnt,  routing  troops  and  >iipi)lies,  prniiipt  Inadini:,  unload- 
in}^  and  return  of  eciuijinRiit.  and  in  oversif^lit  <>{  all  liic  many 
details  of  railway  operation.  They  are  to  keep  in  toucli  with 
the  Conimissinn  on  Car  Service  in  Washington  by  mean->  of 
daily  reiKJits.  At  the  rei|nest  of  the  (|iinrterniastcr  t,H'nor;\!,  tli.- 
railways  have  assijnied  ri|iri'^(ni,iiivu-'  to  each  of  a  nnmlK'i  of 
ports  to  ait  as  advisers  ti>  the  Incal  (inarterniastei  s  in  handling 
j;i)verninent  frci;;ht  lor  ijver-ca  shipnu-m.  An  expert  on  opera- 
tiiin  ha^  licui  a^-i,L;nrd  to  the  i>l"lii\'  ni  tlir  (|nartcrma^ter  i^fncral 
to  I'uitiish  ailvaiuc  inlormatinn  to  the  Tai  Servii-e  CoiUinissioii 
on  jjiovcrnment  orders  f^r  freij^ht  and  the  neoil  <jf  cars.  This 
aiian.L^eir.ent  \\a-  peri'ecteil  when  it  lieeame  appireiit  li'»\v  larjjfe 
the  jjosernmeiu  demand  i<iv  equipmcm  woiikl  be  in  eonneetion 
with  the  rnnstrnrtiMn  'it  i  .intonmeni^,  Ivvid-.  are  snpplieii  with 
informatiiin  \\liene\er  .n'der^  are  jilaeed  li\  tlie  i;')\  eniment 
for  n'lire  than  ten  rarlnad--  mi  maU'iials.  Tlie  government  is- 
sues order>  to  the  raib'.ays  concerned  indicritiiij;  car>  wanted, 
and  specifyinij  the  lime  within  whiclt  they  must  lie  delivered. 
These  cars  are  tn  l>e  held  exchr.ivel\'  for  L^.ivernment  account. 
To  assist  in  tlu  movement  of  iioops  a  qualified  ofti-'ial  of  the 
passent^cr  department  has  l>eeii  a-sij^ned  to  service  in  the  office 
oi  the  !j;-overnor  or  adjutant  ijenerai  if  '  acli  state  where  neces- 
sary, to  keep  ii'i  touch  wiili  ^tate  amlioritie-.  duraiL;  periods  of 
mobilization. 

I'or  the  movement  "if  the  X:itio!ia'  .\rm\'  4.rM  po'.n;s  were 
desif^nateil  by  the  pro\ost  marshal  general  f  ir  local  concentra- 
tion, from  which  the  railways  were  to  carry  the  troops  to  the 
eanti'iimeiits.  'I'he  railwa}s  were  directed  to  prepare  train  scheil- 
ule>  for  each  niivement.  l.'nder  tin  sn[K'i'v!sion  of  tliv!  sub- 
cnmmittee  f'U   Military    I'a^~enL;er  Ta.-ifT-.   tbe^e   were  pie|iaied 


^ 


THE  UNITED  STATES 


51 


l.-iri; 


!■>  llic  passciiKcr  assix-iatiniu  m  ,  ,,iiici.iki'  uitli  i<i.i\'-i,..itivci 
"I  the  ..|H;ratin.;  (I.-imumuiiIs.  lliese  schc.liik-,  showcl  tlie  .late 
ami  lioiir  of  ariiv.il  n{  iranw  at  conceiilratioii  puini,  wall  s^iie.l- 
u!e|..(le.iinatio„.  \ii.t  appr  .val  l.\  tlif  ,|uancni:a>t.T  :;.  n.Tal. 
they  bciaiiu-  tin-  ..liiiial  I.,^t.■^  and  ui-r<-  tiirn:>licd  to  the  rail- 
ways ci'iKi.-rin.'(l. 

On  ()ctoi)cr  0,  tin-   War   ll.unl  ammuiu-cl  tliat   the  railways 

i.i'i  iniivcd  to  ilati-  ai.proxinialciy  7Jmum»  .smMict,   tViin   their 

li'"iic>  tM  traiiiin-  camps  ur  eniharkaii..ii  p,,iiits.     Ali  Inn  ^2.500 

ii'ni   ill  the  first   five  per  cent   ,)l    the  National   Arinv   icipiired 

special  train  service,  mvoKiii^   13,5(H)  •.■...sender  ears  ineliHlins 

1.5<)0   rullmaii   ami    i,>iiri>t   sleepers.   .,(»()()   ha.'j-a-e   <ars,   and 

4.5(X)  lreif,'ht  cars      In  the  handlin-  of  the  Xailnnal  Ainiv,  the 

longest  haul  was  troni  Viinia,  Arizona,  to  Fort  I>:i!ev.  Kaii^as— 

1.514  miles,  eon-uinin-  foity-eight  hoiir>;  the  siior'tcst  that  of 

the  District  of  I  olnmhia  unit  to  Camp  Mea.le,  Marvlaiid— less 

thasi   tuenty-five  mile-.     The  National  (itianl  i   ovements  were 

mostly  01  nreat  lei.-th.  the  loni;est  !..-i„fr  a  l,utalion  „{  en-ineers 

troni  .San  hrancisco  to  the  Atlantic  coast.     Althongh  nearlv  ')() 

per  cent  of  the  niileajre  of  .\nierican  railways  is  sin-le  track,  all 

'hK  v,a-  arcompli.h.Hl   -vithout  serious  derangement   of  passen- 

i;er  schedules,   n.  .tu  itii^iaiidiin,^  the   railways  were  at    the  -ame 

time  han.lliiw  i,.,p^,.  amounts  of  government  material  in  freii^ht 

tram.  ;,nd  a!-sorl,;iin  an  enormous  additional  commercial  tra"tfic 

:-  a  rc-ult  of  il„-  nar.      (  )„  Deceii^k-r  6.   l')17.  the  tr.M,p  n„,ve- 

::'.>nt  ..(  the  railv,  ;iy-  am.iiinted  to  a  total  of  1,S67,J4,S  men, 

III  ll'.e  handlin-  of  materials  for  camp  construction,  the  rail- 
ways  have  shoun  the  same  efficiency.  Within  thirtv  davs  f,oni 
the  date  tliat  the  ,i;overnment  placed  its  first  order' t'or  canton- 
■  ■lent  materials,  the  railways  had  delivered  more  than  12,(XT0 
^.•:'-!oads  of  InmiRT  and  other  Iniiluinfr  materials  to  the  sixteen 
wiiunnnicnts,  and  they  ha<l  built  many  miles  of  extra  tracka.^e 
at  their  own  expense  for  the  loc-al  handling  of  government 
freight.  Shipments  of  fo,,d  and  materials  continue  uninter- 
ruptedly, the  number  of  cars  of  materia!  of  all  kinds  arriving  at 
•iimy  camps  having  reached  o,,  December  1.  1917,  a  t.-.taF  A 
128,.'^  50. 


52  w  AK   AliMlM>TKATI(iN   nr   UMl.W   WS 

\  d.^cn^Mun  of  c^.teraliuu  l.ctuccn  government  and  rnilvvay? 
would  not  IK.-  complete,  ulnch  dal  not  allude  m  the  nuiny  ,K>,nts 
of  c^.ntact  l)etucen  official  departments  and  l.n^eans,  other  than 
thee  -trictlv  nnluarv.  and  the  ra.I.ay  admin,str..t.on.     How- 
ever   no  adequate  di'^cnssion  ot  this  relationship  is  pernu.s.be 
here"  uartlv  iK-canse  m  manv  cases  it  is  not  clearly  def^.ned,  partly 
l>ecause  it 'is  under-oini,'  rapu!  tran^fonrat.on  and  development 
Nearlv   everv   important   a-:ncy   of   sovernmewt    xvith   national 
re-|H.nMl.ilitie-'  now  ha.  it.  transportation  ^fncia.  who  ,s  respon- 
sible f.r  these  .^n-ial  interests  in  hi.  department.     He  has  sel- 
dom acted  indepc^n.kntlv.  hut  almost  invariably  in  cooperation 
xvith  the   Railroads-  War  Board,  or  one  of   its  snlKommittees. 
The  most  strikin-  illustration  of  this  spirit  of  C( .operation   is 
found  in  the  1-ucl  Administration  whose  sole  problem  has  1x-en 
the  one  with   which  the  railways  have   for  months  l)een   -nost 
vitallv  concerned.     The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  has  l)een  obhs^ed 
to  re.-..t  to  confiscation  in  order  to  secure  coal  :•        isary  for 
opcratior     thus    disturbii.^;   commercial   contracts.      ..fter   pro- 
tracted   conferences  between   repre-^entatives   of   the    Railroads' 
War  Board,  the  Commission  on  Car  Service,  the  Priority  Board, 
the  I'uel  Administration,  and  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sion, an  order  was  issued  by  the  Fuel  Administration  on  October 
10  directincr  that  the  700  mines  servin-  the  Penn'^ylvania  K^ilroad 
should  supplv  that  company  with  coal  on  a  pro  rata  basis.    This 
order  was  iMer  extended  to  other  roads,  and  orders  are  in  pre- 
paration for  ihe  application  of  priority  principles  to  the  b.andling 
of  c  mmercial  coal,  as  l^etween  the  government,  public  utilities 
and  private  industries.    The  Railroads'  War  Board  has  furnished 
a  list  of  mor    than  500  commodities  classed  as  non-essential  to 
the    P'-iontv    Director  and   the    I'lU'l   ,\dministrator,   u])on   their 
request.    While  both  these  officials  have  declared  agauist  drastic 
and  sudden  action,  it  is  evident  that  they  are  preparing  against 
.-'  time  when  power  to  order  preference  in  coal  shii>ments  shall 
be  exercised  in  the  interest  of  those  industries  essential  to  national 
security.     Earlv  in  Xoveml»er  the  Fuel  Administration  o'-der-'d 
all  transsh  npers  of  coal  at  the  Atlantic  ports  to  cooperate  in  the 


THE   CNITED  STATES 


;3 


Ti(Iev,;itiT  Tonl/     Th;>  pool  or  e.vchanse  liad  been  in  oijcratioii 
since  June,  lnu  a  nnnilicr  of  .shipi)ers  had  declined  lo  join. 

Cooperation  -innlar  to  that  jiist  descrihed  is  found  hetween 
the  l-'..od  Adiiiinistnition  and  the  railways.  1  he  head  <A  the 
iran-portaiion  division  of  the  Foo<i  Administration  is  a  vice 
jiresideiit  of  one  of  the  larger  railways,  and  an  expert  on  opera- 
tion. '1  raftic  conj^estioti  in  foixl  products,  shortage  of  facilities, 
and  the  cla^siticalion  of  foods  according  to  relative  importance 
lor  -hipnient  are  problems  witl  which  he  has  been  concerned. 
In  ri'icago  close  cooperation  has  been  established  l^etween  the 
railways  and  the  I-'ood  .\dniinistration  by  which  delayed  cars 
of  peii>hablc  foodstuffs  are  reported  to  the  food  authorities. 
J  lie  latter  investigate  the  detention,  determine  responsibility  and 
take  steps  to  avoid  a  rejietition.  They  have  .ilso  arranged  for 
systematic  salvage  of  all  food  fit  for  use.  The  F(Xjd  Adminis- 
tration has  also  ns^'l  its  influence  in  furthering  the  drive  for 
l;'-a\ier  car  Ir.adin,^  ,;oing  to  the  extent  at  tnues  of  issuing 
oUmite  orders  governing  certain  kinds  of  freight.  The  Depart- 
■iients  of  Cnmnierce  and  of  Agriculture  have  circularized  the 
country  in  aid  of  thir.  same  movement  for  an  intensive  carload. 

The  significant  jKiiiit  in  a'l  these  movements  on  the  part  of 
the  government  agencies  to  jiromnte  efTicient  railway  service,  is 
thai  rarely  has  any  step  been  taken  without  conference  with  the 
■  !'''ici;d  representatives  of  the  rail\^ays  of  the  onintry  or  with- 
■■11!  iheir  full  cooperation.  Even  where  government  agencies 
i'.ne  had  power  to  issue  orders,  they  have  in  no  case  acted  with- 
out cnsultation  and  approval  of  the  railway  heads  and  fre- 
•jueiii'v  only  upon  request  of  the  railways.  The  transi>ortation 
i"b  lias  l<-en  perl'ormed  by  a  private  agency  under  private  control 
i'l-.K-tic-iHy  unfettered  by  the  interference  of  anv  government 
aiuiioriiy. 

"iher  instances        cooperation  I)etween  government  and  car- 
n>;.  nla^    l)o  noieo  brietly.  merely  to  illustrate  the  rapidiv  in- 
"••     iii^-  .scope  of  this  cooiK?rative  movement. 
■^-  ''"^  •■«l»^"^t  "^f  Chairman  WiHani  of  the  .\dvisory  Com- 

'  So-  Dage  28. 


54 


WAR 


ADMIN  I-TH.\TlnN   OF   KAIIAVW-; 


to  the 


,1,     ,^„1■..•H^■  War  r.-anl  Milmiutcl  Miggestums 

o'::;;;;-  X  :ri.f™.a=.o,„e. ,„.„,.. »< ....,!»., 

„  ,„  1.  .cm  to  Ku.sia,  ""J  i'  "">  ccismm^a  ,ii  aa-rd 

-!;;:;:;sr;L  ™,..K "-'?;";:;*;"" 

■       ■     ,■  .,,,,..,  il-i-  W  av'^  .If    through  .Mr.  \\  u 

fur  servce  m  \vavxv  .an  ^  -  -l-       ■" 

H,,l      Mr.  S.  M.  1-Vlum.  1  •,.•-.. K-ni  ..  ,!,.  Uuca.o  c  .real  W  c  • 
.    /ua.r..inc.tc,lu,u,Hcrtakcnu.   ..ak     ...r^am^auon.     h 
JV.l.    a.ar..,h...   ao,nur.ncc.uhtheS.cretaryu 
\V     •      ,r    i.Vl,.n.  .h..lu,Ua,lur,..nthedne.cxccuUveo 
U^M.x,;an  Central,  .a.  rc,,u..tc,l  to  .r.anizc  radway  tu.n  and 
,„,:rials  for  po.thlo  operations  n.  Mexico.     I'-'l-P";-;;^^ 
kuul.  ncce^sary   for  such  an  expcht.on  .a.  -'"-'^^\  ^'^^^^ 
.-ere  .elected  and  .v.anizcd.     To  th,s  .une  executue    the  BoanI 
„„,-  ,urne<l  in  the   face  of  the  country  s  larger  need      A  l_re- 
,i„i,„,v  en,n,eerin,  mission  was  sent  to  France  to  Rather  mic^ 
„iati..t>'c..ncennno-  rcMuirements.    The  organization  now  at  vsork 
,„   K,,,„,  e.:nM>t>  of  n,ne  re^nnetU^;  three  for  oiK.rat,.n,  tn-e 
for  con.trt,ct,on.  and  a  .h.  .p  re.i-nent.     Kach  operating  re.nncm 
comprises  a  complete  operatin,^  ttnit  capable     t   tak.n,,  over  a 
line  lo>)  miles  in  lenpth  and  operating  it  for  nnhtary  purposes. 
The  construction  ret^Mments  are  to  reconstruct  destroyed  radways 
and  maintain  existing  ones.     The  <ho,,  re.nuen,  cnstructs  and 
repairs  cinipment.     hlach  re.^'iment  ha^  as  its  colonel  and  as  it, 
captaiti  adjutant,  a  regular  army  .,ftker.     The  lower  s^rades  of 
officers  and  the  privates  are  all  recruited  from  the  railway  ser- 
vice an.l  con.i.t  of  men  pcculiarlv  fittea  for  the  tasks  ahead  of 
them      > -oincident  wid.  the  organization  of  these  units,  the  W  ar 
i;,,ard  has  canvassed  the  country  f.)r  the  materials  necessary'  to 
raihvav  rehabilitation,  and  has  l>een  lar-elv  instrumental  m  their 
„„,l,ili7ati.>n  an<l  export.     Under  a  general  or.ler  issnec.  by  the 
War  Department  in  SeptemlK^r.  th.e.se  railway  re-imcnts  are  to 
be  increased  in  size  and  num1)er  by  voluntary  enlistment  or  draft, 
and  their  organization  pcrfccte.l  for  service  abroad.     Following 
this  same  general  plan,  a  Railway  Service  Corps  has  been  re- 
cruited  from   operating  and   mechanical   officers   for   service   in 


Till-;   rxilKI)  MATES 


55 


Rii-ia.  particularly  mii  the  Trans-Siberian  railway.  This  is  one 
.>!  tin-'  lan.nil.le  resulis  n{  the  visit  of  the  Stevens  Railway  Com- 
iHisM'.ii  U>  Russia.  Tin-  ccrjjs  i-,  t<.  act  a>  nistriuti>rs,  and  t.. 
Iniild  n]>  an  operatm-  urbanization  of  which  there  is  an  almost 
entire  lack  in  Russia. 

.\t  the  instance  of  the  ivailroads'  War  iJoard,  there  was  orj^^an- 
ized  in  Septenil)er  a  cnmniittee  to  devise  means  of  preventing 
coni,'e>tion  at  American  seajiorts.  This  committee,  known  as  the 
CoMnliuatini,'  Committee  of  l':.\portatioii.  consists  of  representa- 
tives of  the  Comnii.s>i(.n  on  Car  Service,  the  Sliii)i)in,<,'  i'.oard, 
the  I'ood  A(hninistration,  and  the  Red  Cross  War  Comicil,  and 
ilie    rraflic  l-:xecutive  of  the  .Allied  r.(n-ernmcnts. 

Tlie  .\"e^>  V,,rk  I'nrt  War  Heard,  organized  in  .XuvenikT  f- 
relieve  eoii-esiion  at  t!ie  jx.rt  of  \ew  York  and  to  (levelo]>  co- 
operation in  the  use  ui  terminal  facilities,  of  which  the  Secretary 
"I  tlic  Freasin-y  was  chairman,  has  upon  it  a  railwav  rei)re>en- 
tative.  In  Deceml)er  a  onunittee  of  railway  traffic  official--  wa^ 
e-ral.hshed  in  .\"ew  York  to  a<linst  tran.sportation  service  to  iraf- 
tic  facilities. 

In  re,si)onse  to  appeals  from  the  railways  for  die  suspension 
"1  certain  stati-tical  and  acconntiii!,'  re(|iiirement,-,,  l.ecau.^e  <>{  the 
depletion  of  clerical  forces  in  the  accountin.i,'  departments,  the 
Inter>tate  Commerce  Commission  has  suspended  its  order  reip.ir- 
in-  the  separation  of  operatino^  expenses  between  passenj,-er  and 
•rri-ht  services,  and  lias  eliminated  a  larsje  anK,unt  of  statistical 
.!id  accounting  data  from  its  annual  report  form  for  the  current 
^  car. 

A  Cnmmittec  on  Waterways  has  been  created  under  the  juris- 
■i'ction  of  the  Council  of  Xational  Defense  to  study  the  jvossi- 
•■tics  ,,t  the  <leve!opment  of  water  tran-port.ition. 'particularlv 
'1  ibe  Mississippi  river.  That  such  an  orjranization  is  welcomed 
' '.  die  railwavs  is  slmwn  by  the  letter  of  the  War  Hoard  to  the 
'  bief  of  l-jitrineer.  in  June,  in  which  they  .uinounce  their  willing- 
ness cordiallv  to  cooperate  with  any  resp^iusible  persons  or  co^ 
■"'rations  providini,-  v.ater  transportation,  bv  exchanj^e  of  traffic. 
""";  I'lll^  of  l,.,din,^,  and  bv  joinin-  in  the  co.>,ruction  of  con- 
I'pctinj,'  tracks. 


56 


WAR    M.MIN1--THM10N-   OV  KMLXVNV: 


To'tor  tn:cks.  Package  freight  ,s  no.  hcng  »— '  ^^ J^^ 
.iderable  extent  in  this  fashion  l^tueen  some  of  the  large  cues 
Itr LI  New  York  and  Philadelphia-an.,  th,s  metho^ 
,f  extended,  offers  possibihty  of  mater.al  rehef.  ^'-j  >;  ^^^ 
American  Electric  Railway  Assoc.at.on  apponUed  -^  ^-^^ 
a  \Var  Board  similar  to  that  of  the  steam  railways,  to  v  ork  ,n 

U  e   ooperation  with  the  Cottncil  of  National  Defense,      t  plan. 

o  coc.rdmate  its  facilities,  stwle-ent  steam  roads,  and  do  .ome 

^f  the  ln,siness  that  the  steam  railways  have  Ix^en  conn^^Hed  to 

surrender  tr.  governmental  reciuirement? 


CHAPTER  VI 

The  End  of  Voluntary  Cooperation 

In  >pite  ui  all  efforts  u>  speed  up  their  plant  to  its  highest  pitch 
ui  elticiencv,  railway  executives  l)esan  to  realize  early  in  Xoveni- 
ber  that  they  were  facing  defeat  unless  more  drastic  action  were 
possible. 

Leaving  no  stone  unturned  in  their  efforts  to  avert  disaster, 
tlie\    urged  I'ot  only  car  economy   hut  a  diminution   of  tratTic, 
Hie  Railroads'  \V;;r  Board  joined  the  l"....d  Administration  in 
lis  camiiaign  of  conservation.      It  urged  that  we  must  use  food 
and  fuel  economically;  we  must  subsist  so  far  as  possible  uix>n 
local  jiroducts;  we  must  above  all  things  refrain   from  the  pur- 
cha-e  and   use  of  luxuries  and  non-essentials.      It   used  its   in- 
lliience  t',.  stem   the  growing  tide  of  [lassenger  travel,  a   large 
part  of  which  was  purely  for  pleasure.     Reduction  of  the  number 
of    i)asscnger    trains    on    the    schedule    often    resulted    onl\-    in 
operating  a  tram  in  sections.     The  matter  of  increasing  passen- 
ger lates  as  a  deterrent   to  travel   was  considered,   but  such   a 
pr..vcclure  would   re(|uire  approval  of  the   Interstate  Commerce 
(  ommission  and  would  have  to  run  the  gauntlet  of  all  the  state 
commissions  in  succession.     Yet  only  through  such  radical  cur- 
tailments as  have  been  mentioned  can   track  and  rolling  stock- 
be  made  available  to  the  extent  required  for  our  countrv's  use. 
1  bus  trnm  still  another  side  the  attack  was  begtm  upon  the  un- 
essentia'  industry  which,  as  nianv  had  long  ago  foreseen,  must 
be  sacrificed  eventually  in  the  interest  of  our  great  undertaking. 
It  IS  in  softening  the  rigors  of  the  adjustment  pnx-css,  in  the 
transfer  of  capital  and  lalror  froin  non-essentials,  that  the  elec- 
tric ralIwa^•s  plan  to  perform  an  immediate  service  and  for  which 
the\   have  created  a  \\':\r  Board,  earlier  referred  to.     With  the 
curtailment  of  passenger  sen-ice  on  the  steam  roads,  the  electric 
riilwa\s   will   undertake  to  perfonn  a  large  local  sen-ice.      .As 
:!'n-essc!itial    commodities    are    refuse.!    transportation    on    the 


58 


\|<    M,M1M-1KM1"N    nl     KMI.WAVS 


,tcam  ,v.uK  th-    u,ll   „„,1  a  -Ic.r.cf  rd>c>   n,  tran-,urla.,uu 
uvcr  liiimol  ami  hy  vUxUk  Iur-.      Hkic  au  ...au     .  - 
o,  ckv.runul.ax^.nilK-   I  nUol  Stale,      ll  ,.  the  plan  to  ar- 
,,,,,,,  ..,,cn.  uMraMu-  u,U.n-han,e  betxsccn  th.  ^.can,  ami  m- 

,;,4han  l>nv>  and  hctwc.n  llu.  .kviru-  Iuk-.  thcn-cKc.  An 
,n„,„nant  -crvKc  wHl  W  pcrtonucd  ,n  c  .n.,unct„.n  wuh  tac  1-ood 
.vL,nn^n-a„..n  n,  ,hc  cUcctinn  ,..  n.d  ,n.dncl,  .run,  .he 
farnuM-  au,l  their  .h^tr,hnt>nu  to  uholc-akr  an.l  retailer. 

Wiile   the  efhceiK-v   at   operate  .n   ,n   the  aimunn   ni.auh.  ot 
Vn7   eom.nued  tn   nuTca.c  over   that   of   a   >ear   a-o.    the   rate 
,,f   „Hiea<c  Nva^  declining,   and   at   the   >a,ne   tnne  demands   lor 
tnu..p..rtat,on  eontmue.l  their  nn.nternipted  course.      Ihe  aatte 
nature  of   .he  problem   arose   fr,,in   two  conditions,     htrst,   the 
.pee.liuLC   tip   of    the    industries    cmuen.e.l    with    uar   makiu,,- 
niauv  of  them  to  a  twenty-f.ur  h-ur  hasi^-had  created  an  ah- 
nontVd  den-.and  for  fuel  an.l  new  materials  and  an  tinprecedetited 
call   f.T  tran-poriatiou  to  hau.lle  the  finished  products.     These 
industries  are  lar-elv  si.nated  in  the  eastern  pa.t  o.  the  cmmtrv 
throuuh  which  mo.,  of  the  expnrt  traiV.c  i.a-cs.  creatm-  a  cou- 
■  a.stion   .,n   eastern    hues   winch   imleaue   in   other   parts   o,    the 
countrv  is  unable  to  relieve.     Second,  althon^h  the  railways  h.ul 
placed'.hem^elves  imder  onler=  from  the  Railroads   War  l-anh 
this  had  mea.n  thus  far  that  eacli  executive  still  handlc.l  the  btt^i- 
ness  whicl,  would  be  his  in  n<:r,nal   timc=.  still   dealt   with  Ins 
own  customers,  an.l  was  subject  to  the  War  Board  only  tn  the 
scn-e  that  he  endeavored  to  carry  out  on  his  line  the  etficiency 
niea^ures  (k-iijued  in  Washington      There  have  been  departures 
from  this  ppxcdui-e,  notablv  in  .he  pooliui;  of  all  box  cars,  but 
as  a  i-ule    the  independent  i.lentitv  of  the  in.lividual  railway  ha-- 
been   maintaiue,!        \..v   ..,her  pnlicv   c.uld  have  been    msttfled 
onlv   i.t  the  case  -f   extre.ne   war  necessitv,   f..r   it   wouUl  have 
mean,  a  delibera..-  ^  i-la.iou  of  e^is.iu-  la\Ns    -the  provisions  ot 
the   Iirtcrst:..e   C.-mmerce     \ct    f..rbiddi.i-  pooliu^   and   discnm- 
i„,.„i,,n     aivi   .h.-e   enipouerin-    -hippers  to   naUe   their    irei-ht. 
l.ikewi^e.    the    raibvavs    nv  ,  .uld    have    fared    the    penalties   o.    th- 
Anti-tr  ist    Act, 


TIIK   IMIKD  STAT 


lint  tl.c  iiicMiaMv  cinci-L-iuv    .aiiic  up.,,,  ihni,   ,i,   Xo\cnilK;r 
ami  III  ihc  last   ucvk  „t   the  „io„tli   the   War   \l  :m\  tiiaiic  aii- 
iiou,ice,„cnt  that  -,11  available  fanlities  ,,,  all  ra.lruads  east  of 
Llncao,,  u,ll  he  i.n,,k-,l  t..  the  extent  ne.-fssarv  f  -  furnish  ,i,axi- 
muiii  i,v,.t;ht  movement.-    Thi>  annonnce.ncnt  was  -,ven  delinite 
expression  in  the  appnintmct  ..,  a  committee  of  .even  operating; 
ex.eutives  of  eastern  roacK  to  have  full  char-e  n,'  this  thonni-li" 
^-n,-  ra,l«a>   pool.      II, ,u   radical  a  revolution  eouM  he  effected 
m  railway  operati,,n  remained  to  he  seen,  but  the  executives  were 
dctcrnunc.l  (,,  .^n  a.  ,;„■  as  the  law  u,,nl<l  permit.     That  federal 
laus  „„^d,t  he   f,.rmally  amende.]  ,  ,r  e^en  disregarded  under  the 
war  emergency  was  a  ii,..ssih,lity,  hut  they  realized  the  ditticiil- 
tus  m  the  wa>',  particularly  those  ''rowin-  out  of  the  prero-a- 
ti\es  of  the  state  reL;nlatin,L;  b.^iies.     \\  hat  the  situation  re-pmred 
Aas  the  ah,.l,i,on  ,,,   the  prnate  nnnino-  ,,f  frei,i,d,t.  and  the  ai>- 
I.ointment  nf   a   c,,nii-,.l]er  of   iraffic   to  determine   routin-  and 
pnonty.     Individual  lines  should  1,0  confined  to  the  handli^n-  of 
the  specific  commodities  which  thev  were  hv  situation  and  facili- 
ties  best   equipped    for   iiandlin.tr.      This    mi-ht    necessitate   the 
abandonment  ;dt<i-ethcr  by  so,iie  lines  of  their  thnniijh  passenger 
bti-^iness.  and  also  of  a   lari^e  part  of  their  Um^  distance  '  ss- 
than-carload  trathc.      r\>olin,-  of  facilities  of  all   sorts,  such   as 
cars,  locomotives  and  terminals,  as  well  as  repair  sht^ps  and  labor 
i-'vc,  was  in  contemplation,  and  petitioning  Con-ress  for  author- 
:I^•  to  pool  revenues  was  under  consideration.     Tt  was  obvious 
that  the  consent  of  individual  roads  to  the  poolin-  of  tracka.!?e 
and  distribution  of  bu^-iness  In-  a  central  nsencv  could  not  be  se- 
cured unless  revenues  u ere  likewise  to  be  pooled. 
^  The  necessitv  for  ,  eontroller  of  traffic  arose  mainlv  out  of 
■•■-  r,,nfus,on  that  had  resulted  from  a  too  generous  use  of  the 
!  'cierence  tac:"  in  the  shipment  of  government  frcicrht      Every 
'.<rartn,ent  and  bureau  has  used  these  tap.s,  with  congestion  as 
• '«■  fi-^tilt.     It   IS  a  fundamental  principle  of  railway  operation 
-at  the  best  results  are  provided  bv  a  steady  flow  of  all  frrft'c 
-ncurrcntly.  and   that  the  introduction  of  the  preference  plan 
v-ws  up  the  entire  transportation  machine.     The  vast  amount  of 


a"! 


U   \H    \liMlNl-nt\ 


,I,,N   Or    UMIAV.WS 


liifUTcibC    IIUKM    ini  lA  1      1  ,      ,  .,.     : ;, ..1,1,.  result  u 


,,a.,ifv  <h,>  .r...l.-  -  "»■■  I'-  ■  '       •,-   ;■   -,.,.,     ,„„„-.  CO,.. 


;uul  eliiivinalinu  cro 
mines. 


ross  haul-,  an*! 


iiul  a 


net  111!  Xoveiu- 


The  committee  of  s.ven  ,^v^rnun^  executive,  met 
be,-  ^8  in  rittshur.h  wheie.  m  the  heart  ,-  .he  con.e.ted  <  1- 
^i  t    .lev  estahli-hed  head.uarter..     The  ,.,!..,  .sued  on  th 
S    \hv"..ue  promise  ^t  the  vi.or  with   .h.ch  they  wer  eU. 
T    ■,-    ,  k-     Tbe^e  order,  included  an  emhar-o  on  .h,p- 

e     -nted  ^t  te.  government:  the  diver-ion  m  through  frc.^ht 
:,:rrht.ht,r,h.ate.avto,.therli,u.     .he,h..^^^^^^^^^^ 

,f  the  "Broadwav  T.m.ite.V  on  the  l-enr..vlvama  Kailroad     t. 
Liate  suspension  of  fa.  freight  line,  and  the  ,.,.■,..      - 

onlv   hox   an<l   ..ock   car.    for  the  team   .rack   l'-''"^      '        '^ 
Moreover  thev  inaugurated  a  plan   for  coo,>era,,on  w,       n,    . 
setuatives  ,.f   .Nmeri.-a".  allie.  in  the  port.,   uUh  a  view    to  t   e 
l-mtation  of  export  traffic  .o  a  ouan.uv  for  .Inch  dnppm.  ua- 

"'rl'^tss  n,et  the  hr.t  week  u.  Deceml.r.  and  there  at  once 
.,.„e.r  d  a  Hood  ,.f  ill  considere.l  proposals  for  the  solution  o 
iUvav  prohlent.  F.ut  hefore  anv  of  the.e  proposals  had 
.  .1  the  oint  of  con.ideration  there  ..iddenlv  appeared  on 
n  .her  n.  a  docun,ent  havin,  hcluud  it  the  weight  ,vf  ^.^ 
experience  and  matured  h.d.n.ent.  It  u.a.  a  =1--;-'-^;^ 
the  Tnter.tate  C-tmn-rce  rnmmi.sion  .o  Tonere.-.  Tin-  report 
'  ic^  "entiont,,. he  enormou.i.K.a.e  in  traffic  that  Itad  taken 

,.  ,i„,,  ,,,  ,,,,„eak  of  the  wa.    and  the  strain  which  thi- 


Tin;   IVn  KI)  STATES 


r.i 


"a"H-  ha.l  i.lami  ,„,.,„  the  iMaluies  ,.i   the  carriers-a  hnr.len 
-^Inch  they  ha.l  been  „nahle  tu  meet  hecause  cf  the  o.mpetitive 
<lemamK   ,ur  capital.      M„renu.r  it   was  po.ntecl  out  that,  even 
•t  -apital  were  available,  the  necessary  facilities  could  n,.t  readilv 
be  .•btanu.l  kTau.e  of  the  -len.an.N  for  Innkli.t.t,^  materials  -.nd 
-|."i>n,cnt  to  tneet   u.ar  nee.ls.     It  was  the  opinion  of  the  Con,- 
nnss.on    that   .lur.n,-   the   uar   the   o.npetitive   principle    nnder 
.Mu-h   the    roa,i>    ha.l    been    b,nlt    np  an.!    in   onfnnnitv    with 
WiK-h  ..nr  ref,mlatin-  statutes  are  frame.l,  must  ^nx-  uav  t,.  a 
policy  ,„  unification  in  which  m.lividual  interests  are  tner'.'e.I  in 
a  national  transportation  system.     The  Commission  saw  but  two 
uavs  in  uhich  this  could  he  accomplishcd,-either  hv  a  unified 
s^Mcu,  operated  by  the  carriers  themselves.  ,>r  a  svstem  o,K.r,ted 
.-.s  a  unit  by  the  President  duriu^^  the  periwi  of  the  war  un.ler 
•IH-  ^^ar  powers  vested  in  him  by  the  Constitution,  or  those  con- 
:vrrc<l  ut)on  him  by  Conjjress.     If  the  first  alternative  should  be 
."lopte.l,  u  was  the  opinion  of  the  Commission  that  the  operation 
•'    'he  ant.-tru.t    laws-except   in    respect   to  consolidations   .ir 
^..ertrers  of  parallel  and  competincj  lines-and  of  the  anti-j^olin-r 
H-t„,n  ot   the  Interstate  Commerce  law.  should  be  suspende.? 
^1  he  Government  sh..uld  grant  financial  assistance  in  the  form  of 
-ans  or  advances  for  capital  prrposes,  and  the  rei^nlation  of  se- 
;ritv  issues  should  be  vested  in  some  appropriate  bo.ly 
It  the  second  alternative  he  adopted,  there  should  be"  suitable 
:"ar.-mtv  to  each  carrier  of  an  adequate  annual  return  for  the 
-CM,  the  property,  an.l  for  its  maintenance  durin-  ..pe-ation  and 


:r  i)rori.inn   for  improvements  and  betterments. 


!n  our 


...  -       ^..1.-.  ill      ,;nY 

'  i;"""".     said  the  Commission,  "the  situation  does  not  permit 

'"  "■••ipnrizmff."     Commissioner  McChord.  in  a  separate  state- 

•  •  '>'.  ^■xpresse.l  his  l>elief  that  no  voluntary  committee  of  railway 

^  "1  >-'>nl<l  accomplish  what  the  situation  demanded      He  called 

•"■mion  to  the  hampering  conser,uences  of  the  conflicting  powers 

;  '   ^x'steut  ui  various  goyernmental  agencies,  and  it^sisted  that 

•  '•  strong  arm  of  governmental  authoritv  is  essentia!  if  the 

n-]>,,rtation  situati(Mi  is  to  he  radically  improved  " 


\\   \l<    \l>MI.\l-.TK\IIO.N   (II    kMI.W  \V> 


II 


i-re  vudi'ih   iIr    lii-i   rliainer  cf  ilie  liisturv 


ii    llR-   \\;ir  ac 


mini>,tiatiMii  ni  railw 
nj(.|)cr,iii(in  ■■!   (■arriiT>  1 


III  ilu-  I  Uiti'd  Stato 


\\\ 


iilf  V(jlmiiarv 


In   no  iiK'aii>  1 


1.1^  ii"t   hfcti  a  i-oiiipkic   f.iiliirt.'.   ii 


ir  ri--anli.-(l  a>  an  iiiiiiiialiiiril  mk 


and 


part  c.i  the  ri'si),,iiMbility  for  tliis  situat 


ran 
lar-e 


Midit 


i"n  nuist  l)c  attnlmU'd  to 


ions  ot 


conditions  iia\i'  aliXMil-,    ! 


■HT  tiian   iiiotlHcicncy  of  private 


operation. 


cell  disciis-ed,  hut  tliev  iiiav  lie  <i 


iK'se 

1111- 


iiianzci 


licre. 


■ir-l    a 


111  I    forei 


Host    Is    til 


e   CNistms. 


fraiiu'i:  i',  .r  oiIrt  (1.i\  - 

the  eoiii])etili\e  priiu  iple.   the   Ait! 


IcLTi-litioii, 


iii.uteil  lor  ihe 


[iiirpo^e  of  pre-er\  ini 


-ini-i    Act  and   tiie  anti- 


ing  section  oi'  il 


Int. 


-th 


i-iate  Coiiimerce  Act,  to-eiher  with   ai 


cr  k'ljislation 


■antiii' 


prni!euc>  to  sliiniier^ 


lieiii    ai^ainst 
•olidll 


and    protectili;.'- 


rli-criniiiMtion       'nu'ii    there   is    tl,.-   dereiitrali 


ion   lit   ,i;o\eniiiieiil   anlhornv.   ih.i:    ha>   le-iihed 


ot   instruction 
fcctivelv  tl 


'iillict 


and 


a    lailnre  to   work   out    thMiMn-ldv   and   et- 


h 


iie  principle  of  prioritv.      Other  hamperint,'  inlluen 


lave  iK'en  the  ohMrncti^  ns  and  iKla\ 


latinL'  hod 


interpo-ed  hv  -tate  rcirn- 


!ies.  tile  priorilies  exeiviscl  ]n   ih 


ing-   materials    aiu 
>i  si 


e  ,i;o\ernmeiit  in  Imild- 


rolliiiL;   stoek,    th 
roups  (jf  slii])pers  and  to  so'iic  decree  tl 


c    selfislim 


individual   iail\\a\- 


le  lick  oi 


oi    certain 
compliance  liv 


le  steadily  niomitin''  co^t^  ,if 


ceil  an  imporlaiit  facto,-,  a.  ^^c]\  a.  llie  alKohite  i.vil.il 


oiH-ratioii 


secure   new   capital,      l'iiiall\.    tlure   has 
copiny;  with  a  wli^.Ilv  iiiiprecedeiucd  trat' 


it\-  to 


tivcK 


narrow   section 


if    th 


lieen   the   necessitv   of 
'.  coni,'cstcd  in  a  rela- 


movemcnt  materi 


pm 


e   Country,    with    the   diftK-iiI 


ties    ot 


die  iinuased  h 


.111(1 


a 


lad 


facilit 


ics. 


In  th 


railway 


an  inadeipiate  snpplv  of  sliip- 
"I  organization  and  coordination  of  loadimr 
tace  of  all  these  handicaps,  the  record  of  the 


IS 


cuMi  in  the  statistical  rcsnits  of  freight  operat 


extraordinary,  a  rcMiIt  that  would  ha 


ion 


without  the 


cordi.al  cooper.ation  i 'f  carric 


ve  been  wholly  imix>ssil)le 


detail  of  traftic  handlin;^.  \\h 
have  hecn  built  under  the  st 
1 


rs  aiK 


I  sh 


ppers  in  evcrv 


lave  been  reL;iilated  on  the  competitive  t! 


en  It  IS  kept  in  mind  th.,,   railways 
iniulns   of  competition,   that   tliev 


scqncnce   their  entire 


icory,  and  that  in  con- 


s\stcin   of  orLranizatii 


las  i)een  sliaped  in  the  compelitice  mold,  it 


'H   and   manajjement 
no  surprise  that 


rilK  I  Ml  111  ^1  MKS 


(..? 


liMic  ha-N  hfcii  i(i|tiirf(l  h.r  an  a<l|ii-l 


nicnt  to  new  cnnditiutn 


siibstituti 


and 


n    (>i    ilic 


|>nii(i|.lr   111    .  (.(ipcratioii. 


v\   wcii-nic  tin-  ail 


nl    I   iiM'Tl'^^ 


ilcred    liul-niciit   i,{   ilic    IntcTstaic   ( 


hat    the 


actini;  iipDii  ilu- 


nninicrce   L'i)niiiiis>i(iii 


there  seems  tu  l)c  no  (| 


lU-simiK 


'These  w..r.l-,  w.rr  in  typr  l.cfor,-  ilu-  I'rrshlnitN  pi  ucl.un.itinii  ,,f  IXrcm- 
her  if,  was  issuol  placing  iIk-  railway  system  (.f  the  L'nit.il  Suies  mi.ler 
Kovernment  o.iitr..!       Xppuulix  K,  pajje  l'J7.  cntains  the  pr..d.„natmn  in  full 


ADDENDUM 

The  Lahor  Situation 

It  is  inijKjssib'.e,  so  so. .11  ,itt«.r  our  t-iitrance  into  tlie  war,  to 
I)rcseiit  aiiv  adciiiatc  pKttirc  ui  the  labcr  situation  "m  t'.u-  rail- 
ways. Lack  of  lal>)r  lia^  itst-lt  l>een  rcspotisiUle  for  ilic  i.ut  that 
accountir.^  an.l  Matistical  ri-o.i,U  have  i.ilifii  Ih-Ihh.I  ;iu.l  tliai  nn 
Minituarizcd  |.rc^oiitati(>ti  ><i  tin-  ua.^v  and  (.niployment  -iluati-n 
lia>  li'ci!  ih.s,ilili-  tor  aii>  ,nu-ickTal>li-  i;ri.u|)  of  carriers. 

l.,,i.4  iK'u.rL'  'ur  cntrati.c  int..  ilif  war,  railways  tra\  cr<in.^' 
manuiacttiniiL;  M^'ctions  uere  Iomiil;  their  im-n  to  iiiuniti.)n  plant-, 
and  .ittuT  m.liNtrics.  sonu-  rorids  turnin-  liicir  mechanical  t.irccs 
..\cr  two  :inil  tlircc  linic-  in  ilic  \tar.  \\a,i,'e-  v.  ere  <tcadil> 
risiiiL,'  and  llic  .|naliiy  ..f  scrvi.e  ua-.  in'cause  .  t  war  pressure, 
^tcaihlv  laliiiiL;.  \NitIi  the  nirin-nrati.  11  ni  the  draft,  the  <itu:i- 
tion  became  -^till  ml. re  .•.-ute.  iiuadin-  not  .inly  th  mechanical 
fiirce-    l-ni  all  de|..irtnunts  of  the  railways. 

Since  thru  the  experience  .>f  niilways  throu,-;hont  the  cmntry 
h.-is  been  the  -.mie.  a  .-..iwtant  stnitr,<,de  to  h..ld  their  organizations 
together,  and  .-.  intinn.ni-  once^^ioiis  in  \\a,L;es.  F..rmer  meth..d- 
1)1  iH'L;oti.ili..ns  have  l.eei;  ;ih;m(!oned ;  threatened  -trike-  cvver 
niuhl  ha\e  ne.c^--ii,'ilcil  ad  iii-tmeins  on  a  few  hours'  notice  to 
.•tv..i.l  the  l)reakd.A\n  ..f  the  .  .r-amz.iti.  .n.  \'erv  considerable 
in.rea^c'^  in  wa^'es  r.anum:,'  in  .m  fifteen  per  cent  to  seventy-five 
per  cent  have  taken  j.lace  in  ihc  cl;i-<e^  .f  telcL^raphers,  ■^tati.-'n 
clerks,  platform  lab-r  and  the  like,  and  ani.>ni:  the  mechanical 
f.ircc-  wa^res  have  soare.l  to  imprcc'ilented  hcic^hts.  One  .>l  the 
classes  that  h.-i^  received  the  lar!::e-t  pcrceiila-e  .  .f  increase  i- 
that  of  niKkilled  lalior. 

RaiKvav  switclimeii  have  a  nati  .nal  imic.n  of  about  20,00.^. 
members,  which  ha^  been  a.-'ive  for  SDine  time  in  the  matter  ot 
wacje  demands.  F.a'-lv  in  X.iveml>er  the  union  formulated  a  de- 
mand,  wiiich  i-   -till   in  the  ncL:.  iti;it!on   Maire,   f.)r  an   increased 


Tilt  UNIIKI.  -I  M  IS 


05 


w.il^c  ran*  of  fifty  pir  ct'ii',  tinii'  aiul  a  li.ilf   fur  ovcrtiim, 
Ii:uif;fs  111  U'Tkiii;;  ifs;iilati"ii^  dcsiyiicil  in  liciietit  tlic  men. 


Ill  ihc  cincrj^ctu  ■ 

InyinCIll    111     WnllU'll. 

ci'ii  lar;;ely  in  n^c  ii 
th 


iil\   all  raihvavi  lia\c  iiirm-il  In  ilir  cin- 


Ihi 


.■I,-. 


H  rual  .1111 


1  Ml 


ir  ha-  ip|'  course  al\\ay-< 
iiai.hu'  riniil'  i\  ii'cnt,  Init 


.1,      r.ni 


i\cn  in  tlicse  ca])acitics  ii  lia-  iK'cn  iiiateriallv  ;iu  re 
its  use  ill  .tn  r\|i(  riiiien;  il  \\a\  ha-,  ii.iw  U'cn  cMriiiii-il  nit  ■  'u'Ms 
Intlierto  dfnicd  ti'  women,  such  a^  the  lii^'hter  meehaniial  work 
.:i  -iu)]!-.  anil  a^  lar  cleaners,  painters,  warelinnse  elerl.s.  drau  Jiis- 
■inii.  and  1 1  1111111  ill  l;ilinrer-.;  tele.L,'r;ii'lier--,  de-pat,  Iter-;,  ^i^naliiifii. 

atchnien  and  lirid;.;e  tenders;  -turernum  .itlendint-,  sci 
crillilnves   .ind    r\cii    in    -diiu'    lew    ia-i~    -I'l'timi    '',iir.'    iiioildve- 


aj)  di 


ilthonsjh  111  tile  latter 


i;i-e  e\|n.'i  imeiit-  lia\  e  ~li"\\n 


that 


■en- 


■r:ii  ilK-  work  k  tn 


•e;i\  V  inr  Wdinen. 


m.-ilh   ','  iiiiK'!'  are  heiiv. 


n  lii;rcaus  ;inil 


mtrudiiced  into  w  nrk  a--  ^-t.aiiai  aL'ent-.  ticket  sellers,  ticket 
''■•■■tnrs.  attendant-  in  check  rnKiiis  and  infnrinatii 
-iiiilar  employments. 

1  the 


are  receiving,'  in  L;eneral  tlie  -ante  pav  as  men 
i1  f 


Th 


eir 


troihiction  into  the  mcchancial  forces  and  similar  eni[)liiynient 


'-  li.impereil  hv  -tate  •-tatutes  coiiccrtiini,'  Wvniun's  lain 
at  present  c  f  adeipiate  provision  for  their  comfort  ,in 
iiid  more  particularly  hy  the  opposition  of  trade  union- 


rk 


tare, 


wiucli  in 


am    cases 
■:\)c   difference 


mhod 


led  in   fonu 


lal 


[u'rcement- 


W'nile  there  i- 


.f 


opi 


ninn   amonj,''  operatinfT  e-\'ccuti\es   as   ti 


icir  relative  efricience   when  compared  with  men,  tlie  prep' 


,ci-,-in 


t  opinion  is  that  they  are  ecpially  efficient  and  in  man 


it  more  etTk  ient    in 


^1 


id   thn 


V  ca-es 


the    li-hter 


cchanical  work  for  which  th?y  are  fitted  thev  are  when  tr.aiiud 
et't'icient  as  their  male  competitors. 

^!an\'    ro.ids    have    estahlislied    schools    for    the    training    of 
particularlv  in  ilic  field  of  telec^raphy,  despatching;   and 
s  that   if  the  war  is   prolonL,'ed, 


■.'.  onic; 

-iL;nalinL 


and  the  jir^ 


.hahili 


tl 


KTf  Will  lie  a 


■.•Kiua 


1  and  incrca:'-in;f  -uh=titution  of  wor.ien  for 
men  in  the  ciericai  and  iiuhter  manual  tasks.  That  this  will 
r.iii-e  a  new  prriMcm  uhen  the  war  ends  i^  fnllv  appreciated  by 
th 


e  unions. 


I,   i!,.. 


.iciivil  i 


cs  III'  tiiL-  h  .iir  lir.. 


HT^lr'     iKMrl\    :iii  .,\   the  uwu 


iiiern.i-(i-.  win 


III  their  iniii  ,,^.,^n  ihmiiv  :iii  .<\  uw  iwru  ii!  the  elapses  i.i  1,  ico- 
i.i-t.si  iii,L;iinimii  aii-i  lireiiieii.  <  MiKitu'tur^,  lirakeiiicii,  Ha-iiicii 
and  i.tln-  tr.iiiinien.  appr.  ixiiiMtiii.u  .^.mi.ihk)  nun.  It  will  be  re- 
^-.ilicii  that  a  nati-ii-wulc  strike  (,i  all  ilie<e  einplnves  set  i"or 
I-^ilwr  Day,  l'>i„,  ,,,.,,  ,,„],.  avertrl  1,\  the  pas^a'^c  hv  Congress 
tliirty-Mx  li,,;irs  earlier  ..l'  the  A'lanl^.ln  i^ioju  I!  ^iir  I  .au  ."pm- 
vifhii-  that  ei-lii  h-nr^  shnul.!  he  the  standani  m|  a  .lav's  wurk. 
uilh  .nertiiiie  at  the  eii.l  ,,|  ei-ht  ImiT.,  and  that  the  cxi. tin- 
standard  wa.i^c  fnr  the  nine  :.r  ten  h-iir  div  .h,,nld  n,,t  he  re- 
•Inml.  Appeal  wa^  tak.'ii  to  the  Supreme  ('Mnrt  tn  te^t  the  eon- 
sti;nti(.nalu^  oi  the  art.  With  the  .en.ilnty  that  the  Inited 
Stales  would  enter  the  war  and  ihe  fear  tiiat  it'  ue  di.l  -,.  there 
iiii.i,dit  k.  ohstarles  \..  the  altainnieiit  ,,|  their  -oal.  the  brother- 
hoods on  .Mareh  15,  wiih-.nt  waitni-^  the  decision  of  the  court, 
renewed  their  ne-oiiati-ns  with  the  railwavs.  ^reanw■hiIe  the 
railways  had  been  keeping  ,he  r  Tord^  of  their  men  in  aeeord- 
anee  with  the  re-niireinent ,  of  the  Ei;:ht  Hour  l.;'w,  so  that  they 
mi-ht  comply  retroactivelv  should  the  court  upheld  the  law' 
The  .letemiination  of  -be  brotherhoo.U  to  force  the  issue  in  a<l- 
^■an^e  of  aiiv  emet-encv  was  clear  when  tliev  called  a  -trike  w  hich 
thev  posti^.ned  for   4S  hours  onlv  at  the  solicitation  of  a  com- 


tendini;'  f'>ei 

til,.     f-.U 


ions 


tered 


into  C'inf( 


safety,  and  -ranti'il 


yieldeil    their   p(Kii 


>rei 


I  he  outcoiii 


lol 


t 


the   .^unreiiu 


■  basic  eiL;ht  h 


<      niieiesi     or    n, 


fMI       M-11-.-I^ 


•   <  ourt   niiid 


'  -111      '  I.I  \       W  I  LU' 


Here    the    ii 


1".    I'lir.    the 


r  (lericie.       ^ 


>iit   referi 


cost    (1 

^1, ,..(,;. 


le 


court  upheld  the  1 


V  M        I  iwii  1   ' 


if  liviuij  and  the  wa 


ted   until    Xo\en 


Miei,    w 


PS  iiroi-hie 


I  if   >hi"  )!■  I 


cd  an  -line 


,c;e  increases  beiii;:;-  qt; 


Hi       .1^     '  '  'll^i  IlilUO 

'  ti  the  increa- 


'asjiic- 


iumeu's  or! 


nil  n\'^ 


»' <  I  V     I     ill     1 ri I II  I 


sible  for  the  le: 


xi'.uiizatii 


IK'     1. 


lemands  i 


.  , .  r 


rlers  to  su])pres' 
increases  w-e 


'U-.  w  Inch  1-       , ,  app 


1 1 1 1\    .  1 1 1  u     Mil 


■        ill: 


inijiendiiiL.'.  ' 


he  efTorts  of 


re   nei 


1„. 


'refill 


he  o'lu-i:il 


It  called  th 


II   ii    iiecanie   clear 

:j:  formulated  and 

lai  mediator,  a  i'     ' 


le   le  i(|er>  ot   tile   t 


r  br 


T]]E  r.VITKl)  STATES 


liDods  into  conference  tin  Xovcniber  22.  The  public  informa- 
tion concerning;  the  results  of  this  conference  is  containcil  in  two 
statements,  one  of  winch  was  q-iven  out  by  the  brotherhoods  and 
war  a?  follows: 

Tile  men  who  comi)risc  the  railwav  brotherhoods  are 
thorough  Americans,  therefore  they  believe  in  American 
standards  nf  livinL,^  and  in  consequence  of  this  realize  that 
standards  of  pay  that  were  established  in  1912  and  191.i  are 
inadequate  to  meet  present-day  prices  for  commodities,  and 
fur  that  reason  are  demanding  ,in  increase  m  present  rates 
that  will  meet  half  at  least  i^f  the  increase  in  cost  of  tlmse 
things  which  they  are  comi>elled  to  [nirchase. 

They  want  to  cooperate  in  every  way  that  is  at  all  jkis- 
sible  in  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  war.  and  they 
fully  realize  that  the  ni  '-t  serious  thinsf  that  could  (x'cur 
durin<,r  the  conduct  of  ar  wiiild  be  any  interruption  ■■{ 
railway  transportation,  and  they,  in  common  with  the  i^'re.at 
liiuly  of  the  people,  are  determined  to  do  everythin;,''  within 
the  IxMmds  of  reason  to  avoid  such  interruption. 

Beint;  fully  con\-ersant  with  their  attitude  and  desire  in 
this  matter,  we  are  in  a  position  to  j;i\e  the  assurance  that, 
if  the  situation  should  arise  which  would  threaten  the  in- 
terrui>tion  of  traiisixirtation  the  men  whom  we  represent 
wouhl  lie  more  than  willinc;  to  discuss  and  consider  any 
solution  of  the  diffictdt\-  which  presented  itself,  doinrj  so  in 
the  spirit  of  patrir-tic  coo])eration.  and  would  undoubtedly 
cooperate  with  the  j:;overnment  to  the  utmost  extent  in  ar- 
rixin:,'-  .it  a  just,  equitable,  as  well  as  patriotic  conclusion. 

The  other  statement  was  the  President's  to  tne  effect  "that  he 
had  L;ot  from  the  interview  exacth'  the  impression  conveyed  by 
the  >tatement  "t  tho  he.ails  of  the  brritherlirKxis.  nameh'.  that  the 
men  whom  they  represented  were  not  inclined  to  contend  for 
.aiiythini.,'  which  they  did  not  deem  necessary  to  their  ■-,\vn  main- 
icnance  and  the  maintenance  of  their  families,  and  th.it  tbev 
would  be  willin;:;-  in  ca-^e  any  critical  situation  of  contro\-ersv 
shmilil  arise  to  consider  any  proposed  solutiou  in  a  spirit  of  ac- 
commodation and  of  patriotic  purpose." 

On  Xovember  1*^.  the  l\ai1roads'  War  Hnard.  on  behalf  of  the 
railwavs  -cut  the  followiii!/  letter  to  the  I'residetit: 


68 


\\  \i< 


AHMIM-IK  ■TIDN  Ol'   KAH.W  \VS 


We  cuiinnn  uliat  we  said  to  voii  this  munimi;  m  reply 
t,.  yc.iir  iiKiuirv  a^  t..  what  will  be  the  attitude  ot  the  rail- 
roads with  ropeci  U-  the  manner  ui  settlement  ot  any  de- 
mand^ fur  iiurea>c-  m  pav  or  chaii-e^  m  uo.kmK  '^oXM.h- 
tions   which   duriiiL;   the   war  may   be  made   itii  ai   them   by 

emuloves.  ,    i-    ■ 

SiK;akinu-  l-r  the  railrnad--  today,  we  reiterate  our  helie. 
in  and  LLMieral  aa-cptanee  -i.  the  principle  of  arbitration. 
In  the  iMidM  "i  war  we  are,  however,  prejjared  to  Ro  tur- 
llicr  \~  11-  iii!cvrni)tion  of  cntiniuil  railroad  operation 
can  be  tolerated  under  war  conditions,  we  are  ready,  should 
any  crisis  now  arise,  unroervcdly  to  place  our  interests  in 
the  hand-  of  the  President  for  proteciion,  and  lor  disposi- 
tion a>  he  may  .letermine  is  necessary  in  the  public  interest. 

(in    pLcenber    1    the  i  irdcr   -1    Railway   Conductors   and   the 

i;,-,,,lHTh 1  of  Raih-oa.l  Tniiiumn  presented  practicallv  to  every 

railr'ia<l  in  the  country  a  demand  for  increased  wa-es  approxi- 
matin-  i-rt}  |ier  cent  The  I'.roiherhood  of  Locomotive  Fire- 
men .-md  F.nuinemcii  ha^  tlK  (ine-tiou  oi  increased  wages  nnder 
consideration. 

The  Malcimnt  ha^  l:ciii  vcpcatedlx  made  tliat  the  Irotlier- 
hood^  have  agreed  not  t,,  strike  dnrin-  the  period  of  i>e  war.  hut 
diligent  search  fail^  to  reveal  an^-  aiuhoritv  ior  this  a^ertion. 
The  leader-  have  lirii  careful  to  clothe  their  expressions  in 
words  snfticiently  va.uue  to  permit  a  ,u;enerous  elasticity  of  ]«ih  v. 
In  addition  to  tiie  -tatement  of  Xovemher  22  already  (|Uotcd  (he 
oiih  ..thcr  otTici.al  -t.ilemerit  of  i)oli.-\  i-  the  letter  to  the  i'rcsi- 
deiit  on  March  1 . v  'ii  wliirli  tliev  -aid: 

We  are  \erv  h"]ieiul  of  v  orkin-  out  a  sati-^factory  nd- 
in-tna-nt  wit.i  the  railroad-,  but  if  while  wc  are  negotiating 
our  oiiintr\  -If 'uld  become  involved  in  war.  we  want  t.) 
;i--nre  v.  u.  a-  I  hiif  I'.xecutive  of  the  nation,  tl  .it  we  ai"l 
the  membership  we  repre-ent.  can  be  relied  npo..  to  su;)port 
yrni  to  the  fullest  extent,  and  that  yonr?elf  and  the  nation 
will  h;i\e  our  hcarlv   and  full  support. 

This   letter  mav  have  cheered  the   I're^ident,  but  it  certainlv 
was  no  pledge  to  avoid  a  "Strike. 


PART  II-GREAT  BRITAIN 


CHAPTER  I 
Organization  of  the  British  Railways  for  War 

Miulv  .,1  ihc  j;riti,h  lraiis|,.jrtatiuii  structure  under  war  con- 
<iitions  a>  cxcn,,,liilc,l  .lurin.L;  that  pcrp.tl  of  the  war  from  I'JU 
to  Ihc  cn,l  oi  I'M,-,  falls  into  a  number  of  subdivisions,  as 
follows : 

^  1.^  I.esislativo  steps  Icadin.i;  up  to  .trovernment  control  of  the 
British  raih\a\s  in  war  lime; 

J.  iIi■^torical  (le',rlni,men[  ,,f  the  ..r-anization  to  which  rail- 
way  oiieration    was   a-~si,.r„cd   at   the   be-innm-   of   ho>tilities  in 

-v  l-inancial  a-reenient  between  the  -"Vernineni  and  tiie  rail- 
ways under  uhirh  they  have  been  opera.te.l,  and  its  several  iiodi- 
licatioiis; 

4.  Problems  connected  with  railwav  labor;  wa.L'es  and  bunuse..; 
tile  emplnymeiu  of  \\,,nien;  trade  iiiMoiiism; 

r.  Operatin-  erfRiencx.  co.n,,niic<  in  operation  and  re-tric- 
lidns  of  traftic: 

"    Kale  changes,  freight  and  pas-eni^'er : 

-  .    I'mancial  results  of  operation. 

'.reat  lintain  and  Gornianv  went  to  war  ..n  Aupu^t  4  1014 
Ik-^mnin;,-  at  L':Ul  a.m.  .,n  .\u,-,st  5.  or  less  than  twentv-four 
hours  alter  the  l-orinal  war  declaration,  virtnallv  the  whole  rail- 
way system  ,,f  (jreat  liritain  ( Rn-lan<l.  .Scotland  and  Walc"^ 
was  under  operation  as  a  MU^Ie  unit  bv  a  central  Raibvav  l-xecu- 
tive  Committee  vested  bv  the  Government  with  btoad'  powers. 
Hie  plan  rmd  form  of  control  was  decided  on  by  the  .yo.en.ment 
■n  An-ust  4;  the  financi,,,  n-rcemcnt  underlyinir  the  plan  was 
workecl  out  and  settled  within  a  few  davs. 

The  official  annou'icement  of  the  llviti-h  War  OfiFice  re-ardin- 
this  e'-cnt  was  issued  on  .Au-nst  4.  and  read  as  follows:  " 

An  Dr.ler  in  Oumcil  lias  been  mad-    under  .Section  If,  of 
the  Regulation  of  the  1-orces  Act,  1871.  declaring  that  it  is 


\\  \«  \ii.\iiM-ik  \iius  or  R  \n. 


w  \v> 


expedient  t!.aitl,e  '^n^c^^man  .!„a.l,l  have  control  over  the 
ra,l-oa,is  >n  (.rea.  Britain.     Tins  control  w,ll  be  exercised 

■Ucrs  „t    ,a,lua>.  u!i,r!,  ha^  k-en  torme.l    for  .ome  time 

and  has  prepare,!  nl:,.,.  ,vi'h  •,  ■;,-,<  ,     {-     r.     ■     ' 

.  1         '.;•'■•     ^''1    a  ,iLu  f.  laoiitatin.^  the  work- 

in,:,  "I  the.-e  jiroviMuns  ot  the  act 

Althon.^d,  the  railuay  facilities  f.-r  other  tlian  naval  and 
'"■l.tary  pnrposes  ,nav   fo,-  a  t,n,e  Se  .nneuhat  res    icte" 
lie  elfect  o,   the  n^e  of  the  p.nver,  nnder  this  act  nil  I  e 
to  coordniate  the  denunds  ,„,  ,he  radwavs  of  the  civil  con 
"umuy   w,ti,   those   nece^sarv   to  .neet   the   spec  a     re  ,   i  "- 
nietns  of  the  Xaval  atid  Militarv  Anthorities  ' 

More  norma!  conrlition.  v.i!!.  in  due  course,  he  restored 
and  u  ,s  hoped  tl,at  tl,e  i.nl,lic  uill  recognize  the  ,  eces  kv 
•or  the  specal  conditions.  n,.l  ui!l.  „,  ,!,;  general    neres 
accmmodatc  thenlse!^■es  to  the  incn,,venience  involved 


The  Railway  Fvec;!ti\e  rommittce's 
as  follows : 


i«n  ainionncement  was 


n  \- 


l)a\e  taken 


lew  of  the  announcement  made  that  the 


that  tl 


over  the  control  of  the  ra 


T 


e  public  shr,u!d  understand  exactl 


,'ovemment 
ilways,  it  is  desirable 


'le  contn 


n   tl 


y  what  this  nie.i 


ans. 


,i;overnment  for  th. 
locomotive--,   rolliiv 


le  radways  has  been  taken  over  by  the 
purpose  of  ensuring  that  the  railwav 

s!(     ' 


imp! 


H-k    and  staft  shall 


etc  unit  in  ilie  l)est  i:iterest 


nent  of  troops,  stores,  and  food  suppl 
'  lie  necessity   for  this  act 


f  the  state  for  th 


be  used  as  one 


e  move- 


n  It 


parent  whe 
the  bulk 
closed  for  th 


ot  our  food 


pnri 


10"  ni'ist  at  once  become  ap- 

reahzed  that  certain  ports,  through  >vhich 

Mipiihes  enter  this  countrv,   mav  be 


event  the  rollinc 
diverted  to  .nher  li 


lose  ot 


h   food 


-t'-ck.    locrinMi 


'\H 


m'lines 


'ipl 


ies,  and  in  that 


Tl 


!Mrt! 


ie  st.iir 


le  'uirpi 


mav  have  to  l)e 


trol  as  leretof 


"1  e,ic!i  ranwax-  wi! 


pnse  of  servin;,'  other  ports, 
remain  under  the  ,.ame  con- 


the 


ore.  and  will  recei\-e  their  instruct; 


.same  chaimels  as  in  th 


Hn  l,cl 


e  past. 


ons  through 


in  r, 


of 


tial!  Mt  I 


HI 


reat  P.rita 


ic  unvernnient.  the  comr.  ■!  of  th 


;eneral  man.-ii. 
The  oiTicial  ch 


ias  been  ve>  tc, 


e  radwavs 


m  a  committee  com[)osed 


of  the  I 


airman  of  dn's 


oard 


1  ..':  ie,  and  the  acti 


committee 


th 


cha 


e  president 


irnian  is  Mr.  H.  A. 


HREAT    lUJITAIX 


73 


W  alker,  general  iiiana.L^er  of  the  London  and  South  West- 
ern Railway. 

llie  railway  secretary  to  the  committee  is  Mr.  Gilbert 
S.   .*>zl;imper. 

Ue  are  officij.lly  advised  that  in  order  to  give  due  effect 
to  the  jnstrnctions  received  from  the  War  OHice  and  Ad- 
nnralty  for  the  movement  of  troops,  etc..  it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  disontinue  at  short  notice  a  portion  of"  the  adver- 
tised service,  or  to  close  certain  of  the  lines  against  ordinary 
traftic.  L'nder  these  circumstances  no  responsibility  can  be 
accepted  for  any  delay  or  loss  that  mav  ari.se. 


Ihrce  (|iicsti.,ns  prc-fiit  tla-m^clves  for  consideration:  First, 
■Mider  what  law  or  -erics  of  l.iws  was  this  action  of  the  British 
:.;.>vernment  [x^ssibje:  -econd.  what  were  the  history,  composition 
and  powers  of  the  cemral  Railway  F.xecntive  Committee:  third, 
Wiat  financial  :md  other  arrangements  did  the  government  nK.ke 
'•  itli  the  railwa\-s? 

In  aitempiini:   to   an-wcr  the.-e   three   rpiesiions   the  e.vtraor- 
dinary  fact  a;  .,i;cc  emer,y:cs  th;,t  niider  let^islation  existent  Ion;,' 
before  the  war  the  government  had  power  to  take  over  the  raif- 
ways  in  time  of  emergency,  that  the  law  even  specified  the  gen- 
ial terms  under  which  the  "^tep  should  l>c  taken,  and  th.at  the  in- 
-tninient   of  control   utilized   in    I<d4  by   the  government -the 
KaiKvay  F.xecntive  Committee— had  been  in  existence  for  '^ome 
\carx     The  three  (lucstions  will  be  taken  up  in  turn  during  the 
remainder  of  this  chapter,  and  subjected  to  detailed  discussion. 
Hrietly    summarized,    the    legi.dation    which    empowered    the 
I'.ritish  government  to  take  over  the  railways  was  a  series  of  acts 
passed  bv  Rarliament  from  1842  to  1888.  the  most  important  of 
the  series  being  the  Regulation  of  the  Forces  .-Xct  of  1871.     The 
'•"dv  through  which  the  government  has  operated  the  roads  as 
-ingle  unit  is  a  Raibvay  Executive  Committee  wholly  composed 
■ii  railway  officials,  so  far  as  actual  working  personnel  is  con- 
cerned,    l'nder  the  law  the  government  was  required  to  render 
ilic  railways  full  com|)en.sation  for  loss  or  injury  sustained  be- 
■anse  of  government  operation  and  control.     This  requirement 
w.'is  met  b}-  a  vohintan,-  mutual  agreement  between  the  crovern- 


74 


\\    \H     \|IMI\  I  .  I  K'  \  I  |,,\    ,,| 


K  MI.W    \^ 


"lent  ,111(1  ilu'  iail\ 


iiiaintain  ilu'  net  iiK-onie  ni  \\ 


>}    uhuli  iln.  ■j^:,uT\nurn[   iiii.Iui.M.k   t. 


'Ill'  ii'.niial  |htph1   I 


n-  r.i.iil-  at  the  ximo  I 


tlieir  part  iK.t  ctil 


aiK 


ulxiii! 


'••-t  iircctdiiiL;  the  war.  uhilc  ihf  rail 
wciv  fxpccti'd  to  i'v|ie.liir 


evcl  as  (inriiii 


uavs  on 


mat 


c   iiicir  ore 


iinii 


ii'il'tarv  tratlK 


>'t'rM'(ll\   t.>  tl 


iry   acin  me-   whnllv 


liatii 
of  ll 


iriii^l 


lie  all 


le  exi,i,a"ncies  'if  niilitar\'  needs 


luit 


;n\  ernnieiil  ir.ilii. 


and   imre- 
II  a'j;reed  to 


lar: 


'I   \\iiale\er  iialnre  or  extent,  frt 


Iveiltieed   to   lt^    ,:in|)!e-t    tfrii 


1   \\>teiii  ot   r;iilua\    .idiiiiniMrat 


\M'  iiia\    ic 


arc! 


lie 


i"n    i:ii  i,T 


a  iiietlnKi  of  si 


ijililied 


«ar  i(.n(|iii,,n> 


j,'<Aernnient  control,  with  the  inte-rit 


iiid  iiiiihed   i.nv.iie  operation    i„„!,.r 


stireil 


\'  of  railw.iv  net 


'\  eminent  'Miarante. 


inroine  as- 


;vt  the  !iiMor\   of  the  I 


six-'cifvini;  the 
over  the  railwa 
loriaii 


^',:^i~i:ition 


:j'antnu 


th 


terms  under   which   t!;e   Ilritish  ^ 


owers  .Till 


ys  in    I'M  ).   w 


w  eminent   tor)k 


Iieriod       Sect 


t*  must   -o  liacls   t.i  t! 


le  earlv 


1842 


( ."^  and  ()  \'ict.,  (' 


""1  -"  "I   an  Act  of   I'arl 


\- 


lament  of   Fnlv  M}. 


tion  of  r;iil\ 


pro,i.|:n-   f ,  ,r  the  l^-tt 


dat 


anil  lor  ilu.  c.  !i\e\.inc 


ore    on    the    d 


1  red  or 


.Id 


it 


er  reL'tila- 


'(  troop. .  made  it  iii.in- 


my    i-,ailw;i\    to    n 


oKIiers.   t.i-ether  with  their  h. 


io\-e 


olti 


eers 


aiu 


;a.:rf. 


at  -ncli  prices  o 


etc., 


to  time  lie  cnnt 
railway  companies." 
it   iiidicites  th.it   the  t 
■inder  ;i 
th 


-tor 


C-,  arm 


r  iiiion  -iich  c..ndiii 


ammunition. 


racted  f(.r  lietwcen  tl: 


a-  ma\    irom  time 


t'  -ccretar- 


o!  war  ;i 


nd 


illCll 


I'lirase   just  i|;ioted   i< 


,'niticaiit,   1 


raiNp.,na:ion   service   w.-,s  to  I,e   rendered 


ier  a  voh,n,arvan.l„mtnaI  contract  :ie.ween  the  railwavs  an 
^^^Toycrnment.     "  -nav.  theref,. re,  he  regarded  as  the  starting 
;'-t.or,hesene-of,e,Ma,ne.te       that   led  n.  ,o  the  roU;: 

to  tiie  ;;o\t'rnment. 


The 


ie  act  of  1842  was  hroadened  two  ..ears  later  so  -, 
tne  mnximnm  rates  under  which  ofTlr' 
.s'asre 


as  to  spevity 
irer-.   snl,li,.r;,    ;ni!il;ir\    Iri"- 
«a,e  an,,  nnhtarv  store,  should  he  conveve.i.  althon^h  M,.t  act 
■applied  onlv  to  railwavs   whose  charters  shonld  he  :ra,    i ,  o 

'^n844,rand8  V:,^'       s^t:™^^^ 

iri-<i,.ne  I     tr  r         ,  '^^  ■  -^^  •  '  -  '  'vcre  a^  tollows  :  Tom- 

-—' ''<„ers.  ,,r-t-cla- pas<a,e,  twopence  per  mile;  soldiers. 


<.l(l.  \  1     Hkl  IMS 


/  0 


-nr  i^-nin  \kv  nnlc.  -.n  caniam-.  uliicli  shall  be  provided  with 
-cats,  ith  sulll.icni  spaa-  tor  the  n^asonable  accommodation  of 
die  pensoiLs  con^cn'.i,  an<l  \\iiK-|,  slull  I.e  protected  a,;;ainst  the 
weather-;  ex.c^s  'na,^-a-e,  one  iiail-peiu.y  per  pound  (anv  dis- 
laiK-c);  militarv  stores,  arms,  amiininition.  etc.,  twopence  per 
ton  per  mile,  -the  a^^isiance  of  the  military  or  otiier  forces 
liemi,'  ,yiven  in  loadiii.Lf  and  uiiloadm,!,^" 

These  acts  of  1.S42  and  1844  may  Ik;  re,-arded  as  i.rogre^sive 
-icps  toward  s[^.rial  treatment  of  railways  imder  war  coiulitions, 
n  that  they  recnoni/ed  military  trallic  as  a  preferential  form  of 
iranspurta.ion  l.usiness  and  also  provided  that  it  should  he  car-  ' 
tied  at  -pceial  rates. 

I'urther  revision  nf  military  fares  was  m..de  in  the  so  called 
'  heap  Trams  .Act  of  An-ust  20,  1883   (46  and  47  Vict.,  Tap 
.^4  ).    .Section  6,  entitled  -Conveyance  of  the  Oneen's  forces'at  re- 
duced rates,"  l;iid  ,l,,wn  certain  re,n:nlatinns  as  to  the  ki-.d  ..„d 
class  of  service  to  1^  rendered  hy  the  railwav.s  in  military  t.ans- 
l-nation.  and  revised  the  rates  to  be  charged,  as  folloa-       „r 
'iiicers,  soldiers,  and  their  dq)e.idents,  three-fourths  of  the  regu- 
lar passenger  rates  up  to  150  persons,  and  one-half  foi  all  over 
IrO:  iR^rsonal  basga,-e  to  be  carried  free  up  to  certain  limits, 
cNcess  wci.-ht  to  be  charged  at  two-thirds  of  the  regular  rates- 
iiiihtary  .stores,  same  rates  as  under  the  act  of  1844  iust  cited 
i  he  most  important  steii  in  this  process  of  enlarging  militarv 
-ntnl  over  the  railway  system  was  taken  in  the  Regtdation  of 
f.e  Forces  Act  in  1871  iM  and  ^S  Vict.,  Cap.  86).     Section  W 
provulerl  that  in  case  of  emergency  the  secretary  of  state  conid 
!'.■  authorized  by  an  order  in  council  to  empower  any  person  or 
persons  to  take  possession  of  any  railroad  in  the  United  Kin-- 
'l"m.  to  use  the  same  '"at  such  times  and  in  such  manner  as  the 
-ecretar)-  of   state  may  direct;  and   the  directors,   officers    an<l 
MTvants  of  any  such   railroad  shall  obev  the  directions  of  the 
^ecretarv-  of  state."     .Such   warrant  could  not  he  drawn   for  a 
!■ 'tiger  period  than  one  w.ek.  but  was  renewable  "from  week  to 
N\-eek  as  long  as,  in  the  opinion  of  the  said  secretary  of  state,  the 
'  The  full  text  of  thi'i  section  will  !„  found  in  Appendix  B. 


I. 


jAXi 


76 


u  \i<   \iiMi\  :^  iii  \  I  iM\  III    i(\ii\\v\. 


ciiRT-citcv  ciiitini'fv"  It  i>  iii.tcunrtliN  tli.it  this  emergency 
need  not  he  a  nuluary  emergency,  the  lati^'ii.ij^'t-  it  the  act  hem- 
;is  fdlli  nvs : 


When  hti    niaii-i\.  i.\   i-nkT  in  i-minul,  (k•^■|arl•^  that  an 
cniergeiuv   ha>  ari-cii  n;  uinrh  it  :>  cxiiedieiit  I'nr  thf  piilihc 
-i'r\ir,-  iliai  hiT  majesty's  ij<j\fninient  ^Imnld  lia^e  control 
'Htr  ihc  radrnad->  ni  the  Liiited  Kmi^dnm    cr  anv  of  them 
etc. 


lure  wa-  a  l.ilcr  act.  c.ilk-d  tin-  XaiK.na!  hcuiisc  Act  i.f  ISSS 


d 


\  ict.,  .\ii,;,'\i-i    1,\    ISSS,   Ca]).  .U  i.  which 


^."ucinnnni    |iri..ril\    |i,.\\i'i.   midiT  i-mcrL;cncv 


•nchti 


.•  ihc 
tliat 


In  i)<p\\cr  I,,  di.iatc  Im  the  raiKvavs  what   prA-cdcncc  .shonid  he 


i\cii    ii.   ^pfiilii    kinds   ni   irali'n 


Th. 


|)ri'\  !S|i  11-:     I 


t     111 


act 


ere  not  called  din, iIn   intn  |)!a\  in  1"14.  i.  rr  the  Rail 


w 


live  (  onimittec  1)\   the  term- 


wav 


Had 


if  its  appointment  and  dcsi;.'natinii 


piiwer  III  dicialc  pri'Tii 


>i  sliipmenl- 


lii    I: 


net,  a  series 


oi    i)arliamenlar\    aii~.   eMendiii','   fmin    1S4_'  t,,    ] 


the  f 
rail 


oiindatii 'II  for  the 


wavs  Were 


lak 


en 


.r'i\e)iinicntal 
•r  in   1"]4. 


SSS.   had   laid 
anthnritv  nnder  which  the 


he  seci.iid  iiiie-ti,  n  relates  r,,  the  de\ekipment  and  cominKi- 


tion   nl    tlie    l\aihva\     I-\ecnti\e    Cmiiniittee   tn    which 
operation  nf  the   Hritisli   ruads   was  eiitrnsted.      As  t, 
tinn.  a'l  Init  one  nf  the  nieml 
niana.i;crs'  or  other  chief  executives  of 


I    coiliniisT- 


lers  nt   tin- 


Britn 


coii'miltee  \vere  !,''eneral 
important  roads  nf  C.reat 


am.      ihe  exceptmn  was  the  nominal  or  e-  ot'ticio  chairm.i 


who  was  the  president  n\  the 


d  Trade 


H'sc  t;cnera 


iThi 


:il 


tiiai):ij;iT    d 


presiilciit    ill    flic    I'liited    ,S| 


ofTiri.il.  .mill   is  rc- 
yoar's  n|ioratiiins 


Iriii-li    r:iil«av 
Hi'    i-i   tlif   cliicf   i\i 


ci'rn  -I"  I 


p^iisililr  to  lli^   iM.anl  of   ilirei'tors    for  t\\< 


laiil 


r.iilway 
'liir.iiiiii,' 


=  Tk<-  FVitish  Hnaril  i,f  Trade 
tn  tlie  United   States  Departmei 


.1  L'ovirntnrii 


t  l.o.ls 


diit 


eipln 


are   lo   cnllert 


trade 


statistics. 


a   C'liintiicrce  and  nf  I.ali. 


y  ri  >iiL;!ih    cifii's 


lu.iiiiinK 
:iinc   nf   its 


s  and  measures,  register  railway  and  ntlier 


patent-,    maintain    -landards    of 


administer    certain    indn-trial    lav 


Hoard   of   Trade   has 


Till 


jnilit   stock 


■panic 


id 


iroiiuh    Its    railway    dipartnunt    tlie 


Til. 
Trade 


[in-ii 


lent    of    til..    It 


certaui    power-    of    control    over    the    Rriiish 


i-li. 


a  nuinlier 


>i  tile 


f. 


alii 


al    till 


ilv 


e    1-    .Sicrri.iry    of    State    for 


IK  \  I    UK  I  IMS' 


lll.l^;l),'cr^  wtTi-  iin'ii  wIim  Ii.kI  .ilrca'ly  iirM\»Ml  iliciiist'l\i'-i  fitted, 
tliroii^'li  lnni;  \f;ir^  ut  railwa>  trimiti;;,  to  liindlc  llie  ii|K'ratiiifj 
ami  tratlic  |iri)lili'iii>  ui  ilu'ir  ris]>«.'i-|ivi'  lim-s,  atui  cimld  tiM)]KTa- 
ti\fl\  toiitimif  til  lliaintain,  and  it  ]>'>s>.ii>ic  hutimsc,  mk  li  cili- 
.  ii-iK\  as  liad  already  1  -i-ii  ..ttaiiicd  under  peaie  condiliDns. 
I  iirtlieriiK  re,  tlic  cniniiiittee  was  in  e\i<tence  i»riiir  l<>  the  w.ir 
md  its  menihers  were  alrcacK  taniiliar.  tn  some  dei;ree  at  lea>l, 
\\iili  the  nature  and  scnpc  of  their  duties  In  addition,  they  were 
all  menihers  ot  the  l'.n;,'meer  and  Railway  Volunteer  Staff  C^rps 
'if  the  British  anny,  with  honorary  military  titles  and  rank 

riu-  !iistor\  and  (knelopnient  of  the  Kailwav-  Kxecutive  C'oni- 
inittee  is  hriellv  as  fiillnws.  Its  immediate  predecessor  was  the 
\\  ar  Railway  Council,  created  in  IS'T)  and  desii,^ied  to  act  in  an 
.id\isor\  c.i()acitv  to  the  Kntjineer  and  Railway  Vohinteeer  Staff 
( 'or])s  of  the  army.  This  War  Railway  Council  comprised  the 
dejiuty  <|uartermaster  ijencral  as  pre-ident.  six  railway  managers, 
<ine  Hoard  i>f  Trade  Ins])eiior  of  Railways,  two  menvlwrs  of  the 
lini^incer  ai.d  Railway  Volunteer  Stafif  Corps,  the  deputy  assist- 
ant (|uartermaster  peneral,  one  mohilizption  officer,  two  naval 
otTicers,  and  one  othcer  of  the  Royal  Enjjineers.  Thus  the  Coun- 
cil consisted  of  fifteen  meinbers,  six  of  whom  were  railway  rep- 
resentatives, while  nine  rei)resented  the  army,  navy,  and  other 
branches  of  tiie  .cjovernment  devoted  to  military  activity.  The 
<luties  of  the  Council  were  to  advise  the  ijovernment  rejjardinfj 
inilitarv  rail  transportation;  to  devise  m(»hilization  schemes  both 
i^enerallv  and  in  detail,  in  cixiperation  with  the  railways  affected; 
to  draw  up  regulations  for  troop  movements,  and  to  arramje  for 
the  provision  of  sidinfjs,  platforms,  and  other  such  facilities 
needed  in  troop  transpotiation. 

In  l'^12  the  War  Railway  Council  was  superseded  by  the 
"Ivailwav  I'Necntixe  Committee,"  which  was  orcranized  as  a  ,t;roup 
of  railway  manac^ers  who  served  as  a  link  between  the  army  and 
the  rail  A  ays.  Before  the  war,  dealings  of  this  jjroup  were  larcrely 
w  ith  the  Encjineer  and  Railway  Volunteer  Staff  Corps,  of  which 
they  were  in  fact  members,  and  with  the  Direc'or  General  of 
Military  Transport.    The  En.s,Mneer  and  Railway  \'olunteer  Staff 


MICROCOPY    RESCIUTION    TEST 

CHART 

ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  N( 

!    7 

1.0 

ill  — 

llll^ 

^1^ 

I.I 

2.0 

1.8 

1 

1.25 

1.4 

jL6 

lull              =       Mill               ;        mil 

^     /APPLIED  INA^GE     Inc 

^ 

=: 

■-= 

\\.\K  AKMIMSTUATION  OF   KMI.WAV.. 


Lcirps  liad  been  cr-anizol  in  18o5  as  a  teclniical  -nnip  of  railway 
othcials,  cngim-crs.  an,l  larfro  o  mtractois.  ,,]u,  ^^erc  ii-uallv  -ueii 
honorarv  oniiniissions  as  licuicnant  eoloneis  in  the  British  army. 
They  uere  kn.Avn  ucnerally  as  llie  Railway  Staff  Corj.s,'  ,„ul  inr 
years  prccedin,^  ihr  war  li;.<l  Keen  enira-ed  cooijeraiivelv  with  the 
War  Railway  Council,  and  with  it^  <i;rcc.snr,  the  Uailuav  I'.xeui- 
tive  Committee,  in  workin-  out  plans  a.id  iiietli,.d>  fur  the  railway 
servK-e  m  time  nf  war.    Tho.,-  plan-.  o,niemplatcd  the  mohilixation 
ot  troops,  their  transportation  t,,  p,,ints  rf  eml.arkatinn  f..r  fur- 
ciffn  expe.liiiunary  pnrpo.es  to  tramin-  camps,  or  tr,  concentration 
points  within  the  country-  to  repel  invasion,  and  the  handlin-  of 
""Iitary  impedimenta  and  s„p,,Ii,.  ,„  „l,,,„.ver  ,|„antities  shorkl 
be  tonnd  necessary.     The  plans  were  worked  out  in  greatest  de- 
tail, were  tested  on  a  small  scale  at  armv  manenvres.  and  were 
niodihed   trnm  ,ime  to  time  in  accordance  uitli  the  dictates  of 
experience  or  study.     1-or  several  years  before  the  war  operating 
radnay  executives  fmm  time  to  time  receiverl  .e.dcl  ...ders  cov- 
erm,  m,,|„h.at,o„  .dun.es  i„  detail  :  ihe.e  tl,ev  u  ere  instructed  to 
lay  a\vay  nnoiK.^ned.     On  the  outbreak  of  war  these  orders  he- 
came  automaticallv  effecti^e.     .\Itl,o,,^d,  ,l,c  demands  of  the  war 
on  the  l;r,„.h  railway,  have  been  many  times  greater  than  conl.l 
possibly  have  been  f.  .rescen,  ,  ,r  tlian  were  provided  for  in  even  the 
maximum  hmits  of  the  earlier  mobilization  plan,    vet  it  is  the 
i^cncral   testinionv   of   competent   observers  that   the  j.lans   have 
proved   sn.hcientlv  elastic  to  meet    all   the  need,  of  the  present 
.vstem  i;i  warfare. 

Krom  the  tune  of  ,he  organization  of  ,he  Railwav  Executive 
Comnuttee    in    l^lj   ,„„il    i„.   ,,,,„,,    s„.    i,.^.,,,.    ,,^,^     _^^,_^^,_.^j 

manager  of  ,!„■  I.,.nd,  n  and  \orth  WesicTn.  uas  actin.r,inir- 
man  ot  the  committee.  The  nominal  chairman  from  ^, he  bc- 
.i^innmg  u,,s  the  president  of  the  P.nanl  of  Trade  Mr  Ree 
was  succeeded  bv  Herbert  \.  X\-alker  of  ,l,e  London  .nid  South 
\Wstern.      The  list  of  members  of  the  committee  as  organized 

purpo.es   11,0  work   f./...et%';  li^lZn   'o^  ^^.T^i, '"o,  ^^s  '^  .'/^^^"■^=" 
-ed  ,s  l,o,nR  carr„d  nn  In-  ,!,e  Railway  F.xecntivV  cl^',,,;"'"   "'"   '"«'^"- 


I.KF. A  I     r.Kl  I   \l\ 


<) 


I'lf  war  >rr\  111'  wa--  amiMmici.Hl  \iy  the  r.nti-.ii  War  ()iVkc  i.ii 
.\iii;usl  4,  r'14.  S'rinc  rliaiiL,'e>  and  additiniis  \\i:w  made  in 
tlu-  !.-l  alter  the  lii-t  aiii'j  miu  enienl.  hrini;iiiL;  the  ninnher  i't'ih! 
eleNCH  ni>  \n  lonileen.  \\  ilhani  l-nrix.^.  i^eueral  manai^er  n: 
the  Ixintlon,  I'riyiiton,  and  Si^mh  Coast  Railua_\-,  was  added  to 
the  ciimmittee  within  a  few  da\s.  (luv  (.'althrup  snceeeder!  Sir 
Ivjhcrt  Tnrnhiill  as  general  inana,i,fer  r.\  the  London  and  Xorth 
\\'e>terii  l\'ail\vay  mi  ()ct()l)er  5.  U)14,  and  tiKik  his  place  nn  the 
cunin,ittee.  Henry  W.  ThorntDii  of  the  (".reat  luistern  Rail\\:iy, 
an  Atnerican.  joined  the  coniniittee  on  helialf  of  his  road.  John 
A.  V.  Aspinall,  ijcneral  nianat;er  of  the  r.ancas!'.i:'e  and  \'or'<:- 
shire  Railway,  was  in  'lermany  at  the  time  nf  his  a])p<jintinent 
and  wa-i  held  a  iiri'^-ner  nf  war  frnm  AtiL;ust  17  to  Seiitember 
21.  I'n4.  Dm-in^  this  ])eriod  his  a-sistant.  Arthur  \\'at-on. 
ser\ed  in  his  stead,  and  \v;is  later  made  a  permanent  member  of 
the  committee  alonu'  w  itii  his  chief.  .\s  to  the  nominal  chair- 
man, Jijhn  r.urns  was  president  of  the  Hoard  of  Trade  at  the 
onthreak  of  the  war.  and  became  automatically  chairman  of  the 
ciimmittee.  ex  I'l'licin.  His  resir;iiation  froiii  the  cabinet,  a  few 
d;ns  later,  was  followed,  by  the  ap;K>intment  of  Walter  Rttnci- 
m;m,  who  thii^  becnme  numiii.'d  chairman  of  the  committee.  He 
was  succeeded  earlv  in  1''17  by  Sir  Albert  H.  Stanley,  maiiai.'"inL;' 
director  nf  the  I 'nderuT' amd  F'.lectric  Railwaws  of  London.  Her- 
liert  .\.  Walker  of  the  l.niidon  and  South  Western  i\ail\va\-  has 
scr\  ed  as  acting;  and  active  chairman  from  the  beginning;  down 
tn  the  present  time.' 

Thus  the  wirkinj^  makeup  of  the  Committee,  after  the  -e\eral 
chan<res  outlined  alwve.  is  tlie  followinn:: 


Official  chairm.an  Sir  Mhert  H.  Stankw,  ex  otlici.  i 

.Actinir  chairman  Sir     11,     .\.     Walker.    London    ami 

South  Western  R.iilwav 
Donald  .\.  Mathcs.Mi  Caledonian  Railwav 

Sir  Sam  Fav  Great  Centr;il  R,iilw;i\ 


•  Mo'i'ir.i.    \\:i]l<iT.    Fiirhe-.  anil    1".    H.    D- iit   liavr   li.-.-n   Isiiiijhtoci    ^ince   the 
lieititiiiing  of  tin'  war. 


80 


\\    Wv     \liM  IXI-'i  u  \  fli, 


KAII.W    \\ 


Jluiiry  \\  .    I  ii,,nil..ii 
(-'.  II.  i  )eiil 
I'rank  I'otter 
ji'hn  A.  ]■'.  .\>i.irall 
Arihiir  Wat-.<,ii 


Giiy  Caltlmp 

Sir  William  Forln-^ 

Sir  Cjuv  (iraiict 


<  iii-at  i;a-!cni  Kailwav 

'■rcat   Xurthcni  ivailwa}- 

'  -rt-at  W  esieni  Railway 

1  aiK-asliiru  ami   Wirkshire   Railway 

Sii[)cniitiiulein.    Lancashire  and 

^  urkshire   Railway 
l-'iidoti   and    Xorth    Western    Rail- 

w  ay 
f.'indon.   l!rif:ht<.n  and  S<nilli  Ccast 

Railway 
-'^li'Iland  Railway 
SirA.  Kaye     ntieTw,..nh    Xnrih    l-a-U-rn   Railway 
S.rF.  II.  Dent  S,m,h    i-.a^tern   and   Chatham    Rail- 

way 

With  the  exception  of  Superintendent  Watson  of  the  I^n- 
ca>h,re  and  Vork.I.re  Railway  the  actiye  committee  i.  composed 
^^'i<  Iv  ■>!  railway  .^.K-ral  managers,  who.  in  add.fon  to  their 
work  on  the  c.nnnttee,  are  res,H,ns,l>le  f,,r  tlu-  n,ana,rement  and 
operation  ot  tiieir  respectiye  railways. 

'Hm  the  Raihvay  Kxecutiye  c;o„,mittee  is  a  representatiye 
bodj  may  Ik  .,ud,a-d  irom  the  fact  that  the  mads  directly  repre- 
sented on  the  committee  operate  more  than  15.0(\1  miles  or 
^U  thrce^pianers  „f  the  entire  s.ean,  .Iway  mileage  of  (i;eat 
Bntam,     1  he  committee  has  ^eperal  control.  .,f  course,  over  the 

operations  ot  all  British  r,, ads  whether  represented  hy  memi.^ 
sh  i-  on   the  conumttee  or  not.     The   followin,^  tal.le  giyes  the 
">.l«.c  operate.1  hy  Hri.i.h  lailuay.  ,n  the  a,,re.ate,  a^   by 
roads    repre.sente-I    ..n    the    Railway    F,.xecutiye    Committe         ' 

Deceml>er     1.10,5.  d,e  late,  .late  f,,r  which  re,un,sa;;  J 
al.le  from  the  hu^^V,.],  Railwa-    ^•,ar  l!o,,k. 


c.KEAT  i;i(riAix  81 

Miles 
opurateii 

Crcat  P.ritaiii   (  alHuu  i 20,30(1 

(, 'aleduiiian 1 . 1 1 S 

( ircat  Central    7SO 

Great  I'.astern    1.1 'U 

Great  Xortheni 888 

<  .reat  Western 3.02'^ 

l-aneasliire  and  ^"nrksliire (•,[)[ 

Ijindon  and  Xnrth  Western 2.0(i" 

I.nndon  ami  South  Western 085 

f.uni'cn,  Urii^ht'in  and  Smith  t 'i  last 457 

Midland    l/i5it 

Xortii  Eastern 1 .755 

South  Kastern  and  fhatliani 037 

Total,  twelve  railwax- 15.16i"> 


Tt  should 
committee 


be  borne  in  mind  that  the  nr,i:;anizati(>n  of 


a  central 


ii    railwav   o 


fticial 


itl 


s   witii    broad   powers   Uurnu 


tlie 


)en(in 


of  tl 


le  war  did  not  directly  affect  the  internal  composi- 
tion of  each  railway's  personnel.  Each  memlx;r  of  the  Rail- 
way Executive  Committee  continued  to  act  as  general  manager 
I't  his  own  line,  and  other  raihvav  officials  were  retained  as  far 


!>' 


»le.  subject  to  such  chansres  as  are 


aiwav! 


taki 


Ii\'  reason  of  death,  res 

tidual  changes  li!( night 

the  general  personnel   of  each   raihva\ 

remained  as  nearly  intact  as  the  inroad^ 

and  changes  would  permit.     Similar! 

cDininued  much  as  l>efore.  and  such 


place 


gnation,  or  otherwise,  and  to  the  addi- 
atx)iit  bv  the  war.     Th 


e  ori/amzation  ot 


^\as  also  reta 
'f  war's  nianv 


med.   aiK 


■mane 


V,  tne  routine  of  oijeration 


questions  as 


w 


age  adiust- 


nients.  changes  ::i  working  conditions   and  the  like,  were  usualiv 
taken  up  directly  \vith  the  responsible  officials  of  each  road. 

To  make  this  fact  clear  from  the  outset,  the  railwav  com- 
panies quite  generally  issued  statements  to  their  einploves  and  the 
public,  of  which  the  folloving  is  a  tyjiical  example: 

The  taking  over  by  the  government  of  the  control  of  this 
railway  is  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  movement  of 


82 


U   \K    M>.\!l\I-lU.\lln\   ,11     |<M,,\v  \vs 


trooi».      It   n.uM   1,0  cLariy   u.uicTM,  „„1   tlu.t    the   tenns   of 
em,,Ioy„K-nt  o,  ,1k-  MalY  u,ll  nnuun  nnaltctcl  and  ,„,truc- 


I  lie  ;;/,.</«.  „/,.-,««,//  of  the  railways  under  uar  c.,„dui.ns  n,av 
then  he  dc^cnht-d  as  f„ll„u  - :  .i..v.rnn.cn,  trartk  ,„„vc.l  at  the 
request  ,,l   ^..v.rnnKiu,  ar.ny,  ..r  naval   oniciaU,   cuhcr  ^.„eral 


or  local;  detailed  niuvements 


were   u\  eliaii^e  ,,i'  il,r  partieiilar 


railu^ay  a.Veue.l  ,,„-  ,l,e  ,n,.n,ent;  the  ta^k  of  the  Raduas'  I'-^^Z 
tn-e  Lon.nnttee  uas  to  .nmndate  -a^u-ral  pnnciples,  and  t,V co- 
ordinate the  work  ,,f  ,lie  scve-al  i-ii'unv  ,-  .'  ,  '''^ 
efficient  whole.                  ^— "'''."..a^    o„an,.at,nn,  nuo  an 

•'^'H-  third  ,iue>fon  raided  at  the  ont.et  of  ,1,,.  chapter  relates 

to  t  .■  M.KM,,.n  ,,.  the  ,lnanc,al  a.,ee:ncnt  het.cen  the  ,over„: 
-ent   and   the  raiiuav.      dh.s  agreement   was   provided    fn 


tl>cact,,f  1871  already  ctcd,  in  the  followin 


w  I  ird.-, : 


Ihere  shall   he  paid   to  any  pc-rson  or  hodv   ,.f  pers^uis 

ht   lKon,pen.a,,,n  tor  any  loss, ,ri,u,,rvthevn,av  have 
■      ■      •      ii'Kicr   this    ^ect  on   -,s   ni-,,-   l^>    ;         j 

^ ,;,,,         ,    .,  ,  '  "-   '''   f''^    .i.'"veninicnt   control   ,,ver  the 

railways  shad  l>e  m  effect. 

In   other  wonU    the  act  not  ,,.,!,■  „  i 

Doners  tr.  .   '  ,  •    •"'"''  ''""^  Roverninent  wi.lc 

Po.c,     to  taK-e  over  the  railways  in  tin>e  of  enier^^encv    hut  nre 

cr.n,        er,,ternis,henatt,re,.^ 

railuavs  .o  con,„,an,Ieere,l  sho„i,I  he  ,,pcrated.  nainelv    that  the 

^■nn..nt   sho,dd    niake   ••full    con,pcLa,i,,,,    for  ^n;.!"^ 

nn'S^n7^l9R  -   ""  '^"'"^"  •"^'-'-"  "'  "-  ^   ".!,  Kn.,er„  a.,!  Chatha.u 


I.  Id-:  \  r  II  lu  IAIN' 


S.> 


injury."  1 1  ilic  nature  .iiid  cxttiu  oi  tins  coiiiin'nr-ati'Ui  could 
nut  he  agreed  upon  liclwci-n  llic  ,i;i  n'ci  niuuit  and  the  lailwavs,  the 
[Kiinl.-,  (if  ch'tYerence  were  to  he  >uhniitted  to  arl)itration. 

The  re(|uirenie!it  tlni>  laid  ui>e)n  tlie  ilritish  ,i,'overunu  nt  In- 
law was  met  in  I'il4  hy  nlean^  of  a  mutual  ayreeinenl  hetween 
the  f^overnnient  and  the  railway-,  the  iMincipal  features  of  which 
were  as  folkiw  s : 

1.  It  was  a,t,'reed  hy  the  railways  that  tiieir  ori^aiuzaiion  "^hould 
Ix.'  placed  without  reserve  at  the  disposal  of  the  military  author- 
ities, for  tlie  iran-portatiou  of  troops,  puns  and  munitions,  niili- 
tary  eqni]unent  and  .-njjplies,  wlten,  where,  and  under  whatever 
conditions  needed.  lor  purposes  of  military  transportation  any 
railway  or  .irroup  of  railways  would  virtually  he  coniniandeered 
!or  exclusive  military  service  whenever  the  (x'ca-ion  demanded, 
all  other  trat'lic  heiiiL;  -idetracked  or  re-lricleil  imtil  the  exi.i;encv 
had  passed. 

2.  It  was  nuitually  agreed  that  no  money  would  pass  from 
the  f^ovcrnment  trea-ury  into  that  of  any  railway  for  anv  specific 
movement  of  troop-  or  supplies. 

3.  The  frovernment  trea.sury  agreed  to  jiay  to  each  railway,  at 
certain  periodic  intervals, '  such  sums  of  money  as  would  hring 
its  net  income  for  the  period  to  the  level  of  the  last  cor:e.s|wn(l- 
ing  period  before  the  outhrcak  of  the  war.  In  other  words,  the 
government  guaranteed  the  normal  net  income  of  each  road,  no 
less  and  no  more.  If  a  railway  should  suffer  a  deficit,  /.  c.  if 
the  money  received  hy  it  from  the  general  pul)lic  for  the  trans- 
[Kirtation  of  commercial  goods  and  non-niilitarv  passengers 
sh.nild  prove  insufficient  to  meet  its  expenses  of  operation,  the 
.government  agreed  not  only  to  pay  .ver  such  amount  of  money 
as  would  make  up  the  deficit,  hut  also  to  add  enough  to  its  pay- 
ment to  place  the  road  in  the  same  relative  condition  (as  regards 
net  income*  as  I>efoie  the  war.  Conversely,  if  any  railway 
shotdd  he  so  favorably  situated  (as  for  example,  a  road  originat- 
ing a  tremendous  amount  of  traffic')   as  to  earn  more  than  it.- 


'  Settlement-  ,irf  maiie  monthly,  hut  are  verificii  ami  a'ljii^tod  at  the  close 
nf  each  fiscal  year  by  a  careful  audit  ot  railway  accounts.  This  audit  is 
made  hy  cliartered  accnuntants  in  the  emplov  of  the  government. 


84 


"■A«    M'MlWnUMlnv  ..,     UMl.SX   \^, 


the  treasury.  "'"  "^''"^  """ 

•+.    It   u a-  agreed  that   t!,c  nunnal   „.,   ,nc,,n>..   „„•  ,,,l,   ,,n.l 
•;..    Nco,n.,,e.Ha.thenctnu.,,„,eac.uallv.an,cd  : 

year  iiiultr  iH.-acv  ouidaiotis.     The  v.-,,-   I'M  ^    ,i, 

^ -!;:.,:■,';:"•■'::"!;:■■;;;■;" ■ ''™" 

rr::/:;:":;;;::,,::;;;:;;:; -t;i ;;;-;;::-;: 

""^    lir^      ~l'\(''l    111,  ml  1      .  .»    .1,  1        I 

(-ri-w      ..  ,  .i''.(.il    Ilk  I  I'asLN   or   (  (•- 

^:::::rT;  :t':"" " ■""■■""-■ - 

.-;"™.-.«.i";~::,:;,:r'::,::l;-'''"'-"-- 

'^  '      a^raph,  hax  c  retcrrcd  to  nionev  pass- 

'  -Sec  pace  86. 

-This  corresiioiiils  rr.imliK-  i      •■      i 
tlic    [ntirstato   Cni„M„.r-MT         ■'"''".'"-.'>'  "P^i-atimr  income "  If.-,,,  v     -,,    ■ 
revenues  and  expe,,::;:"'     ^"—--   "-ntl„y-  rcporrfo™  l^rafl'wav 


CRF.  \T   lUUTAIM 


83 


ill},'  In  .111  llu'  railvvav.  i..  ilu'  -..vcniim'.it  trc.-.Miry.  ,,r  \kl-  vir-,a. 
vft  tlu'  actual  traiisfcT  .a  iiim,h-v~  was  ii-i,ally  carried  on  tlinni},'li 
the  Railuav  I-.xccutivc  (  ..iiiinittce.  uliicli  acit-!  as  a  clcariii- 
limise  lK't\\crii  tlic  ro.uK. 

The  tl.iancial  iiruvi>in]is  ,  f  ,I,e  a.i^rccnicnt  jiist  .icM-ril.cd  were 
iiia.Ie  till'  snliifct  ..f  ,,t^lcial  aniKniiKTnifiit.  first,  in  a  l.ric:  siatc- 
"ici.t  l.v  thf  prcsi.lc-ni  nf  ,1k-  .„,ani  oi  Trade  ,..  1 'arliaiiicnl  on 
Aiij^nst  _'/,  ]n]4.  and  ^va.n>\  l,v  the  llnard  ..f  -Iia-If  itsolf  i,,  a 
l'>nnal  aniiMinHcnicnt  dated  Scptcinl>er  15.   11114 

President  Walter  Kiincinian  nf  the  Hoard  ..f  Trade  said: 

His  .Majesiy's  .l;.  .veriinient  have  assumed  the  c.ntrol  ,,f 
tlierailuavscK.reat  llritain.  .  .  .  The  iniHvidual  c.ni- 
panies  retain  the  nianaj^enient  of  their  lines  suhject  to  re- 
strictions   issued    hy   or   thron},di    the   exenitive    committee. 

■  .  X..  present  iiaynients  arc  '.ein-  made  tor  services 
rendered  to  the  S"veniment. 

The  annnnncenunt  of  tlie   Hoard  ,,f  Trade  read,   in  part,  as 
follows : 


Siihject  to  the  nndeniientioned  condition,  the  compensa- 
tion to  bt  paid  them  (the  owner.s  .,f  the  railwavs)  shall  Ik- 
the  sum  hy  which  the  a-f^-e-ate  net  receipts  of  their  rail- 
ways for  the  period  durin.;  which  the  s^oveinment  are  in 
IK.s,session  tall  short  of  the  a,o,c:resate  net  receipts  for  the 
correspondiii,-  perio.!  of  1913.  [f.  however,  the  net  receipts 
of  the  companies  for  the  first  half  of  1Q14  were  less  than 
the  net  receipts  for  the  first  half  of  19Li,  the  sum  payable 
is  to  be  reduced  in  the  same  proportion. 

This  sum,  together  with  the  net  receipts  of  the  railway 
companies  taken  over,  is  to  he  distributed  in  pro|xirtion  to 
the  net  receipts  of  each  company  durinir  the  period  with 
wliich  comparison  is  made. 

The  comiH-nsation  to  he  paid  under  this  arranjjement  will 
cover  all  special  services  such  as  those  in  connection  with 
military  and  naval  transport,  rendered  to  the  j^wcninient  bv 
the  railways  concerned,  and  it  w  ill,  therefore,  t)e  unnecessary 
to  make  any  payments  in  respect  to  such  transport  on  die 
railwavs  taken  over. 


8f, 


W   \K     \li\ll  - 


1 1(  M  iiiv  (M   KAii.u  ^^.s 


Liulcr  the  inuMMuu  that  tlic  net  income  of   1914  bhoiil.l  k- 
regarded  as  k-ss  than  tl.at  -f  l'.M3  i„  the  san.c  ratio  by  ulud, 
the  normal  net  mcme  uf  tlie  lir.t  >evcn  months  of    I'/U   fell 
iK-low  that  ot  the  cone>,,..ndin-  perio.i  of  1913.  it  wa.  cMimatnl 
that  the  aggregate  net  nuome  uhich  tiie  government  giia.aniced 
ilie  radways  lor  the  last  the  months  of  1«^14  u,.uld  average  ln>in 
luo  and  one-half  to  three  jM^r  cent  lower  than  ,i  l,..l  l,.,n  dnnnr 
the   satne   peri.xl  of    V>U.'      Althoi.gh    tin,    percentage    vaned 
"•"■n  I -ad  to  ruad,  in:ing  higher  or  lower  in  acconlanee  with  the 
part.cdar  situation  of  the  road,   the  mean   ,.r  ge.teral  a^erage 
ai-proxnnated  something  more  than  a  two  and  „ne-half  per  on. 
decrease.     Thi>  fact   led  the  l.ond„n  St.nsf  u>  denonnnate  the 
agreement  hetween  the  g„ven„nu,t  and  the  raihvavs  one  ".m.ler 
whK-h  the  raduays  were  taken  over  by  the  state  dming  the  uar 
'"•  a  rcial  of  the  net  earnings  of  the  vear  of  l'»13.  les,  a  i.er- 
centage  allowance  of  alwiit  two  and  one-half  per  cent  •' 

1  lie  war  u  as  hardly  nnder  ^^  ay,  !„  ,aever.  bef,  Te  factors  ca.ne 
"'•'>  l>  ^v  ..>  .no,lify  the  agreentcnt.    The  letter  organised  gronps 
">    -aduav  employes   l,egan   with    lOl?   ,,   ,,,^^^  ,,^,,„,,,,„,^    ,.,^ 
H^  .er  rates  ot  ,^y.    The  trend  of  rail.av  wages  and  ,he  nature 
.ind  amonnt  of  the  war  bonuses  granted  durlntr  10,.    ,,„,,   „„, 
"1.   are  d,.cnssed  in  detail  in  the  next  chapter.     The  In.nlen  of 
the  several  wa-  b,,„„.e<  ^^a.  .h^Mldered  h>   ,he  ,.,vern„,ent.  ex- 
cept that  a,   ,lu.  ,i„K.  :he  f,rst  honns  of  abont  two  and  a  h.If 
shtlhng.  a   ueek   .a.  .ranted^  the  roads  agreed  to  .arr^•  n„e- 
qturter  ,.,  ,hat  par,  ,,f  i,  paid  ,o  en,ployes  covered  hv  the  K'ail- 
way  Conc,l,a„nn  Scheme,  hi  h'en  of  the  two  and  -.„ed,alf  per  >v„, 
rednct-nn  ,n  net  incon,e  described  aN.ve.     The  rednctin,,  provi- 

-n  d.,pped  nnt  ,T  con,idera,i,,n  permancn.Iv.  efTective  lamtarv 

•        1.^     r.a.er  uar  bonnses  were  a^smned  bv  the  governn.en't 

treasnn,  as  .„„],,  „ar„rallv  be  expected  front'the  nature  of  the 

t-u,c.al   agrecnent   wliereby  anv   increase  in   railway  expendi- 

took  a  s!,ar,.  ,l,nv>nvar,l  t,  rn      RotMr,?-      f  ,    ,       '   "''"'/   "'f  '""""'   "^f   -'"'>■ 
i.icI.i.linR  Jnly.  arc  no,  av:,ilaf,le  '  ""'°"""  ^""^  """  '"■''''  "'°"'1'5. 

-'  Sec  pasc   100. 


i.Hi;  \  I  iii([  iM\ 


87 


aires  not  accomiianii'd  li\   a  iMn 


W'lild  a.iIuiiiatKalls-  1 


«.'  met 


tl 


\iiMll 


i'>|H)II(||||;^'    lIUTCa 

le  ^ii\critiik-tit. 


>t'  111  revenues 


IT   iiiDililiiaiiMii 


iiM'il  cliai>;c 
the  war  |K.Tii 


ill    tilt.'   tiiiaiKial    ai 


ii-ciiu'iit    'flatcil    to 


s  nil  iH.\\  capital  invented  in  railway  proiRTt  •  diiniii 


iM'cl  chai! 


art- 


ilcar  tliat  a  railway  iliat  t'uuiul 


lt^Cll 


>iit  lit  net  inc 


It    IS 


I'lrci'il 


cies  or  other  tratlic  ciinilit 


loiN  (liTiii''-   the 


track  inilcas,'!-.  it>  e(|iii 


iiy  military  cxi^r,., 
war  to   iiicrea-.e  its 


IMiiciit.  ..r  other  I'acilitr 


in 


It 


>  capital  ami  its  ca[iital  charfjes 


tlierchs-  iiicrc 


is- 


ailcaiita^^'  in 
I  ICC  <it"  siu'li  a 


conipaiisoii  with  ronds  not 


"oiild  U'  placed  at  a  rjis 


)  sitiiatci 


po>,ii)ility  waN  ret 


izcd  I 


lie  iiijus- 


a  liiiKv  and  early  in  1' 
a~  to  proM.Jc  a   I'oiir 


lie  linancial  a-rcemcnt  was 


>y  tl.  •  j;overniiieiit  after 


o  iiiodilicil 


111'  lit  (  n  all 


per  cent  interest 


allow aiice  hv  the 


cajiital  invested  in 


;iit  4,   i')l4.     -|- 


new  railwav 


le  allowaiKe  u; 
the  j,'overi,:nent  treasury  to  tl 


a  I 


l.K 


property  since  Aii- 


d  to  tiie  payments  made 


nitist  liave  I)een 


iii'-ested  on  liiie> 


le  several  rail 

1 


t: 


num.  or  other  ne 


That 
'  Tdin; 


ca[)ital 

e<|iii[>- 

u   tacihties  put  into  use  since  Januarv  1,  \')\^, 


s  or  hraiiclies.  termiiui 


the  mteiitioii  was  to  al 


ow-  the  interest  clia 


iiy  iniprovenieiits  and  hettcri 


rq'es  not  lor 


existence   |>rior  to    I'll.l   hut 


nents  {>{  road  or  eciiii 


(lit 


H'lis  to  railway   faciliti 


to  take  care  of  wlioll 


liiipmeiil  in 


new-  stations  or  other  Iniilc 
stock. 


Micl 
and 


v  new 


1  a-  new    extensions  of  hue, 
new   ailditii'iK  to  the  rollin"- 


British  ra 


ihvays  have  r<'!ati\eK    few    UuhK 


and  their  financial  prohi 


from  tho.se  of  A 
llu'   riiited    Kiii'i-d 


ems  are,  there f 


merican  ri 


(N 


rdlnarv 


and   prcierrcd    .locks   and   del.eiitiir, 


ir  notes  oiitstand- 

ore.   (|uite   ililTercni 

Of  the  t.,tal  railway  capita!  of 

)rin  of 


oni.  ni,,ie  than  '")  j,.,-  ,.^,,„   j^  j„  ,,^^  j- 


'cin.LT  e(|nivalent   to  the  Am 


maturity,     Less  tlia 

railways  have  had 

refunding;  outstandiiu 

Still  another  modifi 


-tock 
ericaii  income  lir.nd  with 


tl 


n  one  per  cent  coiiH^t-  -if  ], 


X'lrtual 


no   nee 


1    I. 


nice 


t    th 


securities  since  the  war  bet 
eatiiiii   I  if  the   linancial   a"'! 


le  latter 
'Mit  date  of 
The  British 
p.-ol 


>iem  ot 


an. 


was  more  an  interprefaiinn  ,,f  the  ternis  n{  th 
chan-e    in    its    lUKlerlvinir    principle..    ,]^aU    wit! 


eement,   w 


hich 
as:rcement  than  a 


1    niamteiiance 


S8 


W  \R    ADMIMMHATION    ()!■•    RAILWAYS 


charges.    British  railways  found  it  .!if>^ailt  iiiidn  ilu^  u...    uii.l,- 

tiuiix  of  >canty  lalior  and  heavy  trafTic  to  kcii-  "1'  ''n^^ir  iinrnial 

maintenance  work.     \,:i  any  inainiiriana'   w,,rk  .leferre.l   to  a 

fnmre  i.^-ri.,d  was  clearly  diarucal.Ic  t,.  the  expense  acctnit,  ,,t 

the  years  whereii,  tiie  wear  an.I  lear  >  .f  tl,e  service  niaJe  the  work 

necessary.     To  all,.w  m,  tin>  liie  j;ovirnn;ent  provided,  early  in 

191/.  that  reasonable  cliarires  fur  maintenance  of  road  and  e(|ui[> 

ment  could  Kr  airru,!  ,„  ihc  ,,, ^-rating  exjK-nse  accounts,  and  ii 

delerred  sh,  ul.l  !.<•  credited  lo  i-eser\-es  which  c.nild  later  Ik-  drawn 

against   tor  the  dcfcrre.l  maintenance  work.      The  government 

ajrreed  to  rej,'a>d  tiie  maintenance  charges  of  1913,  ,,his  a  twelve 

an<l   M,u-half   per   cent'    ad.lition,    to  cover   mcrea.e    ,n    price. 

as   a    reasnnahle   charge    for   each   year   of    war   c.iun,!       1  ,,r 

each   road   the  difference  between   this   ••re.is.n.nbk--   charge   of 

112^^  per  cent  of  h.  l')],^  .x,.erienre  atnl  the  am..„nt  actnallv 

e.xpended  by  it  in  eadi  w.ir  >ear  rc,,rcs.„ts  tlu-  deferred  mam- 

tenance  allowed  l)y  the  government. 

A  third  m.MlifK-.-ui.M,  dcah  with  the  ,„atter  of  compensation 
for  stores  ,  ,.  ,..  materials  a.id  sr.ppjies  ,  in  the  hands  ,,f  the  roads 
at  the  tmie  ihe>  pns,,,l  „„,i,r  government  cntrol.  Inasmuch 
as  prices  have  hem  rising  during  the  war.  it  would  l>e  unrea- 
sonable to  n,|n>re  the  roads  <, .  ,v,.!cmsb  tlu-ir  storks  ,,t  ma- 
ferials,  at  the  en.l  of  the  war,  a,  higher  prices  than  thev  paid 
f-r  the  st.H-ks  ihcy  turned  over  to  the  governmem.  Under  an 
arrangement  between  the  nads  and  the  government,  the  railwav 
.-ompames  were  assnred  of  a  s,od.  of  „,atenals  at  the  close  of 
the  p>T,od  of  governmcr.t  control  equal  to  that  on  hand  at  the 
l-iTinnmg  ot  the  perio.],  or  iN  equivalent  in  cash 

W  e  have  .een  that  the  law  of  I.SJI.  under  which,  ,!„■  war  o„..r-, 
t.nn  of  tbe  P.ritisI,  railwavs  has  been  con,luc,e<l.  authorized  the 
government  to  ,.„,  ,l,e  schenu.  n,to  effect  for  not  longer  than  one 
week  at  a  tune.  Tin-  provision  ha.  Ik'cu  followed,  the  arrange- 
ment lK.mg  renewed  each  week,  as  will  nndoubtedlv  coutipue  to 
lie  (lone  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

This  completes  the  general  outline  of  the  scheme  under  which 


the  British  railwavs 


'  1.^1 


liavc  betn  operating  since  .Aucrust   .-.   1014 


liT   imTt;,s,,|   t,,    15   in-r  c^,„,_ 


GREAT  BRITAIN 


89 


^liciiic  u;is  cxiaiui,.  I  ..II  J.iiiiiarv    1.    i'/| 


rail\\ays  of  Ireland.     Th« 


i.tki 


in  the 


railwaxs 


(jrif^iiial  jilan  included  onlv  the  >teain 


of  Great  IJritain.  l.arriiiK  only  the  half-dozen  sulm 


'I  other  city  railways  of  J.nndon.  hut  .lid 


av 


\  -|C•tlI^. 


Tl 


not  tcniih  the  Irish 


luse   systeni>   oiH-iated    under   their 


nii-ni-  uiilil  lal.    iii    I'M,,    i,,],,.,,  ,1^.  ,| 


and  til 


iiicti   tc.r  V,  ar  Im.iuix 


iMiiaiids  of  their  ent|;iiie 


own   nianaja'- 
inen 


s  as  sreat  as  ili 


DSC 


the 


sKleratiMii  Inr  nriti^h  railway  eniplnves  1 


n  under  con- 


<1  already  ^laiued 
1"15.  hut  dcclaii-d  tl 
ernrneiu  trcasurv,  a 


H;canic  acute 


Tl 


le  load-i 


iiTlaui 


leinsch 


N muses,   bcRinnint,'   in    Fcl.rna 
es  tnialile  to  compete 


nd  atlcr  a  I'ruitles 


lOIr, 


'iifereni 


.itli  ill 
.11  I) 


rail 


l^'lwccn  rcprc-cniati 


cci-nilie; 


\\a\-  ii)aiiai:iTs 


"'   '111-  1,'ovcrnmfnt.  the   Iri 


am!  the 


nu-nt  derided  1,.  cnl   llie  <  ;..rdiaii  I 
Ireland   into  the  war  sclieine.      Tl 


I'niMneiiien  and  lireMJeii.  il 


le  povcrn- 

kii 't  and  hrin^r  the  lailwavs  of 


US  wa 


s  (lone  l)v  ineaiis  of  .-m 


"rdcr   in   o.iuu-il.   and   on    famiarv    1,    I')]  7.   the    l,,di    rail 


)a.sscd 


umler  ,i;"veriinieiu  eontrc 


was  virtually  th 
M-'iarate  RaiK 


he  arranwtiu'iii  f.  ir  Irt 


ani 


r  s'unc  as  that   for  Civat   Hrita 


!• 


Ml    t 


xccntive  (  oiiiinittee  was  created 


inaiuial    resi)onsil)ilit\    was 


in.  exi'ciit   that  a 


Irelaiiil 


'tssunied 


l>V      till 


'.\  liK-h  acreed  to  ni 
'iieir  normal  level. 


ii'ntain  the  net 


nernnient. 


ineouie  of  the   Iridi  r^ad- 


The  operated  niileajrc  of  the  railways  of  Ireland  is  ah 


oine  2.500  miles  of 


>ut  .V.^IK") 


Iri  si 


!ne  are  directiv  re 


1  Kauwav 


•'.xerntivc  Conitnittee,  wl 


pre-ented  on  th 


cretarv  for  Irela 


Hie  the 


'X'erninen 


md  is  nonn'nal  cliai 


t  I 


niler 


Icariii).,'  House  also  has 
'  consfitute<I  as  follows: 


tirnian.      The  Iridi   l:,iilwav 


a  representative  <'u  the 


(■"ininittee.  which 


or 


Utticial  Chan  man       .S,r  Wilham  Ilyrne,  Under  .-^ecretarv  u 
reland 

••■    \.  Xcalc.  (neat  ."^.^uthcrn  and  Wcsicm 

l\ailw  a\- 
Irish  Railway  t;iearinf,r  House,  .Secretary 
I'nl.lin  and  .^outh  I'astern  Railway 
(.reat  Xorthern  Railway  of  Ireland 
.Midland  C.reat  Western  Railway 
-Xorthern    Counties    Conunittee    ^of    the 
M'llland  Railway) 


.\ctin;,'  Cliainnan        I-; 


Josc|ih  Inj^ram 
James  Cojjhlan 
John  liagwell 
M.  F.  Keogh 
I.  Cowie 


CHAPTER  11 


r- 


land 


!"ir~t  III; 


Labor  and  Wages 

th 


ill  iMf  the  rai-iiiL;  of  troojjs  was  by  volun- 
tary i-iilisiiiicm.  ami  call-  were  made  for  all  aljlc-liodied  men  of 

1  he  record  of  I'-'itish  railway 
eniploMs  ill  tlii- 
tl 


ilit. 


arv  aLie  i.i   j'  in  iIk 


>U  1-,-. 


'>eci  was  iiiii>t  jiatnotic. 


K    rank' 
United  K 


mated  that  aliout  15n 


iii^dcii 


hey  enlisted  fr^  in 
d    I  rum   over   Jie  whole  of   the 
11.  until  at  the  close  of  the  vear  1916  it  was  esli- 


rail\\a\- 


W 


'MiO  railway  employes  were  with  the  colors.' 


lien  it  is  con>idereii   that  this  iniinl 


quarter  of  the  n..rm-d  U 
K 


)er  reinesents  nearlv  one- 


ce  nf  railway  empluyes  in  the  United 
oiii,  and  j)r.ii,aply  one-half  the  male  employes  of  military 


;e,  the  enli-tiiK-nt  lecord  stand 


tion.  aiixiliar\-  f.  >rce< 


:>ut  as  a  notable  one.     In  addi- 


.f  I 


ritish  railway  men  were  sent  to  the 


niil;tar\-  zone 


ranee  to  assist  in  tiie  construction  and 


tion  of  much  needed  railwavs,  while  still  otl 


ipera- 


trans 

skill 


U-rred  to  the  munition- 


ler  employes  were 
de|iartnunt  of  the  L'-overnnient  as 


ed  workers  m  the  munitions  plair.s,  or  to  other  branches  of 


industry  calli!i,<r  for  skilled  lal>or  for  war  j 


Indeed   th 


uirpoces 


e   record,   even    from   the  bednni 


wortln-, 


too   note 

playin,;:  the  r.ile  of  IVter  robbed  t< 
Iteiii!,'  denuded  of  train(('  lab 
vital   railway  operations   at   I 
.f  tl 


lor  it   soon  developed  that  the  ra 


ns.  proved  almost 


ilwa\s  wen; 


pay  raid,  and  that  thev  were 


■  r  i(.rcf 
lonie. 


It   was   not   l( 
outbreak  of  the  war,  tlierelore.  that  the  War  Office 


cmp 


with  the  railway-  in  the  wa\-  of  placi 


liadiy  needed  to  carrv  on 


after  th.e 
was  cooiierat- 


ove- 


.\- 


\n^  restrictions  on  their 


tl 


irly  as   September.    1014    tl 


K'ir  employes  that  the  \\'ar  f)fu 


ic  railwavs  notified 


til 


Tlie   Knjjiish    Kail 


le   mimlier  of   cnli-teil 


Iwav   \, 


ice  w<inl(l  thereafter  accept  no 
r   Bunk   for   1917  nives  a  list  of   railwavs  and 


total   nnmlier   of   tli 


empli.yrs   of   each.     D 


cent  of  the 


ic<e   (■nli^tm^■^ts 


iwn   to  the  end   of   1916  the 


at  the   licginn 


number   of   empl. 


nmnhcr  ah.int  6.=!0,000. 


r.f    hri<tilitie/.     B 


was  13,1,077,   which   represented  21 
in    the   pavroll   of   th 


ritisli    railuT 


eniplf 


per 
'   same   companies 
in    normal    times 


lilUIAT    IIRITAIV 


91 


railway  man  "unless  he  presents  a  w  ritten  stat 


cunipany   who  employs   him   to   the   ettect   that   he   1 


railwa}' 

aiii>roached   the  hea.I   of   his   d 

necessary  jiennishion  to  enli>t. 


einent   from  the 


las 


■partment  and  has  obtained  the 


As  a  corollarv.  it  w; 


111 


ivernment  that  the  rai: 


emphasized  Ixjth  by  the  rail 
way  employe  could  serve  h 


a>  well  at  his  jiost  as  in  the  field.     The  ra 


ways  and 
is  country 


notified  their  employes  that  tl 


(,(.•' irj^rg  i>>in'(l  ;i  incssa' 

"ere  •■as.sistm-  in  the  prosecution  of  tl 


'ulways  (juite  generally 
leirs  was  a  vital  war  service.'    Kinir 


:e  to  all  workers,  jioiiiting  out  that  th 


■mrades  serving  l,v  land 


and 


ey 

le  war  ecpuJlv  wi.h  their 


~ea. 


-tated   that   railwa\ 
services  of  the 


Similarly,  Earl  Kitchener 


men    who   were   "maintaining   the    ra 


ihvav 


iuniry  (were)  doing  their  duty  for  their  King 


;ni(l  country  equally  with  those  who  joined  tl 


in  the  field."    Lord 
at  I';(linbiir!/h  on  1 ) 


nianiKT  that  rail 


il 


ic  army  for  service 

oseliery,  formerly  Prime  -Minister,  speaking 

said  in  the  most  emphatic 

truly  serving  their  King  and 

:ie  course  of  an 


ecciiiber  18,  1914 


uav  men  were 


leir  conntrv-  as  any  man  in  the  trenches."     Fn  tl 


Irc'ss  at  Xewcastle,  April  20.   1915,  p 


extolled   the   work   of   the 
man.  and  all  other 


ime  Minister  Asquith 


miner,    the   shipbuilder,    the   rail 


way 


s  wlio  wer 


the 


ere  contributing  to  the  ethciencv  of 
ihe  army.     "I  reiK;at,"  said  he.  "this  is  the  nation's  war."      ' 

Students  of  general    war  conditions   in   Great   Britain   know- 
that  the  early  enlistments  tended  to  sap  a  numlx^r  of  im,Hirtant 
■ndustnes.  such  for  example  as  the  Welsh  coal  mining  industry 
In^me  instances  the  government  was  forced  to  recall  soldiers 

it^'e^te'  :u::u;:J::  |:;ii;';:-  "■-  -^ '-  ^--  >— >  -^aiuvav  to 

=^5  ^~;",:~  "-"S-rr  £;£  sz„it,^:x,™; 


WAU    \IIMIVIS  I  R  \  ilMN    (11     l<  MI.WA^.- 


"■'""  '111'  !  'hIi  I'mtit  a;i<'  put  ihciii  :ii  ilicir  oM  wnris;  in  tin.- 
case  ol  ra)l\\a\  oiijil.  .\  r~,  ..f  c.  n-r-c,  nun  n\1i,,  rctniin'il  m  ilii-; 
way   were  set  a.i;aiii   t(j   ri-iidfr  transportation   service. 


ih 


:Ii 


Clumsy  taslnnn  a  rea<.iiistinent  nf  availahle  industrial  add  nidi 
lary  torce-  \\a-  elYected  -ucli  a~  umiM  imt  have  I 


ive  hem  nece--sar' 


liaii  II.. t  iMri'si'^ht  and 


'mniiiii  -oii-e  -uIm  .rdinaled  iheinvelves  t( 


tlic  -eenni!';  call  ..I  raf  i^ii 


c  ilntw 


it  may  he  noted  thai   ihe  Mriiidi  rad 


\\a\-  were  -cniMiientallv 


ver\   pr.iid  ..|   tlie  enh>lnu;nt  rec-rd.  ..t  then-  men.  ;inil  ,hd  \vh 


tl 


e\     conlil    I 


express   their   iirn 


rniploye-,  who  had  iouicd  the  cnl( 
tho-e  who  had  I'alleii  in  hattle  i,r  .lied 


It 
le.  They  niaiiitaiiicil  lists  ni 
rs.  as  well  as  rolls  of  honor  of 


if  woiHids,  maii\-  of  the 


lioiior    h-N    ;iiid    i 


oils   Demi. 


posted   111   stations  or   other  i)ul 


places;  al   k 
lialt;ilion   .if 


listed  men  on  their  roll 


a-t  one  road,  the  Xonh  I'ast 
Id 


1>UI):1C 


ern,  organized 


!'"•  enipl.Acs.     ddie  railways  agreed  t.r  keep 
s  as  on  leave,  an. I  t.)  ,:.;ram  tliem  ihe  s 


lK)sittons  or  ..ther.  ..f  eqtial  rank  if  thev  returned 


ahditv.      Idio    al- 
wiil  he  discussed   l;ii 


\\it:i.'ut  d 


T\ 


'iia.le  L^encr. 
Iter  in  thi.  idiaptc 


all.iwances   t.i   them,   which 


le  eidiMmeiu-   of   r.ritish   raih. 


readjust 


ay  employe.s.  even   wit! 


1    tilt 


ment-    |ii-t    deM-rihe.l.    w .  re    snfiicient    to    for 


siderahle  change  in  tl 


le  conipositiiin  .if  the  emploved  f. 


was  hron-ht  ah.  ut  principally  in  three  wavs.     I 
liie  .uovernmeni  h,\  a  system  of  classitleati.,!]  -rade.! 
lary  ;ii 
lir-t    clas 


ce   a    c.  ill 
'rce.    'Idii' 


11  the  lirst  place. 


men  o|  niih- 


e  .m  >  .spicitic  -r.uips:  ,l,e  military  fit,  tli..sc  eli'dh' 


'r  secon.i  p 


eli^dhle  f. 

.111.      .Vow   li\-  cl: 


service    in   ihr   tren.hc,:    tlio.e   sli'ditK"   It 


c   hir 
iit,   men 


lie.  re-erve,  or  iKdiiml  the  li 


Irequently  jxissihle  to  suhst 


i—ilymi;-  raiK\a\    emplovcs  in  th 


ue  duty,  and  s.  i 
is  way.  it  was 


hJLd 


icr  srade,   tlierel 


itute  lower  c;-raile  men   for  tin 


y  releasmi;-  ilu-   latter   f 


vacancn  >  in  rail\\a\-  perMiimel  h 


-e  ot 
or  militarv  service 


C(l  so  tar 


were  fill 

railwav  tield.      It 


,''n 


alioiit  in  this  nr 


as  p.  iN^ihle  f 


pr.ices 


roni  raw  material  fn  .tii  out>i.le  tlit 


vvas  (It ten  the  case  tl 


-service  -rades  v,  ere  drilled  men  whose  pi; 


lat   men  ..f  the  militarv 


tilU 


ir.  Ill  .  !K-;  'e  ;1 


le  niHNs  .,f  the  ra 


ices  conlii  not  easilv 


ilway  employes  themselves 


(iKFAT    i;UH  \IN 


93 


the  lower  i,Iu>iVal  -radcs  ,,t  men  uere  nften  .Kung  less  skilled 
work,  and  their  i,lace>  en'.il.l  ni.,re  easily  l>e  filled  from  oiitMde. 
in  tlii>  uay.  l,y  readjii^tiiients  uiihm  the  railuav  force,  it  l)eeanie 
I—ihle  to  release  niatiy  men  i.t  anive  uar  ^erviee  wh,,se  places 
could  not  otherNvi.e  have  Uen  filled  from  outsi.le  the  railways, 
and  to  till  their  placo  uiih  men  relatively  less  eligible  for  mili- 
tary duty 

In  the  secnd  place,  the  government  endeavored  in  every  pos- 
Mh'c  uay  to  enal.le  the  railuay.  to  snspend  work  and  rcMrict 
service  i..,t  absolutely  necessary,  and  so  to  coordinate  the  work 
ol  the  railways  that  they  could  utilize  one  another's  facilities 
-r  labor  and  thereby  avoid  duplicating  uork.  These  economies 
an.l  restrictions  are  discns^ed  in  the  following  chapter;  thev  con- 
sisted m  the  reduction  of  service,  economv  of  operati.,n. 'aboli- 
tion of  accounting  and  statistical  methods,  and  in  manv  similar 
mode?  of  cutting  down  labor  and  time. 

In  the  third  place,  much  of  the  simpler  and  less  skilled  sort 
ot  railway  work  uas  turne.I  over  to  women  and  girls  \vhose 
employment  released  a  corresiK.nding  number  of  n  .'e  emnloves 
>-r  military  duty.  There  had  I,ecn  emplovment  of  women 'on 
!  K-  r.ntish  railw.ays  for  some  time,  hut  only  in  a  limited  wav 
H"uevcr,  the  national  necessity  overhanging  England  was  so 
,i;reat  that  in  the  end  every  pergonal  or  class  consideration  was 
^tilHMdinated  to  it.  and  a  large  number  of  women  and  girb-  were 
taken  into  railway  service,  as  tiiey  vvere  into  manv  other  in.lus- 
tnes  ot  England.  .\t  last  accounts,  the  number  of  women  em- 
plnyc.  oi  Mritish  railways  uas  consitlerablv  over  5O.(X)0  and  mav 
even  h;ive  reached  I0(1,(\1(i. 

Women  have  been  utilised  lar,:elv  a^  -enend  clerks  idc-ra- 
pher...  I.K.king  derk.s  , /.  ,-.,  ticket  ai^ents,,  checkers,  engine  and 
carnage  cleaners,  ticket  collectors,  e.xaminers  and  sorters  uait- 
res.ses  and  dining  car  attendants,  guards  an<I  porters,  and  in  manv 
nnnor  caj-acitics.  Thev  have  aNo  been  emploved  to  some  extern 
as  machinists  i„  railway  shops.  One  of  the  fir^t  problems  tint 
arose  u.th  regard  to  their  employment  in  these  capacities  wa>  in 
connection  with  the  railuay  trade  unions.    It  should  ]k  borne  in 


94 


\V  \K    \lJ.MiM- I  1<  M  luN   Ul     UAU.UAVS 


iniiicl  that  tluic  an-  llircc  priiiciiial  uiii'iii>  that  lar,L;i.'ly  contiol 
the  n-latioii,-,  ot  lui^h-h  railway  iiioii  ami  their  employers.  These 
are  ilie  Associated  Society  of  Lor. 'in.  aive  I".ii,<;iiieer.->  and  h'ire- 
iiieii.  the  Xaiioiia'  riiion  of  Raihvaymen,  and  the  Railway  Clerks' 
Assoi'iation.  'IlK-e  are  the  principal  Iwdies,  although  many 
railwav  eniplo\e-  are  meni'mrs  of  the  various  national  cratt  or 
-h"])  iinion>,  1  he  railway  unions  f.ir  the  nio-t  part  ac(iuiesced  m 
the  eniplo\nu!iit  of  \\o;i  en,  hut  attempted  to  secure  such  restric- 
iion^  mu  the  eniplounent  of  women  a^  would  retain  the  rein> 
of  ]alM)r  coiiiroi  in  then'  own  hand>.  The  Xaiional  I'nion  of 
Kailwaxnieii  e\en  wciu  >o  far  a>  I  ■  aci  ept  women  employes  as 
nieml)cr>.  althoUL^h  they  were  accepted  on  a  teni])orary  basis. 
d'he  general  secretary'-  report  i  June  IN.  l'M7,  i  stated  that 
■■wiiatever  the  future  holds  with  rej^ard  to  the  employment  of 
women,  il  is  \er\-  e-scntial  tliat  we  realize  thew  are  part  of  the 
indu-lrial  machine  at  present  and  that  their  place  is  insiile  the 
iiiiiiin,  not  onK-  foi-  their  own  interests  Init  tho-e  of  the  men 
whose  jilace--  tluw  are  temporarily  takine;."  The  Railway  Clerks' 
Association  had  accejjted  wotnen  as  mcmhers  licfore  the  war. 
so  that  little  or  no  chani^e  was  rcipiircd  in  their  foriu  of  ori^Miu'- 
/atiou  to  rnlarL;e  their  female  uiember.diip.  The  .Associated 
Soiiet\-  of  I.oconiotivi'  l'.nL,Mnecrs  and  I'^irenien  has  never  rc- 
cei\ed  women  meni'iev^.  for  wonien  are  not  employed  as  engi- 
neers or  hremen. 

Xec'otialiou-  were  carried  on  hetwee:  the  railway  nnioris  and 
the  railwavs  with  rei^ard  to  the  rales  of  pav  and  hours  of  lalxif 
of  the  women  emp!o\e^.  and  particularly  ".ith  regard  to  the  rela- 
tion of  wnman  labor  to  the  whole  scheme  of  railway  employment. 


'The  National  Liii'iii  ''t  Kailuayiin'ii  i<  tlic  Kadinu  union  nt'  Hriti-li  rail- 
way cniplcivcs.  It  includi's  moTi  of  all  Rradi's  of  work,  Imt  c-;pecially  train- 
men, maintenance  employe^;,  hostlers,  porters  and  siRnal  men.  Its  mem- 
Iicr~liip  ill  DrcomlicT,  19Ki,  was  stated  as  .^40,1)00.  The  .\s-ociatcd  Society  of 
Locomotive  KnKiiieers  and  Firemen  includes  only  euKincmen,  liremen  and 
hostlers.  Its  membership  is  .36.000  or  less  than  one-half  of  the  classes  men- 
tioned. The  Railway  Clerks'  .\ssociation  includes  agents,  stationmasters,  and 
clerks.  Its  memhership  in  1917  is  put  at  .^2.000,  ;i  majority  of  the  clerical 
workers  on  the  railwa\ '. 


i.Ki:  \r  i:ki  I  \r\- 


95 


111'  iiiiidn-^  i'i>i-tci!  that  the  iaii\va\^  should  reLi>';nizf  tl 


Iiloyiiiciit    ui    woiiifii    >triclly   a>   ati   tiiRT^a-iicy   provi 
.miieral,  tlie  wuiiuii  wcrt-  allowetl  tlie  i 


iHiiitiium  pav  (> 


f  the 


IC    flll- 


ir  i>ar 


ticmar  ^jradc  ot  w  nrl, 


w  Hull  w  a> 


than 


iiio-t  (it  tlie  men  re- 


ceived l»jr 


the 


ante  kind  nf  work:  the  assii/ned  re 


in-tanees  liein.t;   tliat  the' 


.rk 


hdrter  hours 


ason  m  some 
or   where   the\ 


rked  e(|iial  hoiiis  that  iheir  work  \\a-  less  efiicieiit  th 


that 


perlornied  Iiy  men.    The  iliiel  ohjectioiis  iir^^jed  hv  trade  nniciiisis 
to  w.man  hilMjr.  as  an  e-tahh  hed  nidnstrial   fac 


peace,   have   lu'eii   set   lorth  a> 


foil. 


I  1  ) 


W^ 


tin 
l>or  wil 


d 


iwer  piece  rate- 


-nice  \\c  linen  are  \>  ilhiiL;  t 


rk  at 


ate  tl 


laii  men  ;   (  _'  i   wii 


compete  witli  and  drive  out  man  IalK>r. 
especially  where  new  automatic  machinerv  has  l>ecn  intrixluced  as 
a  lalxjr  sa\in',;  device  since  the  wa:   Im.ke  out:   (3)    will  lead  to 


null 


tioiis  that  are  ph 


lysicaiiv  ;m<l  morally  objectionable,  such  as 
injuries  to  health  and  evils  due  to  inin^din,:,'  of  the  sexes. 

!-Jiactnicnt  of  tlie  Military  Service  hill  in  January.  1916. 
lirouj,dit  the  element  of  univer-al  liahility  to  military  service  into 
the  railway  lal)or  prohleni.  Railway  employes  were  not,  under 
the  enforcement  of  the  act.  treated  as  a  special  class,  although 
considerable  discretion  was  pliced  in  the  hands  of  niilw.av  man- 
asters  as  to  the  degree  to  which  any  particular  employe  was  in- 
dis|K?nsal)le  to  the  railway  service.  The  general  instructions  un- 
der which  these  discretionary  p<iwers  were  to  l>e  utilized  apjX'ar 

•  !"i«r  example,  as  the  result  (.f  .i  coiifcrttuc  l.ctwtcii  :\  cnniinittre  of  tlie 
general  managers  and  the  Xa'.Mnal  Union  of  Railuaynu:  ,  held  in  July,  1915, 
the  committee  wrote  the  Union  as  follows:  "I  am  desired  to  inform  you  that 
the  general  managers  have  rtxiewcd  tlie  request  niadi  Iiv  your  union  in  respect 
of  tlie  position  .  nd  pay  of  women,  and  thiy  agree  li  i!  ;lie  memorandum  re- 
ferred to  be  amended  .as  under  : 

".■\n  assurance  was  asked  tor  and  given  that  the  employment  of  women  in 
capacities  in  which  they  hnd  not  formerly  been  employed  was  an  emergencv 
Jirovision  arising  out  of  circumstances  created  hy  the  war  and  would  not 
proiudice  in  any  way  any  umUrtakiiig  given  by  the  companies  as  to  the 
reemployment  of  men  who  had  joined  the  colors  on  the  conclusion  of  the  war. 

"It  was  agreed  that  -he  employment  of  women  during  the  war  in  capacities 
m  which  they  had  n  ■  been  previously  employed  is  an  en'.rrgency  provision, 
arising  out  of  the  w.ir,  and  is  \,ithi'ut  |ireuidice  to  the  general  'iuesti  m  .if 
tlie  employment  of  women. 

"The  pay  of  women  employed  in  grades  in  which  they  were  not  employed 
prior  to  August,  1914,  for  the  duration  of  the  war,  shaU'he  the  minimum  pay 
o*  the  grade," 


96 


\\\K     .DMIMSIK  AiniN    lU'   K\\]\\\\- 


below.     'I'lie  sii^Miiruanl  iilira-c  i^  ilu-  tir-i.   uliirli  calU  i-iilv  fur 
Mich  men  a^  "can  be  >])arcil": 

1  1  I  \\  lifii  il  is  i'duihI  ai  aii\  place  lliat  a  man  ■  if  am  ].,.rticular 
tirade  or  jiositioii  can  l>e  spared,  tlic  \nuni,'e>t  nnm.anicil  man 
nmlcr  the  a-c  mI  ,i1  ami  lit  i>ir  t".irci'.;n  service  >li(>nl(l  j^n,. 

I  _' i  li  il'cre  i~  no  >ini;lc  man  nmler  the  aL;e  ni  M  available, 
the  married  man  nndcr  the  ai,'e  nt  M  with  the  fewest  children 
(  inider  14  \ear^  of  a^e  1  >h'HtId  lu  ^elected.  In  ca-es  where  the 
numlfcr  ni  childien  in  laniiiy  i-  ei|ii,ii,  the  Mumne^t  man  ^hnuld 
Ik.-  released, 

(.1)  li  .'iiter  ail  -~inL;le  .iiid  married  men  under  the  ai;c  ot'  >^  1 
and  ht  lor  inrei^n  -i  rvice,  ani',  w  h  can  be  releaseil.  have  iK'en 
e\haii>ted.  and  it  is  .-tUl  possible  t"  release  men  from  anv  L;ra<le 
nr  positiiiii,  the  xuimijest  single  man  between  the  a^e-  of  31  and 
41  and  lit  for  iorei,L,m  ^er\  ,ce  dionld  be  released,  and  afterwards 
the  m.arried  man  between  the  .a-e-  of  M  and  41  with  the  fewest 
cliildren  nnd.er  1  ^  vears  of  at,'e. 

For  several  \e;ir>  prior  to  the  war.  railwav  waije-  in  bnLjIai.d 
were  on  the  upwanl  trend,  in  I'Ml.  as  the  roult  of  a  threat- 
ened {general  strike  of  railway  em])!oye^.  adiiistmcnts  ami  ad- 
vances were  forced  on  the  railway-.  .\s  a  cornllarv  to  these 
advances  wa-  the  promise  r,f  the  i^ovcrnment  to  enact  a  law  per- 
mittiiiir  raib\a\~  to  rai-e  rates  i^.r  the  pnrjiose  of  raisin,i,r  suffi- 
oent  revemie  to  meet  the-e  w  a- .•  advance^  The  law  was  passed 
early  m  I'M.i  .-ifi,:-  c.  ^n-iderab-.-  debate,  and  in  jnlv  of  thaf  year 
the  lailways  attempteil  to  make  effective  certain  freight  rate 
increases,  averagin.<:  ahont  four  j^er  cmt.  -,o  as  to  counterbalance 
•hv  wa-e  increases  of  I'M!,  llu-e  rate  ad\  .mci-.  ,li.l  not  become 
Kener.il!\  effective  \mtil  e,irl>  m  l'M4  -r  onK  ,a  f,-w  months 
before  the  otnbre.ik'   of  the   war. 

Dmin-  tin-  period  of  freight  rate  a.ljn-tment.  from  I'^ll  to 
l'']4,  no  -encral  waj,a-  a.lvance  had  taken  place  on  the  Enghsh 
railways.  altlion.!;h  tlie  railway  ntiions  were  consistentiv  work- 
incr  for  hi.^luM-  rates  of  compensation,     Ibuler  the  .so  called  Rail- 


i.i<i:\r  i.Ki  I  \i\- 


07 


\\a\    '  iiiiciliatinii   SflicMUf'   iliai    hccaiii'-  liti-itur  v:i\\\    in    1"). 


tin-  mill  .ii>  I'l 


■uld 


nc  a   \car  s  in  .tK'c  d    their 


ihr  ^clicn'e,  on  an\   date  a 


Iter  \. 


AL'IlllitT    I  I. 


>irc  til  aliiilish 


lie  iiiiinns 


\rry  i^'ciicrally  tiHjk  advaiitaj^'e  nl    their   iirivilei^e  mi   that     late. 
Ill  iiit'viii'j   the  rail\'.av.>  tliat  i>ii    N'cuenilier  3' t.   I'M4,  thev  wniilil 


th 


il<l 


;ht   t( 
:1 


Hiiliate   the   i  Unci 
111 


liat 


Inn    Sijieii' 


xjieet  tlioroiit;!!  readjii'-tnients  in  the  \\aL,'e  -cale 


Th 


mil  tiu'  s[)rin,L,'  anil  earl 


snninicr  nf    l'iI4  the 


unions  \<  ere  en 
L;ai;eu   in  cnii''     eiices  with  each  nlher  and   in  iieL'i  itiatimis  witli 


the 


aiiwav   iiianauers. 


I)U 


t   tl 


le   war   hroke   uiit   hel'cnc-   clelinitt 


ai,'reeinents  mi  wa^e  re.uliii-'t'i'.ent--   were   leache 


)n  Oitdlier 


1.    1"14.  t! 


le  unions  ai:ree 


d   with  the  rail\\a\s  that  tlii 


.■XlStlllL 


Coiu-iliation  Scheme  shoulil  continue  in  ct'tect  until  one  or  lioil 


■-iiies  jjave   SIX   \ 
called   Iiiilu>trial 


iCek 


s    notice  ( 


It   al 


>rotration. 


th 


l')i; 


Iiy  nuitual  atjreeinent  of  the  railway 
\\a^   rejected  at   a  j^eneral   nieetiiii. 


a  new   sclieiiie  was  j)ioiK)se(l 
vs  and  the  union  ot'licials.  hut 


Kadwaynien   m   the  spimi 


>f  the   Xati 
of   1016.      XcLTotiatic 


i: 


nii.n   oi 


were   aiiaili 


'  Tliis   Cnnciliatinn    Srlioim'    was   t'lc   ro^ult   of   niiitiuil   acrtrTr-iit   licuvecii 


ilu- 


av  unuMis  am 


till 


iipaiiifi,  anil  pnniili d  fur  tlir  i.  raliiii  fit  (.'mi- 


tiliation    lUianl^   nn  each   railway,  on   wliich   hutli   the  company   and  the 
ploycs    shriiild    have    representation.      The    sclieme    was    origiiially    put    intn 


operation  'n  l'*07.  htit  was  nioilifiecl  as  a  ro-nlt  of  the 


e  general  railway  s 


trike 


■>f   .\iigust,   1911.     .\il  settleniems  hy  the  Conciliation   Boards  were  binding 
during  the  period  of  operation  of  the  scheme. 


Thi 


ct  I; 


mguagc  r 


f  tl 


lis  truce  w 


as  as  {' 


"Ili.it  nllt^^ith■tanding  tht"  notice  of  detcriuiiiatii  ill  whicli  exjMre^  on  M> 
N'i'Vi  niliir.  l'>l-4.  the  scheme  of  conciliation  settled  at  the  Board  of  Tra'le 
conference  oii  II  Decemher,  1911,  shall  retnain  in  force  and  tliat  the  nun's 
sides  of  tile  hoards  on  each  of  the  several  railways  as  at  pri-sent  constituted 
shall  continue  to  act,  iirovided  that  either  the  railway  companies,  the  Xatimial 
I'niiin  of  Kailwaynien,  or  the  .Associated  Society  of  Locomotive  Kngineits 
.niil  I'ircmcn  may  give  six  weeks  notice  to  determine  the  acriemcnt,  and 
thereupon  till-  parlii-s  lierito  shall  atirer  as  to  the  arran^'emeiits  to  be  adopted 
fur  the  future. 

"It  was  further  airried  that  all  i-xisting  contr.ccts  and  cunilitions  of  service 
shall  remain  in  operation,  and  that  no  new  agreements  shall  he  made  hy  the 
companies  eitluT  with  deputations  or  Conciliation  Hoards  during  this  sus- 
peiisory  period." 

The  provisions  of  this  truce  were  restated  in  subsequent  agreements  be- 
tween the  unions  and  the  companies.  Thus  the  agreement  of  October  Id, 
1'51.\  carried  the  following  as  its  final  provision:  "(6)  It  is  agreed  that  the 
truce  entered  into  at  the  meeting  between  the  parties  hereto  on  October  I, 
1914,  shall  continue  in  force  until  the  agreement  now  tuade  is  iletermined.' 
The  same  pro\i^jon  appeared  in  the  aL'reemenis  of  .■September.  1916.  and 
•Npril.  1917. 


98 


WAR   AOMlNt-TKATKIN   (»l     KMI  WAYS 


rcMinu'il  in  l'M7,  Imi  willi'iU  ilrliiiitc  rc-nlt,  mi  far  as  iiu'orma- 
tion  i^  a\ailal>lc  at  tlie  prc^'iit  urilmj;. 

Ina-'imich  as  ^onie  tlirfc  years  bad  jia-^'-cil  ~ini  e  a  ^Liitr.il  ri'\  i- 
siiiu  I'i  rail\\a\  \va},a'S,  and  ncRotiaib'iN  i' ir  a  ie\i.-ii'ii  were  under 
way  at  the  time  w;ir  broke  out,  ibe  >ta},'e  wa^  ^et  lUr  wa;,a'  de- 
mand.-' nil  llie  ]iarl  111  the  railwav  cmiilnxe--  ^(inii  alter  tbe  iK-i^iti- 
llillf,' of  hiKtilitiv-.  'I  be-e  demand^  were  madr  in>i;-lent  li\-  rea- 
-iin  nf  tin-  -teadil)  ri^iiiL;  in-t  "i  \i\-\\)v,  -iiue  I'Ul  and  llie  e^- 
I>eeiall_\'  diarp  n|iturn   in  ]irue.-<  after  Au^u.-.t.   I' '14. 

liefiiri'  tmiiniL;  i)  a  di-oussion  of  waf^es  oi'  llriti^h  railuay 
I'lnpliixe^  will  I  remained  at  tbeir  pu-^t^  duiiii'.,''  tbe  war,  we  ma\' 
L;Ianeii  briedy  at  tbe  Inianeial  --iuiation  of  the  men  who  eiilisled. 
Tbe  railway  ■-  iiniie  Ljenerally  made  allowanees  to  men  with  de- 
]iinileni'-,  in  additn/n  t^  tin  ir  reL'.nlar  army  ]iav  and  reparation 
allow anees,  de--i^-ned  to  make  it  rea--ouably  certain  tbat  at  least 
tbe  efiuivalent  of  fonr-flfllis  of  a  man'.>  noiinal  eaniini;'^  readied 
hi-  tamil\-  dnrini;  bi^  ab-enre.  W  hat  tbe  War  'X'tlce  turned  o\-cr 
t"  the  ]irivate's  faniilx-  eaib  week  varied  according,''  to  ibe  size 
of  tbe  family:  for  a  wife  mily  it  antiiimted  at  f'ir>t  to  i  1  s.  1  d.. 
with  1  -.  ''  d.  additional  for  each  iIcpeiKlent  ebild  u]i  to  three. 
and  !  -.  2  d.  fur  each  (  hii  '  after  tbe  tbiid.  .Xhoiit  one-third 
of  the  amount  i  !  these  payments  cnnipriNecl  allocations  set  aside 
by  the  ,L;overnnuiit  fri-m  the  soltlirr's  pay.  while  the  remainini:; 
two-tbir(k  rejiresented  the  l;i  nernmcnt  s(..|>,-iratioii  allowance. 
On  (  )ctolier  1,  1014,  the  scale  w.">  increased  to  12  s.  f>  d.  weekly 
for  tbe  wife.  _'  -.  h  d.  per  child  additional  up  to  three,  and  .'  s. 
for  e,-ieh  child  after  the  third,  (in  M.ircb  1.  I'MS.  the  weekly 
allowance  for  children  was  a,L;ain  increased  to  5  s.  for  the  first 
child.  _'  -.  (i  <].  lor  the  -econd  child,  rnid  2  -.  for  each  child  after 
the  second.  Miitlur:e-->  cbihiren  were  ,L;!-antcd  each  5  s.  per 
week.  do  tbe~e  anioiintr  the  raihvavs  addeil  whatever  was 
nece";ir\  to  brin-  tlie  total  family  allowance  to  not  less  than 
four-tilths  of  the  man's  iionnal  income.  In  tbe  case  cif  the 
lower  jiaid  mm.  it  sometimes  ran  even  above  four-fiftlis.  Cer- 
tain privile,L;cs  and  perquisites  were  usually  retained  bv  men  who 
joined    tb.e   colors,   such   as  continued    occiipalioii    of    company 


i.KEAT   IlKll  AIN 


I  Ml 


limist";,  the  ri^'lit  to  piirclia^e  coal  at  cheap  rates,  contimiance  of 
im-nik-rshi])  in  pcii-ii.n  funds,  etc'  A,i,'ain.  xnne  of  the  unions, 
Muli  a^  thr  Xati^nal  I  iiii>n  of  l\ail\\  ayincn.  carrii'd  enlisted 
men  .n  tlicir  rolls  witliout  callin-  upon  them  to  l,ee])  up  iheir 
diK's  (ir  (ilher  periocHcal  payment--. 

(  ine  iif  the  lir-t  prMlilrnis  to  confront  the  railways  was  that 
Mt  wa^e  ad)U-lnients  Imi"  employes  who  cunlinued  in  railway 
service,  '^lle^e  waj^e  adjustments  were  at  li:st  made  under  the 
name  of  "war  l)onuses,"  >eivin,L;  temporarily  to  increase  wa;;es 
without  makiiij;  the  settlement  permanent  or  clo-ini,'  the  door 
to  post-war  nef^otiatioiis.  'Ih.-it  is,  tlie  "war  honuses''  were 
simpK  temporal)-  expedients,  nej^nitiated  under  emtij^ency  con- 
ditions and  desii,uKil  to  lea\f  the  whole  ([uestioii  of  normal  wai;e 
levels  to  Ik-  rco|)ened  and  (Uscussed  (/<•  iwrii  at  tlie  close  of  hos- 
tilities. i'.e,i,dn,iini;  in  April,  I'M",  the  war  honus  principle  f.'rad- 
u.illv  L;a\e  wa\'  hefore  the  insiste-it  demand  of  the  unions  that 
the  increases  he  regarded  as  uiii/rs  rather  than  Nmuses." 

Tlie  extent  to  which  the  railways  have  participated  in  the 
hurden  of  these  war  honuses  and  adjustments  is  very  slight. 
Tluw  .assumed  one-(iiiarler  of  the  tiist  honus  of  three  and  two 
shilhnns  per  week  to  employes  under  the  Conciliation  Scheme, 
in  consideration  of  the  alxTlition  of  the  proviso  as  to  the  pro  rata 

'  Whilo  tlusc  ]iayiiunt.-  and  iiriviKiji's  utr.-  Kranu-d  ]>\  the  imlivi'lual  rail- 
ways to  tlii'ir  ompln\es,  tluy  were  Koiieral  eiioii^jii  ti  warrant  .■tticial  imtices 
from  t!ic  R.iilway  Kxecutive  Committee  as  follows: 

Aiimist  12.  1914.  "1  lie  railway  comi)aiiie<;  have  arranged  to  keep  open  posi- 
tions for  Reservists  and  Territorials  wdio  have  joineil  the  colors.  The  cotn- 
jianics  will  also  make  allowance  to  the  families  durinir  tlie  time  the  men  are 
ahsent  from  their  homes,  and  will,  when  necessary,  pay  the  subscription  to 
the  companies'  snperamutation  and  provident  finids." 

.\iinnst  27.  IQU.  "We  are  authorized  to  state  with  rcKarcl  to  .\rmy  Re- 
servists in  railway  -ervice  wlio  have  joined  tlie  colors,  the  railway  com- 
panies have  arranged  to  su|i|iUinent  the  army  pay  and  allowances  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  families  will  he  maintained  in  circum- tances  wdiich  should 
avoid  hardship  durim;  the  ahsence  of  the  bread  winner  of  the  family.  Occn- 
paiits  of  tlie  comiianies'  houses  will  not  he  disturbed.  This  also  api>lie-  to 
the  families  of  N'aval  Reservists  and  N'olunteers. 

"In  addition,  on  the  return  of  the  men  from  active  service,  positiins  will 
be  found  for  them  on  the  railways  equal  to  th'so  they  formerly  occniiied. 
If  through  any  ovcrsiKht  any  family  finds  itself  in  want  of  assistance,  the 
attention  of  the  railwny  company  concerned  should  be  at  once  calleil  to  the 
case." 

-  See  page  lOo. 


lUG 


U.\K    MIMIMSIKAIIIIN  oi     KAII.W  A^ 


rnlucli.u,  of  net  inc.mc-  by  aU.u,  iu„  an,l  one-half  per  cent- 
all^'^ilKT  vvafic  advances  |,avc-  k-.n  frt.arantecl  l.y  the  Kovcrn- 

The  first  war  l„.„u.  uas  ar.an.^cl  iK-.u.cn  ,he  railwavs  and 

K  two  pr,nc,pal  nn.ons  (National  Tnion  uf  I^a.luavnu'n  and 

he  Assocated  s...a.,y  of  J.,.on,o,ive  Engineers  and  Lnnun  , 

o     H-hn,ary  U.  l..,5.  an.I  applied  to  snch  cnployes  of  .l,.-  I  „- 

•Vhemc.  he  .,n,n„,  i,a,|  .,cnmnded  an  all  unuul  nurca..  ,., 

of.  and  th,.  ,I..„,an,l  was  repealed  in  JarMarv.  l')15  \f,er  some 
ne.o,.at.on.  the  railways  .ranted  ....ir  n,en  a  war  l.onns  !  :" 
"Ur  to  3  s.  a  week  to  men  whose  s,,-n„lar,|  «a.c-  ra..-  .a.  nnd.r 
30  >.  per  week.  an.I  2  s.  ,o  those  wh.,s.  ,,,,  ,.,,  3,.  ,  ^,^  ,;  :; 
J  he  avera-e  of  this  honns   was  ah,,,,,    '  .    ,    ,,  : 

wa,-iK,„n.an,o,,n.,n«,„l,6d.  a^u.w;.a,  ,,-a,,,;    ," 
Ployes  under  18  years  of  a.e  en,a,ed  ,„  ,..i„  „,;         ,'  '!  ,  ^^ 

two  honnses  were  enlarged  in  Octol>er,  I'M  .    ,,'  ,,,     , '  „  .,'  '"  " 
to  5  s.  in  the  case  of  adnlt.  -n,.!    '  >    ,■ '  '^  "'^"-■■•'^^•'1 

the  result  of  an  a-aecne,     ij        '  ^  "     ""  "'"''''   '''  '"'^ 

:i::;:;-:::;:,,::;:,:;r;;,;::;,,;;;:^ 

stale  ,s)i. .1,1,1  remain  m   imre  as  l..,i.r  ■,,  ,)„. 

c-'HUroI  of  ,l,e   railwavs     „I  i     ,        "  .^"ven„„c,„    uas   ,„ 

''.■> •^;'-"^;i:-;:  ;:;;:;t'''"T', - 

-- -■■"■ -":'-::":in:'t::;;;;;t:* 


<;l<K  \  I    |!KI  I  \IV 


101 


"11  til.-  |.art  <<\   ihci,    iikiiiUts,  ,|,,r  i,,  ^,i,, 
lal  I'll   t'l   iii.ikr   Mii-li   oft'orts  c'lt'ectivc. 


I">rt  ,iny  vtrik.    ninler- 


lii  Aii'-ii^i.    I'Mh.  il 


iriff  ;iii 
aviiiil   li 


liti 


ic-  unions  i)nike  this  tKtiip.u  t   I 
■I    l'>  s.   piT  week,  liiit   ei 


>\    iliiiiaii'l- 


ic  appearaiuc  of   vi.ilaliiiL^  il 


a^kmt:  ii>r  it  as  a  watrc 


I'v-  jilraMiiiL;  till-  iincxpvctiMl  diirati 
iiiand  was  tiii<lcr  disc 
"'    a   strike  nn    tin- 


.1,^  llii'ir  a^'reeiiK-iit- 
ailvaiuv  ratluT  than  a  !'•  iiiu> 


Xatii.iial    r 


if 


iil(.'a\orv'l  to 

in    pad    l)v 

and  in  part 

nn  of  the  war.'    Wliilc  tl    .  ,1,- 

iission.  a  <Ti-  is  was  precipitated  \,v  tiic  threat 

pait   of   the   .sontli   Wal 


lich   was  refused. 


l\ail\\a\nun. 
and 


ales    Distru-t    I'f   tl 
he   railways   offered    .? 


le 


alter   the    Koard 


ot 


\ene(l 


rui  aKreeiiietit  was  liiiajly  reached  hv  \vl 


iMiiscs  were  doiihlcd  to  10  s.  for  i 


radc   had    inter- 
liich  the  evistiiii: 


neti  and  .^  s.  for 


iiicrea'-es  ti 
11)1 


fert 


I'll   ."^eptenilier   If;,    I'lK, 


Th( 


.\i 


the   tinioiis  demanded 


aiii  in   .March 


.\|iril 


HI    additional    lO 


and  _'  s.  f)  d,,  respecti\ 


lecennu 


l>onus  to  date  15  s.  [te 


r  w  eek  tor  men.  aiK 


or 


f. 


ely.     This  made  the  total 

niiedialf  that  amount. 


war 


bo  vs. 


,''rantefi  to  women  and 


In  addition,   \aric 


s  honnse- 


netn 


3 


vceklv  to  won 


k'lrls,  l)Of;mmn{^  in  Scpteml)cr.  10]  r,,  with 


I'S  years;  these  l)on 


len  and  one-half  that  amount  to  mrN 


use- 


were  increased   in  A 


an  I 


s.  9  d.,  respect 


I  "1 7.  t. 


pectivcly. 


Aniotit:^    the     shop    workers     s 


made. 


TI 


miliar     'ncreas,' 


he  lirst  war 


amounted  to  3 
I'lr    time    workers 


>nnns  was  ,e:rante( 


Fcl 


)ruar\-. 


were 
101 ; 


inder 


UMIlg 


per   weel 
ami    h 


Th 


I  s  w  a  - 


later  increased   tn   4 


>ei.tcmlH'r,    101(,.    tlu-v    received 


per    cent    for    piece    workers.       h 


.\t    the    1 


an   additional 


e    U'L,dniiin','    of    lOi; 


pait    of    them 


per   week. 
w  ere    in- 


Thc   demand   was   couched   in   the    f.ill 


the  Rovernment  h.is  take 


lowincr   lan^'iiase:     "That   inasmuch 


ncccssi'its   of    life,    thi 
ih 


no  effective   steps   to  control   th 


e  annual  ceneral  niectintr.  derid 
panies  in  the  United  KuiKdom  f 


s    committee,    in    uniformity    witli    the    inst 


te  price  of  the 


ris    of 
railway 


vli'de  of  on 
var  lias 


tl). 
p.irti 


r  members  on   the   frdl. 


extended    beyond    th 


to  make  an  application  to  all  the 

or  an  mcrease  of  10  s.  per  week   fir  the 

wmc  cronnds;    (1)   that  the  duration  of 


and 


!cs  to  the  present  aprreement;   (2)  that  Ih 


e    period   contemplated    hv    the 


contracting 


still 


risinp  in  a   higher 

our  members,   which   are 


le  cost  of  commodities  has  ri 


earnings  of 

decent  conditions  of  life 


proportion   than   is   warranted   by   th 


-n(B 


icient   in   many 


sen 
e  present 


cases  to  maintai 


10.' 


\\   \l'    \li.MI\l-l  l<  \  I  l(i\   ,i|     u  Ml  v\   x^s 


cluckd  un.lcr  ilu-  „.,„,s  ,„  .,„  ...^uxinuu  k'tumi  the  ciaf' 
unions'  un  ihc  ,,„.  l,,u„|  ...,,1  iIk  I  ,,;,., iicnni;:  i:ni,,!.,vcr-,'  Fed- 
eration on  the  ,.,1,..,  l,;„„l.  ,l,,,,^^  l„,th  s„lc-,  .^;ree,l  t.,  allow 
the  government  (  ..wiuaux-  .m  l'ru<hutP.n  i„  o.n.M.ler  the  pp.l^ 
lem  of  wage  a<ljn>tnieiit,s  three  tmie,  each  year,  in  lel.nnry 
June  an.!  Uctok-r,  an.l  i,,  niak.  mkI,  nureases  as  „u^;ht  seen" 
J-  .tihed  l>y  conditions.  |  h,  ra.luays  were  aCfe.-ted  hv  this  agree- 
nent  m  so  far  as  certain  oi  their  craft  or  shop  w'urkers  were 
concenK-,1  I  „,!,,  the  agreement  the  Committee  o„  l'r,.l„c,i„n 
in  hel,n,ar>.    1-17.  auarded  5  s,  a  u.d.  a,  an  a.M,t,„nal   uar 

honus  and  „,  June  sull  another  3  v  t en  over  KS  an.l  1  .   (.  d 

to  boys  under  l.s  This  last  auard  U-came  ettective  Angnst  \. 
iJU.  1  hese  same  increases  ucrc  abided  I,,  ,1,.  u.cklv  earnings 
of  piece  workers,  ,.,„„,„„  ,,„H,,r,.  ,,„i  „„,^.,^  ^^.,,^,  ^^.,^_.^^^, 
on  systems  of  ,,,•,^nK.„,  a.crding  ,„  result.,  and  were  made  "as 
^w.r  advances,  nu.nd.d  ,„  a..,.,  ,„  n.o  ,n,,  ,he  mcreased  cost 
01  hvmg,  and  ,.,  k-  no,,„„.<l  as  due  ,„  and  dependent  on  the 
If'the'vi^r-  ""'  """'"'""'  ""^^-  prevailing  in  c,.nse.|nence 

Salari.1  em,,l,.e.  ™  iiu-hided  ,„  ,I,e  uar  U.nus  scheme  „n 
•"  -'  ';  '""•  ■"^■"  '■-■•■'■^'•".^'  1-  ll.an  OKI  ,^.r  ve.-.r  were 
graji.ed  an  annual  uar  l,nn,.  „■  .1.1  „r  5  >.  per  ueek.  while  those 

'       rf.'-"^    •^'"-■■'    ^-'^'•■'■"'^■-'■^rea.nedsuehainoiimas 
Would  liiiiu'-  them  nn  u.   f'l  ;       '11,         1 

.^        m  up  1.    i.l,,       llu-e  lH.iui>es  were  duuhled  in 
beptenilier.  ]'>U). 

J  I'";    ^I'"'     l"!"-   tlH-  ua,    l-,nu.  pnnnple   was   >trictlv  ol>- 

scr  cd,  l„„l,  u,  cuneeiion  «uh  increases  to  trainmen.  „.  derks 

and  to  shopmen  and  ,„her  .„rker..     The  particular  kaniig  ol 

'-faction   .luTa.luav   uage  situati,,,,   uas  ,l,at  king  in   die 

.  "rent  special  grants  rather  than  added  wages,  the  Unm..  did 

'-■■'I>P'vto,.vei-timeor.Snnd.avw,,rk,  pav„,en,   f-.r  .  hich  .as 
computed  at  the  .,1,1  ,aie-.  ' 

''f    thee    cr,-,f,    .""ions     "rmcd    rn   ,hvn    %h''"''r'f'-      '"    '"'^^   "">t.v-twa 
Amn„„  ,l,e  crafts  represented  on  tli.rnl.,..;^'''   ^'''K--";"'""'"    Committee. 
e...,nca.  workers,  harass  wo2r,'';;m';rr:'rnd   mK'"'^''"^'  ■"••"'""-- 
'hml-^ay  Gaelic  (I.on,l..n>.  J„Iy  27.  I017,  ,,   07. 


(,HK  \  1    HIU  I  MV 


103 


i 


it'Kiniiiiij^  uilh  ilic    \|,ii|  grants,  hi.ur 


V  (T.  Ilif  w  .ir 


sh, 


liiiiiiis  |)riii- 


ik'  siiowi-d  MK'i-  i>l  I  rimihliii^^. 


In  these  grants  uerc  idrnliulf.l  l.v  ilu-  Iv'ailuav  I 
iimicr  acting'  as 
tas  hail  tMriiierlv 


I'  lU•)^ntlatlIlll^  lca(hii),'  up 


mhIi  rathiT  tliaii   tnr  llic  in 
lM.'tii  the  case  I,  and  the  adchlional 


.xeiiitive  C'oiji- 


iluKliial  lotniiaim-s 


las  peniiitli-d    to  :i\t\i\y   in   C(im|.ntalii  .iis    ixr   S 


HlIUls   l)t    .S    S. 


HI 


imdav    umi1 


a> 


as   \\vv\ 


a\    duties. 


Ill 


\\as  (hiveii  hi.iiic   in 
the  war  lH)ntK  <>{   I  ; 


WlL'llSt. 


is   \\a>  tlie  Mpeninj,'  wedjje,    uliich 
At  this  tiiiif   (  Aiiun-t   N,    I'Ur. ) 


Ikhhi- 
■'.xeintive  dm 


KaiUv  a\- 


elt'ect  (It  the  ihan 


|H'r  week   was  \> 
itiiillee  iiiiuertfd 


ajjreeiiieiit   will,   the 


into  the  caU-iilati 


I'lK  I' 


"war   \ra;;es."   the 
the  iiKTeasi's  siiue   l'M4 


'II  I'f  paytiients  lor  overtime  a 


n. 


spi'e 


It  tl 


siindav  W(irl. 


lese  various  eom-essions.  unrest  contimieil  an 


I  lie  \arions  rail 


hreak  out 


way  niiioiis.   which   even  threatened  ;U   li 


iiiti 


.f    \"( 


open  indii-tii;'.I  warfare.     Diiriii"-  the  lat 


venilier,    1"»17.   the   Xat 


nies  to 
ter  part 


ional   Tin'on   of    Railwavnien   had 


under  coiisid 


demands,  wlneli  laid  dow 


ition  the  formnlation  of  a  pro<;r:i 


:nn.  or  series  c 


.f 


n  certain  minimum  provisions  ret^ard- 
iK-urs.  rates  of  pav.  holidavs,  and  the  like,  and  called   for 


equal   representation,   Imth   national   and 


Tn 


ion  of  Railwavnien  ii 


I'X-al,  of  the   Xational 


'f  the  United  [ 


ipon  the  tnana,i.,'ement  Ixulies  of 


all  rai 


1- 


Kmi'dom. 


I'lit   the  month  (.f   \ovemlKT 


I  lu'se  deniani 
was  iiotalile   fn 


Is  are  still  iK'ndinj,', 


In  accordance  with  tl 


)tlie 


r  reasons  as 


(' 


imittee  on  IVrxhiction  had  in  ( )ctoh 


le  airreement  alreadv  descriliei',  the 


tak( 


111  the  wases  of  the  sh 


oj)  workers 


W 


np  adjustment- 


the  cmrinemcn 


Ink-  they  were  so  eniM"ed, 


threat  to  -trike  unless  the 


and  tiremen  demanded  additional  wares,  with  tl 


niittee    on    I'l-oduction    handled    their 


denianfis   were  trrantcd.      The  C 


le 
>ni- 


t,'ranted  them,  a* 


we! 


week,  which  f( 
-Xational  rnion 


.-,    and    in    Xovcmher 

as  the  sh.-p  workers,  a  total  of  20  s,  [kt 


'r  most  ot  the  men  \\a~ 


an  increase 


.f 


of  KailwaxtiK 


Tl 


le 


l-.\ecuti\e  Committee  with  a  den 
1."'  -.  llie\-  were  receiviiii'-  a 


•II  thereupon  came  to  the  Railway 


id  fi 


10 


s.  m  ;i(lditlon  to 


he 


ly  war  waL'c- 


ter  w;is  adjusted  on  Xo\  ember  2'>  l.v  urantim:  *>  s. 
all.  and  this  grant  was  extended  to  tl 


The  whole  mat- 


21   s. 


in 


lie  other  classes,  makintr  a 


104 


\\   \R    \li.Ml\I>iU\IIi)N   Hi    Usll.wws 


,i^ciK-ral  all   r.„n„l   inrtva^c  ..f  _'l    ..   ,,,  .,],  .,,|^,„   „,^^,^,   ^^.„^^.^.^^ 

Boys  un,kT   IS  „,rc  .ncrca^ed  3  >,  ,;or  neek,  ..r  .'roni  7  s    6  d 

'°  I"  ^;  "  ''•  •  ^^""^"  -^  -•  "■-  >-n.  5  >.  b  .1.  to  S  s.  6  d. ;  and  ^irl. 
under  IS.  1  ..  ,,  ,i.,  ^^  ,■,.,„,,  j  ,    ,,  ,j^  ^^^  ^  ^    _,    j 

_    \<^^uulw^  Iwniises  f.  Ir.^h  railway  .ncn.  the  railuavs  „p  to 
'  M/   had  .^ranted  U  ..  a  u  .ek  to  ihe  en^iV.enien  and  5  .'  'I  d    to 
>!k'   nrenien.      The  denund   of  the^-e  tw.>  classes   in   December 
'"'"■    '■'■■'■'  •■'■I'l'ti-na!    in  .  l,r..,iL;hi  aUnit  tin-  chan^-e  in   the 
Main-,,.,!,..   Ind,  r:.d.     riu-  ;;,  .v  er„..en.  there,,,,  .n  ,ave  then, 
'    -   ]-y   v'eek    ,„   addii,.;n   t..  what   had   a!read\    heen   -anted 
I  .-'tcr    the    lr,>h    K'ailuay  Execntive  Co.mimtce  sranted  at,   all 
round   uar  hon„s  of   5   s.   to  all  e.tiployes  of  the   Irish   roads 
winch  became  ettective  on  April  0.   1917. 

All  advances  to  railuay  craft  ..r  -hop  workers,  like  all  ad- 
N-.-im-es  to  other  classes  of  raihvav  en.ploves  were,  of  course, 
taken  care  of  unde,  '  the  sfovernuK-ttt  ,t,ara,nee,  with  the  .ole 
excepfon  ot  one-fourth  of  the  wr.  o„„s  of  February,  1915 
a  ready  noted.  Thi.  exception  applied  „nly  to  workers  com-' 
pn;ed  wnh,„  ,hc  Ra.bvav  Conciliation  Scheme,  and  onlv  to  the 
fiw  bonus  o,  a  ..ut  2  .  r.  d.  per  v.eek.  The  Raik.n  .V.«. 
c.tm,ated  the  ra.hvayV  .h^re  of  thi,  i.,„n.  ,,  „,,,  ,,,,^^ 

man  ot  the  Ranwav  F.xecut.ve  Con.n.it.ee,  recentiv  stated   that 
radwav  war  bonuses  then  a.^.-resrated  al>out  i2rmMMM)      The 

^Sm;  ^r'""'"^  T  ''■"'■"^''  ''^'^-^  '""--'•   "-  ->'   to 
U,.m)m)  nr  more  than  $1 60.fXW.OlO  per  an,n„n.     It  is  dear 

therefore,  that    he  p.vernment  is  .^naranteein,.  ,he  bulk  oi  ,he 


CHAPTER   III 

Efficiency  and  Economy 

U-imi;  an  .  ir-anizatinn  hy  it^  pliysical  ic-uh-,  is  uiic  ui  tlie 
Mirc-M  nicaMirrs  of  dhciency.  Judged  accrdin-  i,,  tin.  meaMire 
III.'  npcration  of  the  Ihiiish  railv  lys  under  Knv.rn.nent  annuA 
dnnn-  the  ^^■AV  ha>  U-en  a  ..ucees.s.  Tu  tin,  fact  the  te^iimonv 
ot  many  distinguished  Britons  has  Ixjriie  evidence, 

riu-  tirst  great  test  \vas  the  lia.-ty  ni<jl>ilization  of  tlie  Expedi- 
tionary I'orce  for  pav-age  Im  I'rance  in  August,  l'n4.  So  siul- 
deii  ua^  th.'  outbreak  of  hostilities,  and  so  unprepared  the  British 
IHiiihc,  tliat  every  nu.ve  uas  foree.i  onto  the  raihvays  at  pressure 
--peed.  Troops  canie  from  (h'fferent  parts  of  the  e'ountry."  were 
inohdized  at  various  points,  were  transported  to  the '[>.rt  of 
emharkation  (Southampton)  and  %vere  there  turned  over,  to- 
i.^eiiKT  with  horses,  wagons,  field  pieces  and  countless  other  ecpii])- 
mem.  to  tlie  shii>])ing  masters. 

War  broke  on  August  4.  Ten  days  later  the  first  British 
army,  120,1)00  strong,  were  in  France  with  full  e<|uipment  aiu! 
Mipphes.  Lnder  the  mobilizati,)n  schedules  prej.ared  vears  l^efore 
ihe  war,  trains  were  operated  at  hxed  intervals  and  came  into 
.^ouihampion  every  12  mintites  for  It,  hours  of  everv  dav  or 
from  <lawn  until  dark.  The  regulations  provided  that 'if  a  'train 
were  over  12  minutes  late,  it  diould  lo.e  its  turn  <m  the  schedule 
and  should  be  sidetracked  until  the  whole  tn>op  movement  was 
'■"">l.!eted.  Not  a  si„,,l,  ,rain  lost  its  turn.  In  fact,  most  of 
i!ie  trains  arrived  at  Southampton  from  20  to  ,S0  minutes  ahead 
-t  schedule,  ll„s  nn,.  m,,vemeiU  of  ,he  llrst  Ivxpediti.  ,narv 
rorcc  called  for  I..^(ii1  trains. 
^Of  the  efficiencv  ^^i,h   uhich  all  this  was  done,  the  Raih.'ay 


106 


WAK  .M)M1X1>1K  \|  i(i\  oi--  RAILUAVS 


Nfus  (Loll. Ion  I   iiui^Il-  the  following  o>mnic'iUs  on    \u"-u.st    " 
l'»14: 

it  \\a-a  w-iiikTMil  ,icliii.'V(.'iiiL'itt  of  toil,  done  in  the  li,L;ht 
of  liariN  and  ai\'  laiii]i-.  .\(jt  a  man  or  horse  was  iniured. 
Xol  a  ua-oii  or  held  piece  dania-ed.  When  medals  are 
di-tnliiited  the  railway  workers  .should  certainlv  receive 
tlieiii.  1  he  aiitomatie  departnre  of  tlie  trains  was  truly 
niar\eloii-:  they  worked  to  a  time-table,  and  were  rnn  with 
p-eat-r  reL;nlarity  than  i.  the  ordinarv  trafilic  of  an  Au,t,nist 
hank  holiday.  A  half  liattalion  ni  infantrv  marched' up, 
lioi-.trd  their  machine  i;ui!s  and  water  cart  aboard,  climbed 
mio  the  waiiiii'^-  carria,c;e.■^  their >elves.  and  twentv  minutes 
later  they  were  off.  Little  more  time  w;  e.xpended  ni>..n  a 
siinadron  of  cavalry  or  a  b.attery  of  art  jry,  ahhoii-ii  there 
were  horses  to  1m).\  and  -uns  to  mount  on  trucks. 

Otticial  testimony  to  the  same  end  niav  be  found  in  the  -tate- 
ment  from  the  Official  Press  Ilurcau,  under  date  of  Au-ust  18. 
I'M 4.  that  -the  embarkation,  tran.--.portation,  and  disembarka- 
tion of  men  and  stores  were  alike  carried  through  with  the  great- 
est possible  precision  and  witiiout  a  single  casualtv." 

Men  high  in  the  public  life  of  Ijigland  Ix>re  similar  testimony 
Prime  Minister  .\s,|uith,  in  the  course  ,.i  a  ]>arliainentarv  debaie 
in    Xovemlwr,    1014,    said: 


.\o  praise  can  l,e  loo  high  for  tl,,.  manner  in  which  the 
railw.iy  companio  ot  the  country  discharged  the  dutv  of 
transport  in  regard  to  the  Kxpcditionarv  Force  and  the 
\ari-!is  m;uicrs   ni   wjnch   thev   were  en-'a-ed 


Speaking  as  Secretary  of  War  before  the  House  of  Lord 
August  5.   1014,  Earl  Kitcliener  declared  that-- 


s  on 


Mobihzation  took  place  witlioiu  anv  hitch  ,.hatever 
•  _  .  .  The  railway  companies,  in  the  ail  important  matter 
ot  the  transient  facilities  have  more  than  iustifie.l  the 
comiilete  conhdence  reiKise,!  in  them  l,v  the  War  Office  all 
grades  ot  railway  services  having  labore.l  with  untirin- 
energy  and  patience. 


(:UEAT   liim  AI\ 


107 


Sir  Juliii  I'reiKli,  llieii  coiiiiiianiler  of  the  British  forces  in 
liaiice,  in  liis  otticial  di^.paich  of  September  9,  1914,  said; 

The  traii>i)urt  ...  tlie  troops  from  Enj^land  both  by  sea 
and  by  rail  was  effected  in  the  lie.-jl  order  anil  without  a 
check,  lu'ich  unit  ari-i\cil  ai  it-  destination  in  tbi>  country 
well  within  the  scheduled  tune. 

(Juotations  of  tlii:-  kind  could  lie  niulii|)Iied  many  times  frotti 
-peeches  of  member>  of  I'ailiament  and  other  publicists,  and  from 
writinj^s  of  many  oli>LT\er>  ;md  >tudents  of  the  railwa\-  hituation. 

Ue,i;ardinf;  the  earliot  elforts  of  the  railways  in  the  war,  there- 
in ne,  there  w;is  hardly  any  ilifference  of  (jpinion.  Lack  of  lalwr, 
constant  deniancU  i^^r  the  [iriority  shipment  of  military  j,ro<xls, 
and  the  great  rednctior.s  in  passenger  and  ordinary  freight  ser- 
vices did  work  hard-liips  on  many  branches  of  the  traveling  and 
.-hipping  commuiiu\  a-  the  w.ir  dragged  along,  an.l  to  that 
extent  indicate  a  l..wereil  ability  of  the  railway>  to  render  direct 
service  to  the  public.  If,  however.  British  railway  efficiency 
I.)e  judged  according-  t. .  ability  to  trans[xirt  troops  and  military 
supplies  without  ciinfti^ion  and  on  schedule,  the  roads  would 
.seem  to  deserve  high  rating.  The  volume  of  their  trat'fic  was 
greatly  increased  over  that  of  normal  times,  and  this  traffic  was 
handled  by  a  labor  force  composed  in  part  of  relativelv  green 
hands,  of  women  workers,  and  of  boys  and  girls  in  their  teens. 
It  would  prol)ably  be  accurate  to  say  that  a  larger  amount  of 
transportation  was  pro<luced  w  iih  a  smaller  and  less  skilled  laljor 
force,  in  itself  a  highly  efficient  record. 

O.ie  test  certainly  -should  be  applied  to  the  British  railwavs 
duriui:  the  war.  and  .'.at  i-  the  amount  and  character  of  their 
.service  to  the  government.  To  ihi-  test  the  railways  mea-ure  up 
well.  We  have  seen  \v>\y  fully  the  \\'ar  Oflice  depended  on  them 
ni  the  first  mobilization  period,  and  how  thoroughly  they  met 
the  dcmanil.  Their  im'litary  transportation  work  throughout  the 
v.h:]c  war  has  l>een  .if  the  same  high  order.  They  contributed 
th"u>ands  to  the  color,>.  many  of  whom  served  in  France  in 
the  coiistructi(ni.  reconstruction,  or  operation  of  war  railways. 


ins 


u.\K   MJ.M  1  \  l~l  k  A  1  Ids    (11     K\II,\\.\SS 


llii'v   loaned   (.■(|iiijiiiniit    Im   l,-   ^ln[i[it,'il   cic-s-cliaiincl,    and   c 

I"lhul(*(l      lirid'rcs      'Hill      i'\-cll      r'liL      'iiwl      t,',.  tV. .1.,-, 


inlniictl   hru 


.m-,'    .iii'i    >.\(.-n    i.iii>    iiiiu    uc>    I  re 


■f  ■       v-'ill.        lil\.ll         WWII 


r<»a(|ii<-(N.  In  lact.  \\li.,li-  liraiK-li  linc^  witl-  hi  -.inr  ca-i.'^  i.. 
ii])  anil  trai!~iH,rii(i  Ix.ilily  tu  [-Vdua-.  They  leaned  >kilk,l  mcti 
lu  !minitiun>  wurks  and  other  hianehe?  ..f  war  in.lii^try.  Skilled 
lioder  makers  tn.in  some  n(  the  railway  shops  were  detailed  to 
ser\ue  in  naval  dorkyanU.  .Many  ot  their  .l.icks  and  liarljors, 
and  ha' I  >■{  iheir  _'(X)  and  more  steamers  were  turned  over  to 
the  Admiralty  and  the  War  OtTice  for  tran-.i)..rt  or  ther  serviees. 
Companies  undertook  car  huildin-  and  reiiairiii-  in  then  own 
ear  ^h^ps  for  the  Admiralty  an.l  ihr  War  Otllce.  tli,  re^ult  hein- 
that  the  huildiiis:  of  new  equipment  lor  railway  i)urjK)ses  wa" 
materially  curtailed.  Xormal  re[iair  work  was  Greater  than 
usual,  owiii-;  to  the  pre-ure  of  war  trafiic  .  m  the  eqiiipnieni:  in 
addition,   the   mads   were  '   upon   m  adapt   much   of   their 

rollitijr  stock  to  the  unusu;-  .  >-k1s  of  war  transportation,  such 
as  liy  the  .idaptatinn  of  trei-ht  cars  to  carrv  hordes,  cav.ilry. 
artillery  efinipment,  and  the  like.  Some  roads  sup|>lie(l  tele- 
phones and  power,  others  liandled  naval  repair^  in  their  marine 
-hop-,  while  -till  others  nudert..!-  variou-  f..nn-  ,,f  work  for 
the  sovcrnment.  entirely  separate  fr..m  their  transportation 
activities.  Many  of  the  Iar..;e  roads  (Itte.i  up  amlmlanrc  and 
ho.spital  trains  fnr  service  both  in  France  and  F.nuland.  stretcher 
cars,  hc^spital  ships,  rest  rooms  {..,■  soldiers  and  ^.ther  conven- 
iences of  the  kin,l:  the  lar-er  part  of  this  work  was  done  in 
their  rnvn  shops. 

With  all  tl.i^  the  i:n,;hM,  people  did  not  .-.r.vpt  the  incon- 
veniences and  .li.comforts  of  war  transportation  without  some 
k'nimMin-  They  srumhled  when  iluir  1-ank  li.  lidav  ;m.l  sea- 
shore CNcursiMUs  were  restricted  .  .r  aKoli-lied  :  thev  -nimhled  at 
ln,dier  passenger  rates  coupled  with  less  fre,|ucnt  service-  thev 
.irmmhle.i  at  delavs,  at  the  anti-aircraft  regulations  re<|uirin."^ 
elose.I  hlind.  m  pa-euRer  trains  at  m'sM,  and  darkenin-  of  lights 
at  railway  stations;  they  complained  of  other  re-nlations  juvoh- 
mg  discomfort  to  passenfjers.  an.l  protested  a.vMinst  the  ,lirt  the 
soot,  ,^nd   ?he  lack  of  maintenance  of  the  cars;  in   short    thev 


CNF.  vr  i'.r<rr  \i\ 


IDQ 


iiiaiiil.jiird  tliL'  lull  iiii\ik'j;e  nt  dciiii  )Ci  atic  C'lUiiiiio  In  accept 
iMtlimi;  with' nit  a  ltuwI.  aithoiij^h  iiuich  di  ilnj  i^rnwliiii;-  was 
n.iTt'ly  1)11  'Ir-  sunace.  (Jne  critic  cmri'lained'  thai  railway 
"lliriaK  iiiickT  their  n^nvoninicnt  L;iiarantcc'  nt  dividend.-,  were 
actiiiL,'  a^  if  ihcy   were  inile|ieiiilem  of  tlie  public  aii<l   ruuld   "l,'0 


a-;  tlie\-  plea>e.  \  et  many  d  these  conditions  ui  which  the 
]'iil>Hc  o.niplaiiied  re^uhed  fruni  ordcr.s  of  the  War  Office  or  the 

\(hnirahy.  and  ih'd  not  pertain  to  railwav  operation  proper. 

I  losely  related  to  operatinj.;  efticiency  arc  the  economies  and 
rotrictions  forced  on  tlie  Ilriti^h  lailwavs  bv  war  conditions, 
W  ar'^  oiithreak  f'.tiiid  the  liritidi  public  inclined  to  take  matters 
calmly  ami  prnceed  with  their  iinnnal  activities.  "I'liisiness  as 
!i>nai"  was  the  cry.  ;md  at  the  -tart  whatever  ii.tcrfered  with 
itieir   oidinary    ]iursi!iis   and    cnjoymem.-    was   bitterU-    apposed. 

riuK  the  war  br.  .ke  during  the  .\u,t;u-t  holidays,  when  the  exodus 
I  rum  lar^e  cities  to  sea-ide  resorts  was  at  its  hci<i;ht.  .\itcM-  a 
sli-lit  derans;e!i.ent  of  traffic  durinfj  the  fir.st  davs  of  li.  istilities. 
ilie  ]iiiblic  were  a-siired  that  there  wuld  be  no  further  -eriotis 
restriction  to  tratTic,  and  th.it  ihev  could  ])ursue  their  n  irmal 
.a\ocations.  The  steps  by  which  tliis  conclusion  wa-  reached  mav 
be  traced  in  part  by  a  -eries  of  announcenients  issued  b\-  the  Rail- 
way I'.NCcutive  CcMiiniittee  direct,  or  through  the  l\ailwa\-  Clear- 
in;:  House.  On  .Xuiju-t  .^,  I'M-I-,  at-.'-^mcenient  was  made  that 
on  account  of  the  war  crisis  re.t^uiar  frei<,dit  service  was  likelv 
to  be  coiisiderablv  curtailed  or  interrupted,  that  traffic  W'.ulil  be 
.iccepted  only  as  the  conditions  warranted,  and  then  with  the 
distinct  iniderstandins;  that  no  res;>onsibility  would  be  assumed 
for  delay,  dama.ue  or  loss  due  to  such  curtailment  or  imer:u|v 
li. 'U.  Three  days  later,  on  .Xuj^ust  8,  a  similar  notice  was  i>sued 
re-pectini:  the  passcnirer  service  .-\t  the  same  time  the  public 
wa-i  informed  that  pnsscn,i,^er  tickets  between  anv  twi>  points 
would  he  honored  by  any  railway  servinsf  those  two  p^iints.  This 
last  concession  was  withdrawn  on  .\ufjust  24.  when  the  Kxecu- 
tive  Coinmittee  anuoiinced  that  since  mobilization  was  com- 
pleted  "the  railway  CMmpanies  are  in  a  i>osition  to  resume  the 


'  Jt>-so  QiKiil.  Fiiniiiiiii!  Reriizi-  of  Reviews,  Manli,  1917,  pp.  20-21. 


110 


\\   \K    MIMIM.-IRAIION   (II     KAII.W WS 


1-ulk  (if  tluir  nrdinary  -crvicc,  and  the  iKce.-sity  (for  the  pre- 
vioiiN  ..rdir  I  iheiffMie  di,sa]iiicai;,."  ilnwevcr.  l)eginninf^  with 
DecenilxT.  I'M,,,  ,1^.  pmilc^^c  ci  ititcr-availal.ility  <if  season  and 
tradtTs'  tickits  was  established,  but  under  certain  verv  definite 
ri-.triction;.  and  provisions  to  provide  af;ainst  abuse.  In  this 
uay  ti.-kei^  of  iIk-  kind  nanie.l  were  made  available  over  two  or 
nmre  alternative  routes. 

In  fact,  the  early  nKMiths  of  the  war  saw  Considerable  effort  in 
thf  radway  in-histry,  as  in  numerous  other  industries,  to  keep 
conditions  at  a  n-rmal  level.  This  was  true  of  their  water  service 
as  well  as  their  tran-portation  service  on  land.  The  Ruik^vv 
Xczi-s  conjrratulatei!  the  roads  on  mainiainiiio  to  so  large  a 
degree  iheir  regular  schedules  during  .\ugusi.  1014,  except  pos- 
.sibly  in  facilities  for  cheap  travel  Tlie  A'.tc.v  continued  as 
follow  s : 


There  was  also  a  steady  tnovemcnt  in   favor  of  the  re- 
sumption of  some  of  the  curtailed  facilities.     .     .  when 
the  initial   inevitable  uncertaintv  and  alarm   settled  down 
i.radually  practically  normal  condition,  were  restored. 

r.ut  the  prcss,„v  ,.f  war  soon  bi ought  restrictions  in  its  wake 
!"  the  tirst  ,,lace.  war  traffic  made  such  demands  on  the  railwavs 
that  normal   freight  and  passenger  traffic  were  of  necessity  re- 
stricted.     In  the  second  place,   the  enlistment  of  thousands  of 
railway  emploves  made  necessary  the  cutting  down  of  many  rail- 
way lunctions  and  services.      I„  tlie  thir.l  place,  a  large  part  of 
the  uater  service  to  Ireland,  to  various  is|an,ls  (such  as  the  Isle 
"I  Wi.ghti.  and  across  the  Channel  to  France  and  Holland  was 
curtailed  or  abolishe.l.  either  because  of  the  vicissitudes  of  water 
transportation  or  because  the  b,.ats  were  turned  over  to  the    \d- 
niiralty.     Many  of  these  reductions,  as  well  as  countless  others 
were  put  into  effect  by  the   Railway   b:.xecutive  Committee    at 
the  behe^t  o,  ,he  ,go^ernment.  as  a  pvart  of  ,l,eir  war  program 
I-acts  are  not  at  hand  by  which   to  trace  these  reductions  and 
.;ther  measttres  in  detail,  hut  they  consisted  principaliv  of  re.luc- 
tions  m  the  numU-r  of  passenger  trains;  i„  the  nun^ber  of  cars 


(',F<E\r  r.KiTArN' 


111 


]>fr  passenger  train,  c>[Kciall\  tir>t  cla->,  dininj^  and  sleeiiin^ 
car-.;  in  the  extent  dI  nieal^  --er\e(l  on  trains  ami  in  rail\\a\-  re>- 
tauiants:  in  tiic  ^jn-eil  ..f  pa-~senfj;er  trains;  in  the  nunilier  ui 
Mihmban  (jr  i-oninunatiwn  traiiw  in  the  lucalitv  nf  larye  cities. 
Irallic  on  some  of  the  hranch  lines  was  nuich  reduced  or  "iveii 


;>  entirelv,  while 


otne  wav  stations  were  close( 


lart. 


1  he^e   niea>are-    were   de-ii^iied   to  save   labor,    ci,)al   and 


uipnient,  a>  well  as  to  make  wav  i 


)[■  llie 


vital 


war  and  trei"ht 


trallie. 

W  Iiile  the  l!riti-h  puMic  did  not  receive  these  nio\e^  and  nieas- 
iH-es  without  some  protect,  they  were  forced  to  accept  them  as 
war  necessities.  'I'akini,'-  the  period  of  war  a>  a  wlio'e,  and  ij^nor- 
iuL^'  m\K-h  of  thi'  >urface  i^i-umMiiif,'  that  cropped  out  duririi;;  the 
lir-t  few  months,  the\-  have  suffered  the  annoyances  of  a  re- 
-iricted  passeni^er  ;iiid  freij^ht  service  with  unusual  fortitude. 
Ill  the  words  of  the  [..  iiidon  Rai!:,-iiy  .V.'uW  (July  7,  1917); 
"incoiueniences  attending;-  travel  under  war  conditions  have  U'eii 
accejited  l>y  the  pulilic  in  Ljood  spirit,  it  ijcin.i^  now  understood  that 
only  necessary  jimnieys  -liould  he  taken." 

Many  of  these  economic.-  and  restrictions  were  put  into  effect 
diirin.y:  l')13  and  l'»l(,.  l,„t  they  were  intensified  on  January  1, 
I'll 7,  l>y  a  new  -eiie.-  of  measures  of  the  Railway  F.xecutive 
Committee  desii^nied  t"  hrinr^  alxuit  an  even  ijreater  reduction  in 
I»a-->enser  traffic.'  Mo^t  notahle  was  an  increase  of  pavsen.yer 
lares  desif,nicd  to  reduce  travel,  Imt  there  were  i:>tlier  inea-ures 
aKo.  such  as  additional  reductions  in  number  and  si>eed  of  trains, 
re-lrictions  in  l)ai:t;aLre  privile,<;es.  and  the  like.  It  is  e-timated 
that  i.-i!)  passenger  trains  were  withdrawn  from  service  on  [anu- 
ary  first,  many  of  which  were  of  the  non-stop  expre-s  cla^s. 
I  hcse  gave  fast  service  between  London  and  the  large  cities  of 
Fngland,  such  as  Manchester  and  Liverpool,  hut  thev  were  ruth- 
lessly  removed   from   the   schedules.      The   ~i>ecial   train   service 


'See  .Appendix  C,  >trti..ti  1  (n.  rd),  .-ind  (ei,  fnr  .t  stntement  nf  tliP 
power!!  under  whicli  tlie  Rnard  .,f  Trade  acted:  aho  .Appendix  D.  f..r  c' -finite 
irder<;  as  to  fare<  and  liaecaire.  ami  fnr  the  ..("tieial  n..tire  i.f  tlie  Railway 
r.\eonlivc   Coinn.ittee   pnttin.c;  variolic    re-trictive   nira->ire?   into  operation. 


W    \K     \I'M  IM- I  l<  \  I  lii\    .,1     l(  \11.\\  A^-, 


UMially  iiirni>lnil  h\  tlic  railuay>  at  Midi  holiday  ikth..1>  a^ 
Lastcr.  t 'liri-tnia-.  and  dnriiii;  the  miiihirt  .scax.ii,  wliuh  liad 
I'ccn  imaii  ciirtailol  m  1^15  ,.„„i  i,,],,^  ,,.,^  Mrtuallv  ahdislicd 
111  1"17. 

AnnilKT   .CI   ,,1-   co.n.^niH-s   rdalo!   t..  a.>-  >,int.  and   statistics. 
Ihr   irniii.i^^-ineni  ,.i  tiu-  ,:;.  .\  crnninit  uiili  the  railuavs  was  Mich 
that  careful  and  detailed  accounting    csiiecially  a-  l>etueeii  rail- 
ways, was  made  uniiec-ey>;ary.     The  same  was  true  ui  many  sta- 
tistical records.     .\s  earlv  a.  .\iiy:ust  18,  1<)14.  ti,c  Railwav  E.x- 
ecntivc  Committee  did  auay  uuii  c,,nii„Iaii..M  ..::  1  pnhhcatiM,,  ,,i 
weekly  tr-fhc  Matistics.   icmarkin.i:  that  even   ,t   pnhlished  they 
"would  I)c   no  real   indication  of   the  ;inioiiiu   ,.r   value  of   the 
traffic."     Similarly,  weehlv  iraftic  icliirns  ,>,,  ,1,,.  Iri.h  railways 
were  Mispendcd  as  .,^n  as  those  r.-ads  came  under  -ox eminent 
continl.     .^,„.,ethin.ir  more  than  half  the  accounts  ai.d  statistical 
statements  m|ii,red  ,,i  the  n.ad>  l.v  the   r„,ar,l  ui  Trade  were 
suspended  ni  1'.14  and  I'Hr.  while  ihe  MatiMical  returns  uere  ail 
suspcndeil  after  jainiarv   1,   l')l(-.' 

The  M-mplilication  ,.f  inler-railwav  ,,avinents  did  awav  with 
much  01  the  work  of  the  Railwav  Ciearn.ir  ,  Inu.e,  a  ioint  organ- 
isation .,f  the  roads  at  London  through  uhich  thev  settlc.l  their 
claims  a.srainst  one  another.  The  normal  activities  of  that  or- 
?am.ation  were  lar,^elv  .u.pende-l  dnrm^  the  war,  many  of  its 

i  '^rIJ"'T""''  """'""""'  ''•■"'  '"'^"  '•<'''""''  »'^  l>v<-  item.    .1.  follows- 

-  I^.\pcn<litu.-e. 

■'  Xct  income. 

4  Receipts  from  nther  snurces  ( uh) 

.""  Total  net  income. 

.he'wW-n^:'"'""-"    f^-^'"  "-  ---''  -P--  -f  .Le  r„.ds  ar.   pr.n.ipall, 

11^  Rccriiit*  an.l  expenditure  nf  omnil.uve- 

-  Keceipts  and  e.xpenditure  of  steamboats 

1.*  K.ceipts  and  e.x-penditnre  of  cann!« 

4  Receipts  and  expenditure  of  docks    harlor^   and   «ha-ves 

17    Flecfnc  power  and  light  account.  ■^oumess.s 


(.ui:  \  I    HKI  I  \l  N 


113 


clerks  Iteini'  releast-il  i'i»r  sinli  .itl 


KM'     Innil- 


if  service  as  keeping 
records    of    tlif    ])erf.iiiiance    and    imerchauge    of    equipment. 


Xearlv  a  il 


II  m-ani 


ilit'se  clerks — aljout  i^ne-third  oi  ilie  v  tal 


imnilK-i-      iiili-tiMl   I'liiliT  the  c<  ih  .r^ 


11 


ic  return 


■t    the   P'a 


N   n-  tlu-   l; 


if    i  rade  liein;. 


cnt 


III 


siiniinar\    i-c]".n^  prciiarcil   i^i 


tlic  hn-^is  i\i  tlu'se  re- 
iinn>  \MTi'  al-M  much  niUucd.  In  fact.  in-.tcail  nf  a  hinc  hook 
i>f  ^,iinc  15ti  pa.nfs,  the  li'-anl  of  Trade  in  I'M  i  i~>ued  only  a 
■-niule  sheet  i)f  the  must  tjeiieral  statistics,'  Xn  cjtVieial  sntn- 
niaries  have  \ei  'lerii  received  in  the  I  tilted  States  covering  the 
years  l'*15,  I'Md,  ,  ,r  l'M7.  'riic  |>erio(lical  reports  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  le-pcctniLr  lailway  accidents  have  al>o  heen  curtailed, 
I'oili  as  to  nnni'>er  and  as  to  detail  and  extent. 

Individual  railways  not  only  reduced  their  reports  in  accord- 
ance with  the  ref|nirenients  of  the  Hoard  of  'I'lade,  Imt  have 
even  <;one  so  far  as  to  refrain  from  distrilnitini,'  reports  to  their 
stockholders  except  c>ii  rei|uest.  Annual  meetiiiLrs  are  ;innouni-ed 
thrun.t^h  newspa|>er  ad\eitiscnients.  and  not  throuj;li  ailvance 
copies  of  the  reiK)rts  mailed  to  each  share  and  delientnre  holder, 
as  was  tormeily  the  case.  Any  ;>crson  familiar  with  the  atti- 
tude ot  1  British  investor  to  the  corporation  in  which  he  is 
interested  will  reconrnize  the  drastic  nature  of  this  niea->nre.  It  is 
true  that  reports  to  stockholders  give  little  information  of  value, 
hilt  the  British  investor  is  jealous  of  his  iit,dits.  The-c  stock- 
holders'  reports    for    10]4  carried    nsuallv   a    note   to   the   most 


'  Tlii=  shcf-t  .-  int.i.ned  tin-  f'lllnuint;  items: 
Milis  under  fiiKT.itinn. 
Autliiiri?ef1  capital. 
Paifl  lip  i-apit.i!. 
Knjiine  mileage. 

Revenu-  receipt-;  and  expenditure   Ctun  items  onlyV 
Net  inc.   ne. 

The  figures  slmwn  are  for  191.?  and  1914,  hut  the  similarity  of  some  of 
the  retii  s  for  the  two  years  leads  to  the  su'piciin  that  the  returns  for  1914 
may  be  esi, mated  or  adjusted.  Such,  tor  example,  are  tlie  statistics  of  enffine 
miles.     The  report  carries  this  footnote: 

"In  consequence  r-i  the  war.  no  further  r-turns  will  le  pulilished  for  the 
year  1914  rei^aiding  the  statistics  rf  the  r.iilwav  companies  of  the  United 
Kingdom." 


14 


U.\H   ADMINI-IK  AIHiN   III     K.MLW  AVS 


iiiiixriaiit  aiomiit,  iliat  cuvering  inroiiie.  explannn-  uliy  it  li.ul 
U'fii  n-.liiifd  1(1  a  >kflet(iii.    Tlic  following  is  an  cxainiile: 

It  hi'iiif;  considered  desiral.le  in  tin  miiriNt^  ,i|  all  ])ar- 
tie^  that  the  ha^is  fur  ass'>>inj(  tla  cuinptii.sation  payal.le 
In-  the  j;overiin,eiit  iindiT  the  act  referred  to  should  ],',■  de- 
termined at  the  c-nniniencenii'iit  ..f  the  period  of  control,  an 
arra!ij,'etnent  was  arrived  at  [licre  follows  a  i)rief  (k>crii)- 
tion  of  the  tinancial  afjrceinent  l>etween  the  iroverninent  and 
the   roads  J. 

The  ciramistaiues  thus  broiijjht  alH.nt  involve  special  vari- 
ation, uhich  lia>  hejii  approved  hv  the  Board  of  Trade  in 
the  form  .,t  the  .V-cum^  and  Statistical  Returns  for  tlie 
year  ended  the  31st  iKamUr,  V>\A.  and  the  statements 
which  are  now  prc^cntcl  are  prepared  accordin-ly. 

So  far  as  acaaiiitinK  relations  iKJtween  railwavs  are  concerned 
they  were  entirely  aholished  at  the  outlet,  for'the  government 
Riiarantee  of  each  railway's  net  income  ha.  ma<le  it  a  matter  of 
no  .mjKirtance  whether  tlu-  road,  n.akr  a  du,Mn„  ,,f  receipts  or 
'"".  Mie  road  <.ri,i,dnat.nK  a  sh,p„a.nt  n.,  lon^jiT  turns  ,,ver  a 
lToport...,al  diare  of  the  trei;:ht  reccpt-  ,,„  that  .Inpmctu  to  the 
connectmff  railw-y  to  ui,idi  n  deliver,  tiie  .h,pn,ent  for  transpor- 
tation to  tinal  de-tination.  Imt  simplv  m,:rk.  the  parcel  -I'aid"  md 
keeps  the  proceeds.  Similarlv,  on  a  C.  ().  I),  shipment  the  ori.^;. 
matmi^  road  merely  .lamps  •■To  F'ay"  on  the  t.arcel  and  the 
terminal  ,  r  Imal  carrier  collects  the  cliart;e,  uitl,o„t  anv  attempt 
at  divisiou  ^vith  the  other  rond  or  roads  ,,,,rticip.,tin-  in  the 
nio\ement. 

Similarly,  j.repayment  of  charges  ha.  i-ecn  required  m  manv 
cases,  esix-ciallv  in  the  case  of  fast  ire,j;ht  forwarded  l.v  p;..'- 
senser  tram,  ulnie  the  amount  of  free  ha-Mge  has  iK^en'nmch 
re.stncted.-  DetaHed  re.'--,ui„ns  have  also  l>een  n.ado  effective 
as  to  containers  for  frei-i  ■  as  to  mode  of  packin^^  as  to  wei-dits 
of  parcels,  kind  and  addresses  of  lal,els.  and  the  like 

Competition  amon^r  ,he  railways  of  course  has  ceased      ^nli- 
cuors  ,,,r  ,l,e  freit^h,  and  pa^^en^rer  Ini-iness  ,,f  rom,K.,in^  lines 
'  r^r  clft.iils  r.f  tl!i=  last  restriction,  see  .-\|.],en'lix  D. 


(.1(1'.  \  1    UK  I  I  MS 


115 


lia\c  ili>ai)ii<.'arccl  iruiii  railway  paviulN      Icr  ilu-  tunc,  tlic  >c[>- 
aratc  ct>mi)aiiies  have  nicif^eil  their  idcniitiis  and  siilxmlinatcd 


II   tl 


R-ir   mtcrt'sls   i.i   the 


coMiiu'llni;,'    lorcc    -tlii.-    drive    Icir 


VlCtdlA. 


Ih 


ic  K.iilwav  and  <  ana 


1  ( 


iinnn-sidii  al 


lias  roiUKCil  Its  rci 


ular  work.  In  l''l<i,  lur  i-.\ain|)k-.  it  sei-iired  the  enn-Miit  <>i  the 
interested  ;>arties  to  |)<ist[ione  the  trial  i>t  many  cases  niitd  alter 
Many   ot    these   cases   dealt    with    rate   adjustments 


tlie    war. 

1  his  actiiin  was  due  partly  to  coiisidt  rations  iit  econ(jtn\,  and 
jiartly  to  the  tact  that  sunie  memhfi^  of  the  commission  weic 
calletl  to  peri'orm  other  iniMic  duties  in  cunnection  with  the  war. 

.•-Similarly,  the  work  of  railiameiit  in  railway  matters  has  k-en 
much  reduced  diiruiu  the  period  of  die  war.  I'ew  a]i|)lications 
have  l)ceii  made  lipr  permission  to  iiuiease  capital,  and  fewer 
.i[>plications  still  for  charters  to  Iniild  new  hues  or  extensions. 
Inder  the  pressure  of  war  conditions,  the  railways  are  too  Inisv 
t  ■  send  their  lej^'al  rei)resentatives  to  Parliament  on  normal  or 
peace  activities,  and  I'arhameiu  in  turn  is  to.,  husv  to  listen  to 
them.  Dunn,!.,'  the  session  of  I'd.s.  ilu  total  numlier  of  private 
railway  hills  introduced  into  rarliament  was  eleven,  as  com- 
pared with  i7  in  l'M4;  the  tot.-il  len;,'ih  of  new  lines  ]>ro|>osed 
was  ■^4  miles  as  coniiiared  with  11.^  miles  in  1"»14;  the  amount 
of  new  ca|)ital  for  which  authorization  was  requested  was 
.S24.350,(H)(),  as  compared  with  $60,200,000  in  1914. 

One  additional  war  measure,  which  was  as  much  an  effkiencv 
as  nn  economy  measure,  related  to  the  pooling  of  equipment. 
In  Fehniary,  1015.  President  Runciman  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
who  was  then  chairman  e.x  ofiicio  of  the  Railway  Executive  Com- 
mittee, informed  P.irliament  that  ar'aii,c;enients  were  undci-  way 
to  transfer  freight  cars  from  lines  haviuR  a  surplus  to  those 
siifferinsr  a  shortr.fje.  He  added:  "It  has  also  been  arranpfed 
that  wantons  lielons^intr  to  one  company  which  have  been  worked 
onto  the  line  of  another  may  he  loaded  hack  locallv  in  the  home 
direction,  instead  of  kiii!;  returned  empty." 

P.epinninp;  January  1.  VUG,  three  larpe  roads  (the  Great  Cen- 
!r;d.  Great  F.asiern.  and  Great  Xortliern  \  diew  up  a  ioint  a^ree- 


116 


«M<  \iiMi.\i.-.r«\Tit)\  t)r   i<vii.\\Av> 


niciit  as  to  tlif  ixjoliiifi  of  ore  cars  ..n  tlicir  line.     Tins  ua--  i..,- 
lowcl  l.y  a  similar  a^reeim-iit  in  Ai.ril.  1916.  Ix-tween  five  other 
road>  (Crcat  WVstcrn,  Lancashire  an.l  Vorkshin,  I.utulon  an.l 
Xurth  Uesicrn.  .Mullan.l.  and  .\„rih  l-a.-tcrn  .  an.l  m  May  by 
three  Scottish  cn.panics.     These  aKieeinents  evidcntlv  were'siic- 
co^iul  in  i)ro(Uuin!r  economies,  for  the  Naiiwav  K.xecutive  Com- 
"iitteeon  January  1.  loir,  instituted  a  ^^eneral  car  jkh,!.  or  rather 
twelve  sectional  car  ,,om1s.   scattercvl   thron^hont  the  whole  of 
'.reat  Untam.     With  certain  exceiuions.  such  as  company  car. 
coke  cars,  and  >,K>cial  military  traffic  cars.  o,«;n-toi)  freight  cars 
1^  on^m^r  to  the  railways  were  .na.ie  availal.le  as  conunon  stock 
to  l«  utd.zed  in  any  direction  by  any  road,    (.eneral  and  specific 
instructions  to  jjovcrn  car  movements  are  is.sue.j  i.v  an  ofncia' 
known  as  the  RolliuR  .-    -C,  Controller.     .Ml  records  and  detailed' 
arrangements  in  this  c.    .ection  were  entn,>ted  tn  the  R.nh.av 
leannjr  House.     In  this  w.-,y  it  was  expected  to  ol,v,a,e  ..  a 
iar^e  dcfrree  the  delays  an.l  .litticulties  atten.lant  nprn,  „ni,ece.. 
wy  car  movements,  and  to  increase  the  ef.lcieiu  transpor.a,,.,,, 
.>    J,'ood.s^     In  addition,  ilure  has  even  I.en  considerable  „ue,- 
.han^e  of  locomotives  Uiueei,  ,he  railways,  especially  on  ,hr,,n,h 

At  the  loecrinnin,'  of  .\pril.  Vn7.  the  Railuav  Rxecutue  C.m- 
•mtec  i.s.  .     .urtlie.    order,  fixi,,,  .leHmte  time  limits  within 
;l'.ch  shipp..rs  should   load  and  ,„„„ad   car.  -„,,a!lv  o,,,-  dav 
torloadincr  andtuodavs  for  nnl.  adin.- 
ta.c   I  eiore  the  war.  but  no  railvay  had  the  l,ackhone.  or  per- 

■..l.cr  industrial  cv^mpanies  owned  some  ,.h,  ,..)  ,,,,.  ,„,,  j,,,,.^,^,, 

-    m-eu,,,.  their  cars  h.ack  as  soon  as  thev  made  a  shipment 

t  he  rcMilt  was  doubly  bad  in  that  it  produced  much  useless  em    v 

-nn..,e  and  led  to  , reat  irregularities  m  the  distribu,::':,; 

'■     '  '"''■'■  ^''^'"'•'''  n""^'--^  -^'-i^ted  the  Hoard  of  Trade  late  in 

;Se^  .Ap,,emlix  C.  .S^cti.,,,  !   (M.  an.l  .Appcn.lix  D 

ml': mC. ?;"'"''"'  "'  '"^  ^^"-^"-^  --"»--  <'-^.-lv.-s  an, no,,  in 


(.KEAT  IIKIT.MN 


n; 


l''l(i,  .ill  |jrnaic  cars  were  |.Iacf<l  unreservedly  at  its  disp. '..il, 
"to  use  tliioc  w:ij,'"ns  in  siuli  ninnncr  as  they  ihink  Ixrst  in  tlie 
interests  i.t  the  coimtrv  as  a  wliule."'  The  I'.nard  <>f  Trade,  act- 
ing of  ciHtrse  at  ili<  luliest  and  on  Itehalt  c.i  the  Railway  Ivxeni- 
tivf  I  .iininintc.  iluTenjM.n  issued  a  sweepinfj  order  in  M.inli. 
I'M/ .  kiu.uii  a>  tile  "I'livate  Owners"  \\'a','ons  (use  when  eiiipiv  i 
Order,  1917,"-'  which  dirccieil  the  owner  <>l  any  fei^lit  cai  iha 
mi;,'ht  otherwise  be  sent  ..m  c:n\n\  t..  i..ll,.u  uuImui  <|iK-vii..n 
-iich  instructions  as  the  !'..  ard  <,i  Trade  nii^,'lii  i^.ue  rc-,|Hctin;i 
the  roulin,l,^  loading,  and  nidnadiii^'  ot  th.it  particular  car.  l.oni- 
peu-.-ition  in,  the  U-.  Ml  the  cai'  under  Midi  circiim<tances  would 
lie  agreed  ujion.  .t  in  delanlt  i>i  a>,'reeniein  would  he  ilot.Tiiiiiu-I 
by  retereiuc  to  the  i\.iil\\;i\  and  ('anal  Contniissidii 

Closely  ci.mi'rtfd  with  iliese  -everal  moves  for  tlu-  more  eiti- 
cient  handiiiii,'  of  iai!ua\  and  i)rivate  freight  cars  was  the  elabo- 
rate i-'ian  for  coal  distriimtion  put  into  effect  by  the  Controllfr  of 
Coal  Mines  in  July,  l')]:  i-,,r  ihe  jmrpose-  of  this  plan  f  Ireat 
l'.nt;iin  w.is  di\iiled  into  iuem\  coal  /o|k'>  or  areas.  I'ach  .-iica 
was  directed  to  produce  it-  own  coal  so  f.ir  as  possible,  .md  to  buy 
coal  I'roni  or  sell  coal  to  adjacent  area-  only,  to  the  j,'reatest  extent 
that  nii.^lit  be  practicable,  'i'lii-  plan  alone  was  expcc*»d  to  save 
soine  7tX).(X)(),(()0  ton-nnles  annually.  In  addition,  t  i,'eneral 
poo:::,;,  arr.inf^a-iiuiii  wa>  made  as  to  private  coal  cars,  which  vir- 
iually  placed  thm,  m  the  i  lass  of  "conmion  user."  so  far  as  the 
distribution  of  coal  was  concerned. 


'  .Nrc  .\|vpeiidi.x  C.  Sfction  1  (a). 

=  I'tir  this  order  in  full,  sec  .Appcndi-c  D. 


CHAPTER  IV 
Freight  and  Passenger  Rates 
In  discussin.u    railua>    rate  chan^^c.  under   .\ar  conditions  in 
O-eat  J.niani,  there  i.  a  clean  cut  distinction  between  frei-ht  and 
passen-er  rates.     IVei^dit  rates  have  increased  but  httle,  if  at  all 
'li'r.nj,^  the  war,  wliile  passenger  rates  have  I^een  subjected  to  a 
'Hm.ber  o,  adjustments  all  lending  to  a  \u>^h,v  kvel.   while  on 
January  1.  1917.  they  were  increased  a  Hat  50  per  cent. 

llie  freight  rate  situation  in  England  had  been  under  carefu' 
siu-N ey  ,or  several  years  prior  to  the  war.     We  have  alreadv  seen 
that  certam  freight  rate  i.icrea^es.  averaging  about  four  pe^  cent 
became  eHecti^e  only  a  short  tin.e  before  the  outbreak  of  war 
and  that  these  increase,  were  designed  to  offset  wage  increases 
granted  t,.  „l,viate  the  threatened  strike  of   IQll       Wh-'V  tV'^ 
tour  per  cent  increase  in  freight  rates  went  rather  generauv  into 
ettect  tn  the  .pring  of  Vn4.  some  features  of  the  hicrcase  were 
pn.toted  and  submitted  to  the  Railwav  and  Canal  Commission 
for  settlement.    After  the  ,  mtbrcak  ,  ,f  „ar.  that  bodv  secured  the 
agreement  of  roa<K  and  shippers  to  hold  up  the  adjustment  of 
sonte  ot  the  matters  until  after  the  war.  so  that  the  rate  =itua- 
f'-n  has  not  even  yet  fully  cleared  up.     It  ,„av  !,e  said  with  re- 
J^ard   to  tretght    rates,  then,   that  the  beginntng  ,.,    war  saw   a 
slightly  higher  ..te  scale  recently  instituted,  and  that  this  scale 
h.i^  ruuanic.l  virtiiailv  unchanged  ever  since" 

The  passenger  rate  sititation  uas  wholK-  different.  Soon  after 
tie  otttbreak  of  ho.tih'ties  the  Railway  Executive  Comtnittee 
hognn  to  ra,>e  the  rate  kwcl  in  various  wavs,  and  this  process  has 
cr.nt.mted  practicallv  to  the  end  of  lo,r.  The  first  step  was  t.> 
w,thdra^v  week-end.  exctnsion.  and  other  specal  cut  naie  fares 
^-me^  r.,u„d  t,,i.  reductions  were  aI>olished.     Suburban,  cr.nmtu- 

unimportant.  i  el.ruarv    1.   191/,  Init  they  were   relatively 


GREAT    ];RII  AI\ 


119 


tatiu.i,  tnulcT.s-  Mr  -.!iip|.cr>'  aii.l  uuikmcn-  ucc,<lv  aiul  niMiuhlv 
uckets--tlie  ,v,  called   -hrc-ad  and   hiutcr-   raKs  --were   leu  un- 
touched, but  other  l,nv   rate  arranse.ueuts  were  nearly  all  can- 
^■t-lle.i.     i  !„>  ha.  ha.l  the  resultant  ettect  of  increas'ng  the  general 
level  ot  passenger  fares,  even  though  the  normal  or  standard  rates 
tenianu-d    unchanged.      Sleej.ing   car    rales    have   also   been    in- 
creased,    bnially,  on  jamiary  I.  1917,  the  regular  rates  for  pas- 
senger travel  uerc  increased  one-half.'     The  ohiect  of  the  gov- 
ernntent  m  thi^  nu,vc,  as  frankly  stated  bv  the  Hoard  „f  Trade' 
was  to  cut  <lMun  travel  rather  than  to  increase  railway  revenues 
a'thn„^h  ,1  revenues  ,lid  ,ncrcase,  the  g,n-em>nent  treasnn-  stocxi 
•o  gan,   tn„n  the  change.      It  is  clear  that  passenger  revenues 
might  nicrcase  m  the  aggregate,  even  if  the  amount  of  travel  fell 
olt  a.  a  result  nf  the  higher  rates:  the  decrease  in  travel  un.ier 
.such  a  condit!..,.  would  not  W'  s„ftn-ieni   tn  ,>(|.ct   the  .nm-ased 
revenue. 

The  traveling  public  accepted  none  of  these  pa-en-er  rate 
changes  wuhout  cotTipIaint  and  protest,  but  their  protects  were 
unheeded  to  a  great  extent.  The  plea  „f  .var's  necessities  served 
to  expla.n  and  justifv  all  departures  from  unrr  .al  standard^  of 
sernce  however  drastic.  K ven  when  tnnelnig  n,en  protested  in 
l-'l/  that  the  burden  of  the  increased  rates  of  Tanuarv  I  fell  with 
unusual  scveritv  on  their  shoulders,  the  govenmient  niereh-  su-r. 
gested  that  thev  pass  the  burden  along  to  the  f^nal  consumer. 

rla's?]'    "hT'-'  T'''   "' .r'"'''>'"    ^•'"■'■^    '■"    ''"«'■•""'    i^    n.    fnllow-         F,r<, 


CHAPTER  V 

General  Results 

W  h-niier  the  bargain  Ijclwccn  the  iJritish  railways  and  the  gov- 
ernineiit  \va<  a  !;oud  one  for  either  side  depends  very  largely  on 
tlie  imaiicial  results  attained.  W  u  kn.m  that  the  railways  had 
their  net  income  and  the  stockholders  their  dividends  vi'rtiiallv 
guaranteed;  what  did  the  goveninient  jjay  tcr  it.^  niiHtary  traluc 
under  the  arrangement  ? 

Information  on  a  number  of  points  that  have  been  raised  in  this 
connection  is  meager.  For  example,  the  government  has  given 
no  hint  as  to  its  procedure  in  case  a  r.  .ad  had  a  delicit  in  1913. 
which  was  acuially  th^  case  with  a  number  i,t  the  smalkr 
roads.  This  point  was  definitely  raised  by  two  luiglish 
statisticians,  who  asked  whether  in  case  of  a  deficit,  even  if 
smaller  than  in  1913.  "railway  shareholders  can  justifiably  l,e 
asked  to  convey  the  large  volume  of  military  trafiic  free  of 
charge,  or  whether  .some  further  rearrangement  of  the  basis  of 
agreement  will  not  I>e  desirable."' 

It  may  be  regarded  as  the  good  fortune  oi  the  railways— ,.r 
the  misforttine  of  the  government,  according  to  the  i«nnt  .  .'f  view 
—that  the  test  year  l'»13  was  a  record  breaker  for  the  llrui^h 
railways.  Their  gross  revenues  in  that  vear  were  greater  than 
in  any  previous  year  by  nearly  £1  l.(XX).00().  their  net  inco,nr  was 
the  greatest  on  record  by  more  than  £3..sW,(100,  while  their  rate 
of  return  on  capital  was  greater  th;,,,  it  had  lieen  in  nearlv  a 
(|narter  of  a  centurv. 

The  latest  report  made  by  the  Hritisli  government  as  to  the 
amount  paid  into  the  railway  treasuries,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  u])  deficits  in  net  income,  brings  the  storv  down  lo  March 
31,    1016.      Returns   for  the  fir-^t  eight   months   unrler  the   ^var 

.c.n^:!r1l."9ls'"'''"'  '"""    '"'  """'■"'^•"   '^'"'^'^  '^-<-    ('"■"I-).   Sep- 


CUEXI    IIKITAIX 


121 


arnay^nuvut  (Mu^u.t4.  J"H,  ,o  March  31,   Vn5)  sh,nv,.l  tl.at 
there    was    advance.!    u,    ,he    n-.-l.    during    that    period    tl,e 
Mun  of  £6,851,057,  or  al.-.n  ?33.55(),0(K).      D„ri„.  u.c  „ext 
luelve  inomhs    (April    1.    Vn5.  to   March   31.    1916)    the  cor- 
respurnhns   priyn.eni    uas    £5.8/9,876,    or   ahom    S'8  715  0(X)' 
I  hcse  ,«iy,ne„t,s  were  n,ade  to  the  Railway  F.xecutive  Committee 
to  Offset  the  ascertaine,!  dellc.ency  in  railwav  net  income  during 
the  periods  nanud.    Tlu  a.^gregate  annual  re'venues  of  the  British 
railways,  jud-ed  by  ilie  returns  for  I'Ho,  are  alwut  £P0  00O0OO 
lla.i  the  eifrht  montb.s'  ,^ri.Kl  ended  March  31.  1915    UTn'nor 
■nal,  the  radwav  revenues  of  that  period  would  have  amounted 
to  two-thirds  of  £\20.m)mK  or  about  £8O.CXX3.0OO.     nuru,.' 
that  iKTiod  the  roads  received  from  ihe  trovennnent  £6  85'uOO 
"Oder  Its  .^uiarantee,  which  was  equivaleiu  to  H.(,  per  cent  of  t'u-ir 
noniial  revenue  receipts,  while  durin^^  „,,  .ear  ended  March  31 
1916,  they  received  £5,880.000.  or  4,0  ,>,.r  cent  of  a  normal  ^  ear's 
receipts.     These  payments  by  the  K'oveniment  were  technicallv 
payments  under  its  ,-uarantee  of  net  income:  actuallv  thev  re.^ 
resented  the  amounts  turned  over  bv  the  f,'oNcrunuiu!o  ibe  rul- 
ways  as  com,,ensation   for  military  transportation  -   -vices  ren- 
dered,    Wh.it   .1,..  .government  paid  the  railways  wa,   from  live 
to  ten  ,KT  cent  of  ubat  „;i,t;lu  k-  re,-,ardcd  as  their  uo-nia'  rrv- 
etiues  under  conditions  of  peace.    Whether  the  t^overnment  tr:iffic 
rei)resentcd  a  iireater  proiH>rtion  of  total  railway  traftu-  than  five 
to  ten  ,K'r  cent,   records  .1,  not  show:  but  in  view  ot   the  tre- 
mendous movement  of  Government  munitions  and  supplies  and 
•-t  trooi>s.  It  ^^nuh\  seem  unquestionable  that  such  movement  has 
•vpre^enied  a  much  .greater  share  of  the  ,o,al  r.ailwav  movement 
tlian  ten,  or  po,.,blv  even  twenty  or  thirty  ncr  cent,     DiiiVrently 
stated,  iln.s  seem-,  to  indicate  that   the   P.ritisl.   ,^v,,vernment  has 
l>een  enjoym-  an  unu-.iallv  I,.v,   rate  on  the  transportation  l.usi- 
tiess  It  has  furnished  i,,  the  railu.avs.  and  that  it  drove  a  -ood 
bargain,  e\en  on  the  basis  ,.i  ihe  pe.-ik  \e,ir  I'M  3, 

j^j^^Twt   tn    Parl.umen,    l.y   C„„,ptr„ller   .„„1    ,\,„lit,.r    Ccneral,    March   23, 


'22  ti  AnMIMSTRATKiX  oi     l< Ml.W WS 

It  is  the  «Li.cr;il  M,,i„ioii  of  students  of  British  railway  cndi- 
tions  that  the  trniVic  h:,n<llcd  durin-  the  uar  has  been  nnuh 
greater  ilian  ,n  nnrmal  times.  Some  of  tiie  or.Hnarv  frci-ht  aiul 
much  ot  the  i.a<senser  traffic  has  I-cui  han.llcd  -.a  hv^hw  rate< 
than  in  peace  times,  as  lias  alreadv  been  explained,  and  whatever 
added  revenues  have  come  from  such  sources  hav-  benefitcl  the 
government  rather  than  the  railways'  treasuries.  In  other  w^  .rd< 
the  low  rate  -n  governnicnl  traflic  has  been  due  in  pan  pos.ihh  ' 
to  higher  rates  on  other  iratllc  and  in  part.  alvi.  ,,,  heavier  tr.aftlj 
along  certain  lines  of  movement. 

Although  the  government's  pavments  to  the  road<  in  10] 5 
were  much  lower  than  in  I014,  i„  fact  lower  for  the  whole  of  the 
twelve  months  to  March  ;.l.  l')]6,  than  for  the  eight  months  to 
March  31.  1915,  ,t  js  not  unlikely  that  mounting  pavments  to 
lalKir  and  mcreasing  cost  of  supplies  in  ]n\f,  a„d  1917  to-ether 
with  the  ..evcre  restrictions  applied  to  imrmrd  traffic,  combined  to 
make  the  go^■ernmcnt  paN>iients  to  the  railwavs  in  those  vears 
much  larger  than  they  were  in  1914  and  1915. 

The  railways'  income  returns  show  actual  e.xpenditures  the 
revenue  figure  shown  being  just  sufficient  to  cover  the  expenses 
and  bnn.i;  the  net  income  up  to  the  level  of  1'M;^.  n.,u  nmch 
of  this  total  revenue  was  paid  to  each  road  bv  the  public  and  how 
much  by  the  government  is  not  shown  in  the  returns  of  the  in 
dn.dual  railways  themselves.'  To  whose  advantage  the  bargain 
lay  will  therefore  remain  an  open  question  until,  h'  ever  ^^,e 
necessary  records  are  avail.able.     Some  writers  maintain  that  the 

E:^::-^;^j^'^'h:  ;,:rmr  -^  ""■  ■"^"'^ "---'  -^  •-  >^-^^ 

Year  ended  Deoemhcr  31. 
Receipt.;,  (.to.,   inchidinu'  estimate.!   .imonnt   rereiv-  ^V^  '?""' 

able  under  agreement  with  tlic  cnvernment  in 
respect  of  control  of  Railways  for  the  period 
Aupnst  -•>  to  Decemlier  M.  1914  i9n— m 

^'"^^"'''»"^" :::::::::::::::::  YmV^j    ;.::::;; 

Net    income    TT^^.TZ 

Receip.  from  other  ..rcer:;::::: :;::;;;::::::  ^^    ^.m^ 

Total    net    income    ,,3,,.^,         JJT^^- 


'■i<K  \  r  iiKi  I  \i>.- 


123 


-•^  '""'   tl>^'  net   ,„o.n„  of  the  roads  has   rcma.ned  st  tionar^ 
^.^pron...,,,,ern,dn.neshave,..^ 
heft    ,"'";""«^""^-"'  ''-  '-'  "'-f-ttins  considerations       [n 

UeS  t?    "  '""^■"""•^"-  '"^-^^^.v  -  ^-^feted  with  a  pnhhc 
"tercst,  ,n„  lean  not  expect  profits  similar  to  those  of  oth  r  in- 

.....  u.,e„,  d,e  second  place,  war  pr,,n,..o,,K.,.,ndI 
tnes  iKnc  l.ecn  verv  heavily  taxed,  a  Uralio,,  fron,  whuh  the 
ra, hva,s  are  of  course  wholly  free,  since  ,i.u  net  incon,e  i  c  ! 
-.latecl  on  the  has.s  of  the  deduction  onlv  of  normal  taxes  n 
eltect  before  the  war.  ' 

\n^,.hcr  c.,nu.n.„.u  has  been  ,i,at  ,hc  u,-,r  :,rran,en,en,  would 
work  to  the  benem  of  the  roads  only  if  ,he  tra.i^c  handled  w 
no  ,^reater  than  that  of  l-)! ,.  That  ,s,  ,he  net  income  of  the  rail 
ways  >e.„g  statK,nary.  an  increase  in  their  traffic  wouKI  n,ean 
tl>.it  they  uere  don>,r  „,ore  work  v,  ithout  anv  compensating  in- 
eTea.se  „t  net  reu.rn.  .\s  it  is  likely  that  traffic  has  verv  .r^atlv 
mcreased  over  that  of  norn.al  times,  it  is  ar.ued  that  the  roads 

S-^m"   '  "'^^"''^"""^  """"  '"^'^  ^^-^--  -'"  t*- 

Flowever  accurate  the^e  arguments  and  conjectures  mav  be 
--■  h.-ne  the  testmtony  of  government  officials  that  the  bargain' 

-'1,  the  radways  has  l^en  a  good  „„e  fr.n,  tin  p„in,  of  view  „f 
tla  in.bhc.  rhanccllor  of  the  Exchequer  P.onar  Law  ntade  the 
- newhat  ,„det,n„e  statement  to  Parliantent  in  December,  1916 
that  the  a.grcement  had  -involve,!  no  financial  lo^s,  but  probabl^ 
->n,e  gnut.  He  added  that  the  bargain  had  been  a  verv  .  >  , 
one  for  the  state.  '" 

The  financial  re.nlt.  of  operation  of  the  twentv^five  princina' 
P.r.t,sh  radways  for  ,he  four  calendar  vears  ending  1916  v^^ 
iK^en  su.nmarize.1  by  the  London  Statist  a.  follow. : 


124  WAR   ADMIMSTR  \TION-   01    KMI.W.'.vs 

NKT  HARMNGS  AND  PROFITS  Ol'  25  PRINCIPAl.  Iv  Ml 
GREAT  BRITAIN 

1916                1915  MU 

Ordinary  capital  £J05.897,OnO    £.i()5,S54,IKX)  £3oi  .mXXXlO 

Net  receipts   43.417,269        4,!,l,il.0O4  4.1(KHM>; 

Int.   and  other  charges 

/.'j.t  misc.  income...  .        27.'JX4.415        27,954,421  2/"."4.=;..vi() 

^'".Pf^fi^ ,■ 15,432.854    "7s.'l^6^3  ~T5})5s7l9 

iv"  ■  ■     V '"''•  .'■""^'* ^5.04';)           (4.96%^  (492';) 

Divulcnds  pai.l   14.222,805        14.055.fi96  14  '.U, ski 

""■  P"  '•'•■"f (■».C.5',-;  )          (4.607;.1  (4.05',  , 

"^'=■"7  „             •        1. -'10.049      imm  mu9 

Special  alloo:.t,..n.   ....           I,n.l2,0a>            876.000  gOeisOO 

{!•■''•"";'■.  , i ' '«'^'>     '~Mm  UMH 

lirouKht   forward l.,W.5..U4           1.1.S0.44S  l,I.12.S.iO 

Carried    forward l..s7.US.i          1..595J35  lJ5a44« 


U  .\VS  Ol' 


DM 
i.t<>5,S(K).0flO 
44.012,229 

27,.s22.457 


16,489,772 

(5..19«r) 

15.4Kl.S48 
( 5.06',;  ) 

1.006,224 
W6.500 


(.9,724 
l.lW.Kk) 


1.132.&W 


1  he  average  rate  o:  dividoiul  -li  ,,.„  „i  the  forc-oin-  table  was 
•■'.06  per  cent  in  1913,  feil  to  4.65  per  cent  in  1014.  and  remained 
virtually  at  that  level  in  1915   (4.60)   and  i:)ir,   (4.65)      The 
conr.se  of  specific  dividend  rates  i.  shown  in  the  lollowin..  lahk 
also  drawn   from   the  cohiinns  of  the  Statist,   which   liir^s   Ha- 
<hv,dend   rate  nf   iwenty-fue  leadin-   liritish   railw.avs '  in    I'lp, 
1914.  191.-,  and  1916.     Scriuiny  of  the  table  brin-s  ont  the  fact 
that  only  five  of  the  twentv-fivc  mads  were  paving  as  high  a  r-Ce 
'"  1"!',  as  ni  l'>!,^,,  ,vhiic  the  renv.inin-  twentv  roads  were  on  a 
lou-er  du-.dend  basis.     \\,t  a  sinijle  nwd  b;,d  increased  its  rate 
over  the  101.^  level.     Manv  of  the  roa-N  which  rednccl  or  orn- 
pletoly  passed  ihcr  dividends  in  VU4   ,i,n.  reHcctincj  the  nneasi- 
ness  of  tlie  first  months  of  the  ^^■ar.  later  restored  then,  ncarlv  or 
-l.nte  to  the  l'»13  basis.      The  stuck,  inclndcd  in  the  tabic  ,,r;.  all 
(Ordinary  or  common  stocks,  unles.s  otherwise  si.ecitied 


I'KF.M     MKI  I  \|\  jjt; 

I'IVIi.FM.>,..\n.HVJ5|.K,XU..Ar,  i:I.,TISI,   KXHWVYS 

I9I.UI9I6  • 

Ca an   ..              ""■"'  ^V''  >'^'^  1'^''  I9,i 

l-iirncss  ..                   ^-SO  9.S0  9.50  l{j 

Harry  ;.";;; ]-Y_:>  .U75  3..575  J50 

(.lasRow  &  South  Wesn-rn  ilef. TT^r  f,,-  '  -'50 

<;rcat   Central  5',r    Pref    1894         T'"  ^'-^  -'•  ^625 

♦  ■real  Lasteri-   ...                      r-  •  ml  ' 

<  irf at  .VortI,    of  Scotland 'hVf T'  r'°  -'""  ^50 

f.rrat   .Nortlurn                             '•  '•  1.  '  '^0 

fireat  Western J;-"  ■*■-'-  4  .!75  4   ') 

Highland  .    .                    5/5  5.75  ,,  g' 

Mil!!  X-  narnslev':; f-5  J.25  _>.2S  2S( 

l..incasliirc  &  Yorkshire  .' ! .' ;•.„  -  ^-  J.SO 

■<'ndon  &  iNorth  Western     7^°  j-'^  4.50  4.50 

■■ndon  X   .So„,l,    We.tert,...'. ^'cn  !■■.„  6.  7. 

U>n<  on.  linghton  >t  .South  Coast ;  ■-■''"  ^.625  5.875 

l-nndnn   Chatham  &  Dover  4'/, '-J- pVcV"  4%,,  l'  ''^^  S.25 

Metrnpolitan     ...                            '     "^'^'•••-  ■'--n  4.  450  450 

^.f"l'-'nil   I'ef 1.  1.25  1625 

^'Tth  British  Dcf             "*■  •♦.  4.  4,5 

^■■rth    Kastern    ..'...' ^^0  .50  ).  ,25 

■N'rth   London                 "50  6.50  6  50  7 

N';.rth   Staffordshire'! f^L  ''•"^  ''75  4  75 

l\li.vmney    .                       4  625  4.625  47;  r; 

'^■■nth    Kasiern "^  R.W  fi^O  o 

'■■iff   \'ale   ■''".'  rySO  iki)  4 

■'■^'  .1.^0  ,r>5  4- 

;""r,„(;  ,,,[,,,.,1  „„  ,|„,  .,,    .  _  .™er.U  „r  ,„ 

I  lii,<;   tall   in  markpt   nrice<5   on   t!-,.  t  1 

■   ,  rices  .in  tl,e  I.,„Kl,,n  evriirmffe  niav  be 


'-''  \^\l<   ADMIMSTKATION   01     IMIIW   \YS 

indicated  l.y  nican^  ,,i  ilie  following  table,  ulnch  .;ivrs  the  .|nota- 
tions  jiiM  prior  to  the  uar  Iiilv  M),  loK,.  ,„„i  .„  ,i„.  ^.^^^^^ 
available  date  (  Dernnber  I  ..  PM,  ,,  ,,,  ,1,,.  ,,,„,.  ,u,,Uv-f.ve 
stocks  coverni  U,  ,h.  pmrdin^  table,  .,  ,ar  a.  .ial>,.tics  are  at 
liaiul  ciMTJn-  tlu'ir  market  iliu-tnatiuiis. 

MARKKT  PRICE  OF  STOCKS  OF  25  I'RIM  ll'\i    |;kiii.,, 

RAI1.\\•.\^•S 

July  M\  1914.  and  Doccmher  1.',   m7 

(Takon  from  the  kailuvy  Ca:ctU  (.1  I.drHJoii.) 

IX,.,  I  CI.iss,,!  Markitiiricccm 

,._  ■^•'■<'<     .li.ly  ,!().  1914     lXc.-ml„  r  1.'   M17 

y.^"\     ■. Dot.  Or. I  KK'  .  77 

Caledonian    ,  )ra  ?\    '  .i 

F.,rness    {]['{  '']  ^' 

Glasgow  &  South  Western...  Ue'i  thii  «L^ 

tircat  hastcrn   ,  ,^,1  ,,,/ 

Great  North  of  Scotlan.l i),,-  .^H  13.  - 

Groat    Northern    rj,..-  ^,7  ">•! 

rr?'Y^'-" o:     i^i  g,, 

Hull    .^    Barnsley    ......::.•■  '   '  '^?^-'  »« 

I-anc.-,>l,iro   &•    Vork.hir.. !  ,j'  53,,  42 

•ondan   &    North    Western....  Or'  ,2?'  ^ /^ 

Undou   &   .South    WVst.-rn....  ,  ,';,  fl'  ^'^' 

London,  Brighton  &  South  CoaM  i)r,|  .u  ■.;. . 

London,    thalhani   &•    Dover.  .  41      i',,.f  -„  -o"" 

Metroimlit.m     ,   !    '  ',,  '"^ 

North  lintish  ....■;: n';       %,  '^5^ 

North    Hastorn    RtV  ,fr  4  13  9/16 

North    London Or    '  «fl    ■'  T='^ 

North  Staffordshire.  . .  '   '  '^' '  •■'«M 

Rhymney     ''V'  ''^,  .  62 

South    Kastern    W. Irj'  to  ^  ^'^^ 

-^^"^  Vale :::;::        «j:j;     ^;^  S4^ 

i:ru,.h  ra,^va^  .t,K-k.  had  dorbned  o  ,„.ide,ablv  i„  the  decade 
.in^t  pre.edn,,  ,he  dolaration  of  war  uuh  Cernianv,  and  this  de- 
>-l.ne  cotunuted  u  „h  l„.le  change,  .,  that  ,n  Dece„il>cr,  1017  the 
;':;;'"f'''''"  ":■'■'■''■'''''  -''''■■^''l.-.cnt  lower  than  o,,  I.,k' ,^0, 
'\^-  '^'^'  '-^'.'■'•'^  'Iv  nntbreak  of  uar,  and  this  in  spite  of'the  tae, 
t'l.-'t  -n.-t  .,.  ,he  .„.ck.  have  niaint.ained  their  dividend,  at 
near'v  the  pre-uar  level.  To  i„.ta„ce  a  feu-  striking  exantples 
tn.n,  the  loresomg  table.  Xortl,  Western  stock  sold  at  1  ^1  it  the 


GREAl    iiKI  I  MX 


nido.  July.  I'lU,  ulnlc.n  l)r..-,Ml,cT  IJ,  I'M; 


ii9y2.     Si 

to  M ' 


iiil.irlv,   (,,-c.H    WrMrrii   M-ck    iVM    ip-m    1 


'II    1"1/.   ,111.1    SmiiiIi    W 


127 

il  \\a.s  (niotfd  at 
'<"<'.■  ill  I'll  4 


ulijk-  il 


1--UTII  ir..ni   l(i3  iM  SI 


K-  aviTat;e  rate  cit  il 


liai  is 


iMilfiid  ii.r  tuiMUv-t 


aii\\a\  ■.  was  4.()5 


I'l-nt  in  1"1.\  a  d 


piT  ii'iit   in    ]'!](,  ;,, 


ive  rcprc'sciitative 


ecrease  oi  Uss  ;1 


'■"iiipand   \\iili  3,'Wi 


<>i   roprcsfiiiatnc  railua 
cent. 


\       sticks 


lan  liiic-li'iiili,  ilu'  niatkft  val 
\\as   fallin-   iri.in  _'( »  (,.  -Jo 


JUT 

diif 
per 


r^ 


IVXRl    III    SUPPLEMHNTARY  CHAPTERS 
•JANUARY  1,   1918-APRIL  IS,   1919) 


CHAPTKR  I 
The  United  Slates 
In  .lie  motK^rrapl,  „f  which  this  i.  a  reviM-m,  tho  narrative 
ot  the  relation  „f  the  war  povcmment  of  the  I'nitccI  States  to  its 
railways  en.Ie.l  with  the  sp^rial  rq.ori  ,.f  ,he  Interstate  Commerce 
Commiss'on  to  (  Mnfyrcs^  ..n  Dccemk-r  6,  1017.  The  aconmt  was 
l)roujrht  clown  to  the  cml  of  the  year  hv  the  incluMon  in  the  \p^ 
pen.I.x  of  President  Wilson's  pr.H-lamation  .late<I  Decemlnir  26. 
takmj,'  over  possession  of  the  railways  on  Decemlier  28. 

The  following  statement.  prcrKir'e.l  wiiile  the  i.roblems  of 
future  railway  repnlati..n  are  still  In-in-  wrestle.I  with,  does  not 
attempt  to  [«ss  jiulsmenl  u^nm  the  fifteen  months  of  cjovcm- 
nicnt  operation.  Init  nuTely  records  sifrnif.cant  points  with  the 
purpose  of  brinjrini:  tlic  narrative  down  to  date. 

Org.\niz..\tiov  of   riiK  Unitki.  Statks  Usuun^, 

\l>Mi\ISTRATION' 

While   the   railway    system   of   the   United   States   came   into 
po.ssession  of  the  fe.leral  government  at  noon  on  Decemk-r   '8 
federal  coinrol  •Tor  ,he  purpose  of  accounlins-  Ix-an  at  inid- 
.....Mn  on  necemlHT  ,^1.  I'MT     ,,,,„    ^villiam  G.  McAdoo.  Secre- 
Uiry  ot  the  I  reasnry,  was  ap|M,inie.l  by  the  Presi.lent  as  Director 
General  ami  he  pr.x-ee.led  tV.rthuith  t.>oroa„i.,.  |„\  uorkrn-r  ,t-,fY 
Fortunatelv  for  the  success  „i  ,]„.  „^.l,.rtakin,^  ih,  Directo)  Gen- 
-ra    selects  Ins  .ai.N  iron,  „,e„  experienced  ,n  ilir  r.niwav  CeM 
and  most  of  the  .-uTomp!i,hment  of  ,[,,  R,,ilr„a,|  A.lnn-pi-.ration 
iM.  Ivn,  -hu.  ,o  ,1k-  lov.-U  a„,l  ul,..,l,,arled  M.rvice  .,f  th,.  . .roup 
"t   men.   uho  severed   their  earlier  o.nnection,  and   ^ave  t"l,ein- 
selves    exclnsu-ely    to   ,|,e   ,n^c■rnn,en.    in    its   emer,^enrx.       Mr 
Ua  k,P  I.J,,,,,..  Chainnan  .>i  the  Fxecntive  Commiuee  .,.  the 
\tchrson.   foiK-ka  an,!  San.a  Fe  Rai'road,  ua^  ..ppoi.ned  Assist- 
ant L:)irector  General,  and  upon  the  retirement  of  \]r    Afc  \doo 
at  the  close  of  1918,  succeeded  to  the  i.>siti..n  of  Director  General 


\\    \K     \I).MI\|M  |(  A  I  Iil\    (,I,    l;  \|i 


W    W 


("liii  Ski-li,iii   Willi 
I  )ir('(.-i. 


>iiii)lr( 


'I    lllr   I    UITilR 


i|    li 


'\a>  made 


I) 


'ivi-Kui   ,.1    I'Hiaiuf  ami    I'nniin 
'vnt.  (  hainnan  m   the  L-i„un  I'arifi.    Ua.ln.a,], 


Iv.l 


>(.-rt    .s. 


na'ci.ii-  1. 1 

'I'l-'.-i'lcilt  c;f   ihc 


I) 


u  IMC  111  i.t  ('aj)it; 


of  tlu'  1) 


"t  tin-  Attlii^. 


WivtiTii  .Maryland  Railma'!. 
ivi-iMi,  ,,1  (  )|H.raii..ii:  l-alwani  C'liaiul 
'IKka  and  Santa  IV  I 


IS  aj)ii(iHit(.'(l 
\l>ni(lmirf< :  (  arl  \<.  (irav. 


jKAsition  Ml"  DircctMr  ,,•  tin-  I) 


\aHr'  lad 


iililu-  StTvic 


A 


ivisi<in  ,,f  ■]  niltk-:  tlu 


»as  made  I  'ircctnr 
X'iec  I'rc-idcii! 


K'V- 


I) 


\     1 


i"uiii_\.   (  liR.!  ,,r  till-    \al 


ccotmtini;-  was  placed  in  cli; 


UNI. ,11    I, 

tri^e  of  Cliarle 


nation 


Hi 


C  '  'niineree  C'oinnii 


W.  S. 
d  I 


d  th 


l)i 


vision    of    tiie    Interstali 


viMon  of  l.al 


<.  arter.  Chief  of  the  lln-therh 


iimr  in  cliar 


oo(l  ot 


md   l-.n,i;ineiiien.     Xnni 


-i«-'oinntl\-, 


erons 


tl 


-tl 


•ircinen 


I'-i.'  are  Milhcienf   to  indicate  tli 


icr  apiMMiitnients  were  mad 


iiniisnally  hitjh  standan 


cir  jjeneral   character 


c.   hut 
and   tlu 


l)nt  one  i)nr])osc 
aim  of  the 


1  that  was  attained,      Mr.   .M-,-Ad,„,  l 


in  mind,  to  ..jx^rate  the  n 


lad 


;,'overnment   m   war, 


oads  e.'ficieiitlv  as  an 


l>"liiical  ajipointees. 


and  he  took  no  cl 


lances  with 


>IXTatin,i,-  pnrjioses.   the  country 


rci^i.'iial  di>trict<  with 


reirional  diivitors 


IK-rieiiced    railwav    o]KTator. 


'Vas   diviijed    inti 
ill  char; 


tl 


lere 


are 


nder    ilie-e    re-ion.d 


cacli  an  e\- 


di-tnci    directors    in    idi 


unx'cic 


rc.^ional  districts,   federal 


ir^c    of    siilxjivi- 


lolls 


tl 


[lortant   sin-le  railroads 


niana-ers  in  ihar!,'e  of  th 


e  more   im- 


L-neral 


'ir  i,n-niii)s  of  I 


managers 


were  as  a  rule  ch 
were  to  take  chn 
was  made  federal 


'p'Tati'iLT  smaller  divisi, 
'>sen  from  the  staff  of  tl 


CSS  im|>)rtant  lines. 


UK 


In  many  ca-cs.  tlu- 


I'ideral  m.iiiam'rs 
ic  ro.ad  of  which  the\ 


iiianai 


liiit 


presiilent  of  th 


c  n^a' 


wa.s  passed 
was  in   cl. 


f. 


"u-  m-tanccs  the 


'r  one  ot  his  sulx.rdinat 


direct,  irs 


-or   t(Mich    with    the    del.-iils    of 


es  who,  II  u,-is  ii, 


OMl'llt, 


iiid 


lanat^ers  w  en'  n 


•[XTation.      Ail    th 


nectioiis  anil  U-come  ti 


cqtiire.l  to  si-ver  th 


cir  railwav  con- 


ployees.      Th 


mteiit- 


c  workitu 


irp 


OSes  q-overnment  en 


■ft 


'inmipaired  and  onh    s,ieh  cl 


ini7ati..tis  ,,f  the  individual  raih 


since  resulted  as  have  a-iseii   fr,,ni  the  \ol 
individuals. 


in  iH-rsoiinel  hav-' 
iiiit;irv  withdrawal  of 


i  hi:  i\m;i)  siAiKs 


]M 


^IK-oal  o. ,„„„.-,„„„  an,!  .rparatc  s.ct,,,,,.  have  Ihth  cr.atol 
'■•  mm  tlu-  variuu.  pr.l.ln,,.  as  ,h.v  luuv  ari.cn.  Th„.  tin- 
Ka.lrna.l  Wage  ConunisMon  was  .rratcl  at  the  Ix's^inninj^  fol- 
lowed later  hv  the  n.ar.l  of  Railp.ad  Wa.es  an,l  W  orkin./con- 
'!"'--  an.l  three  ra,l.avl...anl.  of  a.!n,.ln,cn,.  The  pe;:onnel 
■"  the  orjran.zation  has  muleri^one  eon.i.ieral.le  change  fn-n, 
""H>  to  tnne.  resin.utio„.  fron:  i„,,><>r.a„,  ,>osi,i„,i.  fi,,,.,,;^,,, 
raiu.llv  npon  the  si^nino-  of  tlic  arniistiee. 


TlIK   I'u.NTKACr   (■;■    I'OSSKS.SIOM 


Th 


-en.  has  iK^en  a  .ionitu-an,  ,h!terence  iK-tuee.,  the  relation- 
^Ini.  ot  ra.Kvays  and  ^,.v.rn„,ent  dur.n.  the  war  ,>eriod  n, 
I  ..and  ar.d  the  U,.ted  States.  In  Kn^iand,  the  or,aniza„o„ 
■"  'iH-  ra,Kva,s  ^^as  not  distur!x-d,  hut  each  railuav  uas  ,„ade 
aj^ent  ot  the  govennnent  t„  han.lle  its  tnH.ps  and  war  supplies 

;-_-';"   1^13.     Fn  the  Lni,,.!  States,  the  .oven.ment  came  into 

a.     a     possess,on    o,    the    pn>,>erty    of    the    raihvav    co„,pa„ies 

throu.^h   a    torm   o,    lease  a<,^reen,ent,    the   vorki,,.^   forces    and 

exeeutue  staff  of  each  railway  l.canv  en,ployes  of  the  United 

S.at.>  kadrnad  Admuustration.  and  contracts  have  l,een  sijnied 

or  are  m  pnx-ess  of  si.o-nature  hetween  the  Railroad  A.lministra- 

:"■"  ^'"d  ,I,e  ,.ftciais  of  the  railwav  corporations,  actn,^  under 

.nstruct.ons  from  the  slo.-kholders,  who  are  the  owners  of  the 

propert.es  an.l  lessees  thereof  to  the  United  States  Government 

n  h,s  pHK-latuation  of  nece.n'>er  26.   IQ17,  takin.  nossession 

o.  the  roads   the  Pres.dent  announced  the  funda.nentarprinciples 

n,.on  .  uei,  theonttact  was  to  Ik.- based.    He  ordered  the  D.rect  " 

'  .eneral  to  enter  u,.  ,n  ,u  ^otiations  for  a  just  an.-  reas,  .nahle  cou,- 
p...sal,ou  ou  the  hasis  of  an  annual  .^uarana.d  ontjK.nsation 
ahove  accruu,,  deprecation  .and  the  maintenance  of  their  nroiK-r 
tu-s.  eouivalent  to  the  avera.^e  of  the  ttet  o,K-ratiu.,  ,nco,„e  f.Jthe 
tliree  vear  penod  ending  Jnu,  .30,  1017.  ft  was  .lerlar  d  that 
"othu-.s  'lone  under  the  prochmatioti  should  impair  the  r-'ohts  of 
st.x-kholders  and  bondholders  to  recJv.  just  and  adequaTe  com- 
pensalton  for  the  use  of  their  pmpertv.     R..,,,,,,,  .i,,;',,,.,,,,^  .„„, 


I.U 


«.M<    All.MIMMKAiniN-    (.1     RAILWAY. 


ii:tcri>t   wvri'  t..  I 


'!•  I'i'ininiK-. 


iinii: 


<l  ml 
1 


riitil   ihi^ 


1) 


icrwi-c,  and   -ul, 


iriTi(.r  ( 


ifiicra!  iliMir- 


I' 


hi- 


iicu  and  cxtcii 


i'xi^!ni^ 


appr.ixal  I'arrirr-  nuLdit   n 


1 


'll".-itl.:l|-,. 


>  an  art  apijiovcd  .Manli  _'l.  I'/is 


Kailruad   Lnntml    Act.    tl 
tliat  wen-  to  fiirin 


lailuav    ccniiKiinc-.   and 


c>J!iini,inl\   kn, 


<■•   .:;^'nc'ial   ]ii-iiu-i|ilr- 
.;ui(le  to  the  a;;fL"cnKiu- 


'wn  a>  thf 


\\  ore 


itl 


uith   the 


nc,t;(>tiatio 


d    doun 
sc\  eral 


i>i-I\Men   rt-nrc 


witl'   at   om 


iiuat'.vc- 


It   tlu 


I-   undtTtakcn 


tlu 


'in-[j'.>(.-  of  cou^triiciiu!'- 


-rovcrnnicnt  and  the  carr 


a  ■Vtan<lar(]  rail 


lei^  t( 


a  ha-is    !"or  the 


aihvay  coniiact"  t( 


(  )r|,,ln-!-  _' > 


Mparato  Ic-a^ 


«as   tin-   Contract    IliialK 


;<•  a.trrecmcnt^ 


Xot 


panic-  ni  intcrc-t      M. 
lia\  iiiL;-  condition. 


a  "ICC 


until 


upon  l>et\vecn  the 


\\a\ 


con-idcralion.     'I'll 


rc.Acr  till-  i-  nnlv  a  yard  slick 
peculiar  to  itself  that  demand 


rail 


c  I'xccniion  o|' 


way-   ha-  i)rocccdcd 


actual  CMitracts  with 


each  rail- 
-eparate 
individual 


\ear. 


'Illy   '•■'^  contract-   had   1 


'^\i.v  that  It],  to  April    15   of  th 


per 


iccn    -i^t'cil 


ecnt  of  tJH'  i,,tal 


C(  i\  cnii! 


carnin. 


IS 

aliort    ,siM\ 


Id 


u-  i)ro\  i.i,,„.  ,,,-  ,]„.  .,;,,,,  i.,r,] 


niaiizcd.     It 


P'"''vidc>  lor  an  cmi 


contract   nia\    l,c  hri 


sun 


tal 


^cn  I  .\  c. 


luitration  in  detail  of  tl 


ace.  .nntin-  adiustincnt- 


le  pn-pcrtv 


-ettlcincnl. 


and  re^iilation- 


iniiroveineiits   to   rail\va\ 


fqiiii)iiicnt  arc  to  |,c  char-cd  t.i  t! 


interest  pa\al) 


tiie  n 


!ie  road-  affecte 


pri'perty   ami   new 


il  and 


shall 


-i!  conijiletion  ur  delivcr\ 


irccior  (icneral  as  i 


carr\- 


Mi 


enlal  from  the  date 


are  a  charj; 


e   a.^-ain-t    the 


'etlv  war  improvement'^ 


'\  eriimen 


agrees  to  nuet 
railw  a\- 
"hen  taken 


•IXTatiii-  expense-  am! 


propertx    and   ec|ni| 


It.      The    Director   C, 
ncirmal  taxe.s,  t 


llow  e\  vT. 


leneral 


>ver.  tl 


iment   uji  i,,  the  Mamlard 


fr 


t( 


"i.'untain  contrihuti,  ,tK  f 


o  tnamtain 
prevaihii" 


pa\   the  continniiiLr  cost  of 


IXMi-Kiti  ami  other 


ail  "per.it iiii;  contract- 


\-aluati(.n  work,  t 


he    r.iilw  .ac 


nirreements  fo 


|»  carr\-  om 


their 


"'l''"'"'^   are  to   maintain   at    tl 


purclia'ie 


ot  si 


ippl 


>riK irate  oryanizat 


leir    own 


ions,  to 


Corporate  chari. 


ltd 


"ay  war  taxt 


K'^ 


e\pen-e 


ertv    the 


1  as  interest  and  di 


to  meet  all 


vidend- 


aninial  railwav  o| 


ernnieiit    pa\<   a 


.r  th 


rental 


to  June  30.  1017.     tj,;^ 


XTatmi,r  income  of  the  th 


equivalent    to   il 


I>rop- 


le   averai;c 
ree  ye.ir-.  jnlv   1,   10]4 


•>peratm-  income  is  found  hv  ile.l 


UCllIU 


1  111.    I'M  I  ED  SI  A  IKS 


135 


tn  .111  ihc  (>|K,Tatni,-  tv\  ctiiies  rill 


\\ar  I   taxes  and  i 


i>|)tTatiiio-  cx|K.-!ises,  nurinal  (not 


'|\     the     Dircflor    ( 


xTtam  '.inTatiiiLf  rent;: 


Th 


-■neral     l..    the 


>nm  i>  |ia\ahle 


^hetl 


ler  It  is  eanic 


cirrier    without    rei.'aril     i^ 


11    IT   II. .t. 


1  ail!  tluriiii'    iIk 


years    l'M4    ]c)i7.   l,nt 


Dividtnd-  are  limited  to  tl 


K-  rate 


ix'liev  of  the  Director  ( 


lavineiu  of  djvi 


delld- 


sp<'eiti 


leiu-ral  not  to  int 
at  the  re''ular  ran 


call\-  states  t 


it    is   deelai-ed   to   U-   the 
errupt  r.nnecessarilv  the 
■inally.  the  contract 


lat  iioiK,. 


expressitu 


coiiccrnnii'  railw 


"I  Us  provisions  shall  Iv  coiistru 


l^rejiidicni-  the  intnre  policy  of  the  riiited  > 


ed  as 
States 


On 


ay  o\Miership.  control  or  resj-nlatioi,. 


le  ot  the  contentions  of  the  carriers 


lisciission  was  e\entnallv  denied,  and 


which  after  prolon<,H'(l 


was  the  rit'ln 


,i  tl 


iinitted  fn  iii  tl 


tie  Contract, 


lie  railways  t,,  liti;,'.ition  at  tin 


•ntrol  on  the  .|iiesii.  ,n  u  lietlier  ilu-\-  had 


>f  federal 


>ii 


ot   di\ersi,in   ,,f  tl, 


.iilfered  daniaw  1 


f 


le  rea- 


■eneral  ii 


teir  l.nsiness.    It  was  held  hv  the  Director 


l«iii  ad\  ice  of  counsel  that  th 


e  r.  >ai 


h 


i>\ 


er   for  war   p 


iiriHiscs,   Conirre; 


■  1>een  taken 


coiniKMisation  should  co\er  this  el 
I'-y  the  Ivailmad  (""ontrol  Act  it 
iiistnient  of 


intended   that    the  aiitli. 


>rized 


einent. 


provided  that  when  the 


cnc<\ 


a   I K  la 


rd 


compensation   can  not    he  accomplished   1 


ot   reteree- 


rommerce  (^omnn'ssion.      If 


>\-  coiiter- 


erstate 


I>on  the  hasis  of  t 


"on  the  Coiirl  of  ri;iim< 


hall   he  appointed   1)\    the    Int 
an   a.^-ieement    can   ii.^t   he  reached 
lie  carrier  nia\-  |ieti- 


lie  report  ot  the  referees,  tl 


X. 


atlempt    can    Ik-   made    here   to   pass    jud< 


fill 


pecihc  ti'rms  ,,f  ti,js  sta 


lent    ii;-xni    the 


litioiis  are  taken  inti 
thai  the  railv  ;ivs  faced  at  the  U'<:inn 


iiidard  contract.     I'.m  when  all  the  coii- 


il 


e  railwavs  to  the 


account,  particularly  the  tirancial  simat 
"«•  "f  I'MS.  the  transfer 


loll 


favorahle  to  the  intcrc 


vernmcnt  imist  he  re-arded  as  distinctl\ 


>f   railwav   st(H-kl 


roads  were  taken  over,   railway  exiK-nses 


lolder:^. 


W'h 


en   tlu 


.;reat  rai>iditv  and  dcma 
'11  the  horizon.      It 


nd^  for  hinrhcr  waj,'es  kximed 


were  increasincr  with 


lic.il'y  any  terms  for  nee 


was   ini]]<-issil)le  ti 


tioiis  of  the  va 


essary  inipro 


rious  .'^tate 


ominously 
horrow  moiicx-  on  nrac- 
ements.  while  the  limita- 


Interstate    ronimer^e    .\ 


commissi,, ns  and   the  rest 


rictioiis   of 


removed   all    Iiojk;   of   obtaining 


136 


\^   ^«    M'MIMvrKMInx   n,    KUlu   xs. 


MX-cly  rclu-n,.  ,„,.,vas..  n.  ra...      M.nkn,,.u-v  „„  a  lar^e  .c.Ie 
^^-  •■■'■-"'-'^-     '--'•-nnan.a,.an,l,J,„tatl.as.     h.      ^ 
'";'.-"   ---I   -lu-  r:n!uav.   fn,„,   ,,c,.r„c„„„  '"'•'"'-"- 

I  n.kT  a  |n-..\,.„„,  ,,ftlu.  kailn.a.l  (■..nin>l    \c,    ,■ -r,    ■     ••  , 

;;,,,,, '""■"■■■ ■'- '■!-.■• -i.™,:„ ,.,  ,!„.,„ 

^■:. "::::';;;:,;::::::;:  ::r:;:'-"'»7 '■;-.- 

-'"^"U..^J'  "•'"''"r'"'-^™^-^^^     •■.-.  which  not 

>tn,..ln,,  ,,         '''^'"'^    '""•™--'   -"^-tion    they   were 

.raOic  ,h.a  o  ™         ;    r  T'""^  ""'  ^^'■•"-  '''-I^ades  of 

•si-s.      1  htrc  was  no  C(«.nlinati(,„  ,,f  nil  -,n,i  ^       ^ 

^i-     Motive  power  ha.i  ,>een  kem  hi;':  .'    "T"  ^"'"f"'^^- 
'HTessuv  until    nicetin,.  ,1,  ""''''''  P'-e^'^iTC  of 

'-vent\.n,  o;     ::'2  ^  J-7;--;'''7-nt.o„s.  nn,ch  of 

--V'--'-'-;:.t^:cr:;:;.^^t;:i;t-:'f'>- 

"';-". tre,,,ht,  with  noo-ntral  anthoritv  to  < let  n    L    h  T""' 
of  I.n..nty.  i„crea..,I  ,i,e  ,|ifncnl,ies  of    1  e       ffi  n'     ""''' 

"•  '1'^-  '"i.ist  of  this  n,,,,.  .,„  .         ^'^''^^  problem,  and 

foo<lst,„K   .or,;,;  ;„■:  •7^'-'^^-"  ••'■  i'i.>..ninou.  coal  and 

operating  organization  first  .^UW^^  Zu'  '""''""  ''''  '"" 

ft  w,Il  not  he  po.Ml.lc  ,n  tln'^   l.rief  ,nn-,t,v-    ,     a 
snnunanze  the  resnlts  of  ,],,  fif,,,„  n,       .  ■  "     ""  '"•"""  ''^"" 

T.>esnn.n...yn,av.eni.pr;:;;:;;:;::,;::;-;:^;7-i^ 

I      011^  1  director  ( icneral 


I  HI      I  MTKI)   S-|.\  IKS 


13; 


McAd.K.'s  pcTM-nal  -'l  U-daiatiun  ni  1',,1k-v"  issued  niulcr  d-ite  ,,f 
June   17,    I'M.S; 

Tlu-  i.^licy  Ml  il-,e  t  uitoi  Stale,  Uailrcad  A.liiuuistration 
has  l,e-et,  inlomied  and  .haped  l,y  a  .lesire  In  accmiulisl,  tl,,- 
Inll'min-  purposes  uliiel.  a,v  named  ni  what  1  oneeive  to  l>e 
the  order  111  tlieir  im[>ortaiue  : 

i-irst.  The  uinniii.-  of  the  uar,  whieh  inchules  the  prompt 
UMvement  oi  the  men  au.l  material  that  the  -'>vernment  re- 
(|uires.      Im  tlu.  ever;,  thin-  else  nuist  U-  suK'.rdinated 

Secon.l.  I  he  ^erxire  of  the  puMic,  which  is  the  puri>osc 
for  v,h,el,  the  ra,  v.avs  uere  l.uilt  and  j,Mven  the  privile^res 
accorded  them  1  his  implies  the  maintenance  aiKlimnroVe- 
ment  of  the  railroad  properties  so  that  a.le.piate  transporta- 
tion iaci..Mes  -Aill  Ik-  pn.nded  at  the  lowest  est  'he  object 
"I  me  -ovcrnuHnt  hem-  t. .  uirmMi  service  ratiier  than  to 
niake  mouev. 

•Ihird.  -ri,.-  j)n.ni.,tion  of  a  spirit  of  svmi)athv  and  a  let- 
ter understaiKlm-  as  between  the  administration  of  the  rail- 
,V;-r  =""'  ^''^"'''  -.''<^UJ<J(;  employes,  as  ^^  ell  as  their  lOl).- 
(HMMHH)  patron,,  ^^\m■h  latter  class  includes  evei^-  in<lividua] 
>n  the  nation,  .„K-e  tninsportatioii  has  l>ecome  a  prime  and 
iimyersal   necessity   of   civilized  e.Nistence. 

Fourth.   The  api>lication  of  stjuiui  --onomies,  includin< — 
(a)    Ihe  elimination   of  suik-HIuous   expenditure^^      ''' 
(h)   The  payment  of  a  I'air  and  liviii-  wa-e  for   ,erA-ices 
ren<lcred  and  a  just  and  prompt  comiK:nsation  for  injuries 
received.  ^ 

i  <• )  The  iiurchase  ,.f  material  and  equipment  at  the  lowest 
prices  consistent  u  ith  a  reasonable  but  not  an  excessive  profit 
to  the  i)roduccr.  ' 

('/)  The  adoption  of  standardized  ecpi.pnient  and  tlie  in- 
tr.Hiuction  of  approved  devices  that  will  .save  life  and  Ial.>r 

(<•)  The  routin.e- of  freight  and  passcn-er  traffic  with  due 
reoanl  to  the  lact  that  a  strai,i,dn  line  is  the  shortest  distance 
wtween  two  points. 

(/)   The  intensive  employ, miit   of  all   r,|uii)ment    and   a 
careful  recor.l  and  scientitlc  stiuly  of  the  results  obtained 
\\ith   a  view   to  <Ieterminin.<,r  the  comparative  efficiency   se- 
cured. .'    ->- 

The  deN-elopinent  of  thi:  |>olicy  will,  of  course,  require 
time.  The  task  to  winch  the  I'.ailroad  .\dministrat;o,i  has 
addressed  itself  is  an  immense  one      It  is  as  vet  too  earlv  h 


I.i8 


\\   \I(    \I)MIM>TK  \  I  i,,v   ,,|    ,;  ^,,  ^^   ^^.^ 


J...I?^tlK-n..,,lN,:l„;,n:,.,l.  I„„   |   i^Iirv.  ,!ut  ., vat  progress 

wh.>  have  ha.i  a  ^har.  ,n  this  .^n.,,  u.>.k,  „u-ln,|,n^^  ...Krial'v 

hc-nu.n,l,cr.  ,„  n,v  Mall   an,l  ,i,.  ,  „,-,,,.,■.  an,!  ..m,,l' vc.  nf 

riu-  ra.luay,.  l.n .  .|„,«„  „udh,,..,uv.  ,.ul,hc  .p.ril.  l,.vahv 

I'-n  -'Kyi  an,latlack,n^,h,-.o  that  Mil!  auait  .,>h„io„.  ' 
With  ihru-  o.m„„K.,!  o...|,oratinn,  !  iVd  a^suro!  of  a 
n.  nrc  n,  whu-h  ,1k.  I...,,,.  ,  „■  ,.nr  a>vn,„„lati„,.  cx,K.ri.„ce 
v,II  he  et.ee„u.l^  cnplnye,!  t.  ln,n,a„ize  the  ^eu-nee  of  ."]' 
r.a,l„,.  an,l    n..,at,ve   the   i.lea    that   o,n-a,i,.„s   have   no 

^\■.  r-.  Mc  Nnoo. 
Ihe    a.v,,n„,l,-hn,en,.    ,,t    ,]„■    per.,,!     ,„„ler    review    are    a< 

'^''';''"^'''--'''  '-i^lntrat^V.  ;,,.,leatio„  of  terminal.  ,,„,|er 
'-•'-■■'l  ."ana.er.  I,a-  U-en  .vurci  an.l  freight  ha.  in-en  ron.e.i 
;'  '■"•^-I-".l'K'..-amvea,  it.  ^Hvitic  ,Ie.tina,io„.  F,-,i.|„ 
■"-  "^■r"'""^^"'  ''^  "'^'  ^'">"^-t  practical,le  nnue:  .„lid  ,rain. 
••T  .lelnn.e  ,leM,nati...  have  heen  --nan.ntrated.  To  aeeelerate 
^''^'  '''"'"l"  ■•'■'^■-e  '^•-  -mipnuMU.  .lenuH-ra.^e  rate,  have  !>een  i  ^. 
7""'   ";  ^''""^^'   ^'    in.h,l„„ve  ,.,.in:,       \    o  .k,  ,I„la,e,l    fn.,..ht 

;'n.H,Iv,„„-eha-h..e„.„l.nm.e,l,.,,lK.   Interstate  Commeree 
'  <->|-^>n.  a,,d  plan.  iKnv  heen  uorke,!  out  for  a  material  Sim 
l>l.fi-t.-n  a,t.l  eo„.o,i,lan„n  of  fre,„u  tariffs.      X   verv  eft  ci  ^t 

;'"7^-^' "-■'•■'•'''-''--  -•-nnon.Iv  e,,,a.e.l  n,,,  :,nU   ..,th 
e,^,Wem  or  p,.,,per, I, .,ril,n,i,,n.,f,.ars,,nnw,,h  the  questions 
n^c^r     onsen-a,,,,n,   avan>..m,,venv„tof,ratiic,   thee^^^^^^^^^^ 
^^^    '  f     ^"'"'^  ''■''-     '-'-^   -'■  ''-"IHn^  les.  than  ea  loa<l 

atid  tank  ea  s.  Pn  hnn,-  al,ont  greater  etticiencv  in  the  hatu'lin. 
of  changes  ,n  rate.  an,l  re.nlati.ns.  rh,,e  general  freight  traffic 
omtnutecs  w,th  .h.riet  eommi.tee.  .n,.,r,,i„ate  to  then,  ave 
x-en  es,ahh.he,l  fo,-  ,l„  ,Hff..e,n  c'a.sifieation  territorie;  Z^ 
upnn  these  eomntutee.  o„e  or  tv,  o  men,l>ers  have  l>eet.  app^in  d 
t..  represent  the  general  h„.i„e..  an,I   .hippi„,  interest      Ce 


I  hi;  im  1  i:i)  siai  i:s 


13Q 


tioii  l.y  till-  A..  iiini-.tr;iti('n,  imdor  tlu-  Knilroad  Cumrol  Act,  <,i 
the  ]>.>wiT  of  iiri-inaiin--  rate-,  witlimit  i>ri'vious  approval  of  tliu 
Interstate  ('oniiiien.'e  ( 'oiuini^Mon.  To  overcome  the  hick  of 
i-(K)nHiiation  l>et\\een  rail  lines  and  overseas  traffic,  an  Exports 
'  """"1  ^  ■•n:niniee  \>  a.  or-anized.  w  itli  the  dtitx  of  1,,  ,l,l,,,o  ],;u  k 
freight  until  -Inppin-  vvas  a\ailal)le.  and  of  allocatinir  freitdit  to 
the  various  ports  to  a\oi,|  coni^a'stion.  'i"hc  conmiittee  was  -o 
constituted  a>  to  pro\i,ie  for  conijilete  c<«iperation  helween  rail- 
ways, steamship  hnes.  the  War  an  1  N'aw  Department-  and  the 
shipping,'  interests  of  the  Allies. 

In  In's  amuial  Repoit  on  Traffic  issued  J.innarv  13,  1010,  the 
Director  Ceneral  makes  the  followin.t:  si.trnitlcant  announcement 
concemint,^  exp<'rt   traffic: 

One  ol  the  most  iniixirtain  and  fast  dcvelopinL;  traffic 
(|uestions  relate^  to  the  '■fncietit  and  proper  handlini;-  of  im- 
port and  particularly  exiH.rt  traflic.  There  is  everN^^  indica- 
tion that  the  eft'orts  of  the  manufacturers  and  proc'lucers  of 
the  United  States,  with  the  assistance  of  our  proposed  mer- 
chant marine.  wiU  result  in  a  much  more  successful  in- 
vasion of  foreii^n  markets  and  a  considerablv  -reater  xolume 
of  traffic  than  has  hcret(»fore  .sailed  from  our  harlx.rs.  We 
arc  therefore  f^ivinpf  immediate  consideration  to  the  rate  sit- 
uation, service  l>etween  jxirts  and  produciiifr  points,  unifica- 
tion of  [xirt  practices  and  char-es,  and  the  elimination  of 
undue  competition  lietween  p<irts,  with  the  thou-ht  in  mind 
that  each  prcHlucin-  section  shall  have  its  proper  standinj,^ 
and  he  i;iveii  all  the  encourai,rcnient  p.«sil)le  to  develop  the 
traffic.  ' 


In  the  matter  of  pas^enj^H-r  traffic,  material  modifications  of 
prewar  i>ractice  have  been  instituted.  One  Innidred  and  one  con- 
soli.lated  ticket  offices  sellin-  tickets  ,and  i'nllman  accmm.Hla  • 
tions  and  che.kin-  ha-^'a-e  v\:i  ;uiy  route  have  been  o[)c>ned. 
Scho,>ls  for  ticket  sellers  have  l)een  e.stabli.shed  and  women  hnve 
l)een  placed  in  these  positions  in  lar<,re  numU'rv  Xoii-es.seniial 
passen-er  train  ser\-ice  has  l^-en  eliminated,  the  remainin-  trains 
proj>erlv  spaced  and  the  duplication  fornienv  existin-  under  com- 


14(1 


U   \K    \liMiMH|;M|,,v   ,,!■    I<^i|.^^    ^^ 


'~     ■■'"''■''-'-•--   '^-'--1.     TuncaM...  have    J' 
T''''''^''^'     •''';'  •''''•■■'^^-'•-'•-lv.nM,,,.,,,,ai,.|.      S,an.b 
Mj^a...  ™u.  ,,.,MlH.  nnin.  .,nn,..v  aro  n,  oponaion.  .:a„,      , 

;•"-■       ■"■''7'TNK.l...nn,a-!.,,.Man.Ianl,.e,i;,,,,,,,,,J.: 

''"■'•',""" -^""""'--1-inu.ntal  Ma,.     In  .an,  ,1„.  ,  a^.-n.     • 
-ma-  a.  a   .1,„K.  ha.   ,„„    ,,,„    .„,,,,„„,    ,,.,„     ^^^    ^^ 
s.an,l,,.„u  an,i  l,a.  ,..,  ..Inrcd  pa.i.n.lv  „„Iv  1,...,..  , 
nvn,,„„„,n  that  ^^  ar  o„„li,ion.  necessitated  it   ' 
,,:;''"'^'''''''''   ^  '"'■'''•'''•''-''"-■'''-  achievements  ,>f  the 

^.    n..an,,Ka,,      ,ed,„,ra,,si,.     <  .f  the  total  mn.I.r  moved, 

.^.o,      ...,e.. ,u.,a,:e.   ,,,„,,,.._,, ^^^^ 
"J  .Into  tlH-  crowded  ,.,rts  tor  e„,),arkatio„  .,re  hrou.du 
1.     4.    14  me,,  ..,,hom  ,„tcrfe,-e„ce  .,„,  other  traffic      Dur  ng 

P'M      <     1       .\C\\        ^    II,-).; 

i-'-r  nun„e„a,>ce  p,„>,.es  I,K-<.„,otive  repai,-  .hops  were  pooled 
■-1  -^,^.n-  ^c,u  ,.,  the  „eare.r  shop.  re,Mrdless  ,.f  ow„ersh  n      A 

on..,,,..       M,a.,..en,a,..„i„,„ed,.ecti .a.dJdt.a^ 

t  ""  '"   I.K.0,,,   „vcs  a„d  ca,-s.  thro„.h  the  ad„p,i,>n  of  s.andanl 

<li'M-„s  si„tal.lc   to,-  all  cla.ses  of  .ervice       It  .1,  .„,  ,  1 

"i-1.    1-uevc,-.    ,hat    „„.    i„„„va,io,     :.    J     t^\^,T'^ 

oals^who  are  spec,a^^^^ 

r„der   unified    .administration    certain   .accountin^r   costs   have 
i-n  chnnnated:  car  hire  ha.  l.,-,,  ,„,o  auav  witl.^nd  nc.Hu^^ 


I  III      I    NIII-D    SI  All 


141 


mp 


<»r  car  ri'i>air>  and    ji.int   la 


lied.  lUit  little  ha>  Ikcii 
would  \k-  pos^il.l,-  under  a 
'""I-   'Ine   |uinianl\    t'.  llic   trni]>  ,,i'   tl 


cilit\    cNUeii- 


i^  Ixcii   >iin|ili- 


acconii>lislii-d   compared    with    what 
peniiaiunt  sy-teni  of   federal  opera- 


which  the 
pre  erved. 


le  railuav 


nx'ratc   idriititx    of   the   individual 


'iiliart    miller 
e. Trier  nnist    Ix.- 


An  '  )|K.TatHi!j  Stat 


i^tics  Section 


ix)se  of  which 


was  to  ( 


lecid 


and  make  tl 


lem  effective:  t( 


was  created  in  May,  the  pnr- 
e  n|>on  operating  statistical  standards 


seininate  the  ti-iirc>  in  detail  am 


ana.yze  o]KTatinp  result-,  and  di 


•inmmarv:  and  t..  in. 


analyses  of 
of  statistica 


Kniiip>  ..r  sections.     The  plan  for  the  -land 


Ike  s|H.'cial 
irdization 


A  M 


ical  iiiactice  was  made  elTective  Au^nist   1. 
irine  Secti-n  was  organized  which  has  had  j^e 
iiisixjrtation  under  federal  control  oi 


of  all  water  tn 

and  the  C'.reat  Lakes.     In  adc 


neral  charire 


1  l>i) 


th 


'  »ceans 


steamship  lines,  tlu 


ition  to  the  railroad  and  coast 


dential   pi(x;laniation    51 


ailro.ul  Administrat 


wise 


[Kimes 


'Jl 


ips   k-lonj^'iiii,--  to   f 


oil  took  over  l)\  prC' 


our   private   coni- 


iiis     section 


F.nijland's  coal  su 
news  print  ixij>er. 


>pl\'  a 


nd 


materially    in     protecting-     X 


ew 


assurnu 


a    sup])ly    of    pulp 


.hI     fl 


lu  April,  the  Xew    N"nrk  I! 


were  starte 


plan:- 

C(,mplete   terminal- 


;ir<^e  t'anal  .Sect 


ion  was  createi 


n   lor  leasm; 


and  coiistructin!/  ec 


and    inadecpiate    etinipment    interfered 


satisfactorx   ilevelopment  ami  th 
not  exceed  that  of  the  previous  vear. 


inipment,     In- 
ith 


di 


Canal  was  takei 


th 


'ver  to  furnish  an 


le  volume  of  tratHic  for  I<)18 
In  Jul\ .  the  Lai)e  Cod 


UlsK 


e  siiliniarine  danger.      H 


rcdmiu 


was  at  once  undertaken  .ind  tratlic  llir^.u;;h  tl 
increased  durint:  the  \ear. 


e  waterway  and  av(»id 
>ther  maintenance  work 


^le  canal  maieriallv 


In   lulv  the  M 


ississippi  .'UK 


W 


[iirior 


W 


created.     The  tleet  of  the  Kan.s-is  Citv-.M 


aterwav 


■'cctiiin   wa^ 


t  o.   was  i)urch;Lsetl  a 


issouri  kivei 


r  X 


;i\  lijatKni 


•-iiLnneers.      ( 


md  l>art,^es  leased  from  the  Corp-,  cf  f.  s. 


thorized.     Thus  far  trafifii 
to  that 


onstruction  of  tow-lw/at^ 


and  1. 


'>n  the  Mi 


ia>  !)een  .ui- 


which  oritrinate 


•-^  aloiii:  It, 


>Mppi  has  iK'eii  Confined 
hut  joint  rail  and  water 


N. 


"   ^«    ^"MlMs,Kv,I..X  n,    KMLVVAVS 


-^t.  Loins,     l.,|u,,.„u.„,  has  U..,,  ,„„,,,,,,,  ,„„,  '     ;'    ' 


(anal.  ''"■™"''    ' '    ""■    'l-.M-'-U-    a,„l    ,  ,|„„ 

"'^-  —linan,,,,   „f  „,.   nnl.av   ...,„,   ,„,,,,,,,.,,   „„   „,^ 

i-"liilriih.n  i.r  till,  fx- 
1'    •■iIhuI    thiniiirl,    iiij. 


;i;:::::-;:r-i';;; -;-■'-::;':.;::! 

pros  a.. I,.  „';,;■'■•'■""■  ^'""«- -■■■ -i:«- 

Iran. .11.      \    I,,  „..,  ,,,,,,,  ;, ,„.  1'""   ■""'  "K'    \<lnmiis- 

inu.rMa.. ,,j;   '  "~^■''''"''"■^^"''•-^™■'■'-''- 
.--•.  ^n,.:  '  :r  ;;;;::r:' "'"■'': ''''^  '^•■'"^•'- 

:.n':":n;:;;lr::rj:- '■";■'•  7' '■-■'■ -~ 


'^   t"   p.'l^^cil; 


■-  an, I  lia-.a^e 


•-and,KKs;J7  ;/;  ■•''■'' 'T""'"^''''"-' ■''^'- 

"■'-i-nn,.n.aa.,,nn,...ati,,n  ,:    j;:,       ""^-''"^'''^ 

s"  t..  i-nlianoc  the  n.'t  ,  ,..,■  ,■  "nrcaM.s  „  itc  uMaule,! 


^-•"rr.l    uiih,,ni     drauin-    ,, 


i:    niw^n    i.thcr 


.  This, x,r.c„a..o,..,„e„c:,„ceIe,I. nee  ,„ean,„.i... 


.iT'iNeninicnt 


I  III-    INI  I  I  II 


fiiiicU.  ,111. 1  the  h, 
with 


:i   ri-tiini   |. 


111' III'   nf;irl\    iiuriiial 


143 


rail's  niiLilit  ;^railn,i'K    1 
l'|>r  llif  \iar  haw 


«•  mail 


jvrli  'Ti.u 


ml  f< 


iHliiMiH    rc.hirlii.iis    m 
.1  mailer  ..|   ia,t,  the  r-siiIis 


sUll 


J,rn  I 


>■>   ri'Vfiiii  ■>    ill    I'llS 


1  "lUiiiiiMii.      Mih.Mi 


mi-rfa^rcl   SS()5.i»(Xi  ihki 


taxi-H  iiUToa>c(l  111., I,-  ihan  $1 .1  50  (KX  M  M  K  i 


'11 


c|>cn-(' 


.1 


•"'  iiH"nic   t.,r  ill,,  turlv,-  ninnll 


ic  iK-l   ffdi-ial  rail 


i>   l\-ll 


li'>rl  1,1  till 


M'lirnI  hMiuci  llK-'Maii,lanl  rflnrn''  l.v  over  $_'()_' I  )IM>  ()0r 


11111)11111   re- 


read 

all 


i'^  assi;,nic.l  I.N    l)iiat,,r  ( iciUTal  II 


illIKClcil 


ihrcrily    ,.r    iiiihrcctl 


iiU'>  ii.r  this  oHh-Diiu-  are 


rcij,;hl  had  t. 


Willi       ill 


iK-    lll..\f. 


ciTtain  kimU  m'  tralTic  like  that 


liail   I. 


<■    v\.ir   i-i >inliiii>iis 

cxiH-ilili.nislv-  aii.l  prefiTfiKv  friwii  tu 

if  mimitii.n-.  re-anlJiNs  of  cost. 


for  tlu-  iiiilit.irv  scrv 


^ti|«|'l\    men   ii..i   ,,i,|v,   a^  .IhI   .,iI 


I'ial   ilemaml   of 
liiexiHTicined  ai 


le'f  KfiHTallv. 


I>ui  aKo  had  1, 


sii|)[>lym<,'  men    for  r; 


ler   inihi.-trif 
meet   the  -|>. 


n\\a\-    ■-er\  R 


incff' 


!• 


inent   laUir  took  it^ 


^"  ''^  ''"■  r;i|  id  iiuTe,-i>e  iii  cost  oi" 
I'h.ised,  an  increase  that  the  a<lva 


plaee. 


•inal 


ranee 
I  here 


■\er\  tlmiL;  iliai    rail\ 


lal 


lice  II,  rate. 


iiHir    al.iiie    tin 


IKTatm;. 


S.^^S^.IKMMKK* 


lU'^e    inereas 


'iil\-  a  ixirtion  of  tlu'   vea 
iroximateK-  $Or)(»,CH-|0  (Y)0, 


eoiild  not  .-veitake 
exjK'iiNc  were  inerea-e.l  In 
in    uaL;es   were 


1)1 1) 


iperatue    for 


this   h'^nre 


ill   h. 


ip- 


r.  MioK  ('o\i)i  r  I 


Oi 


.\ 


ne  of  the  hrst  of  the  s^eiieral 


iimmistration 


lied 


a    l\ailro;ii 


orders  issued  hv  the  I 


W 


i!je 


( 


reited  that  a  ; 
per'ions  in  the 
other  iiidii>trie 


,''eneral  iine^tiLfal 


\aiiroail 
'mmi>-ion   and   di- 


lon  1k'  made  of 


HT\  lee,  the  relation  of  rail 


i-'oni|K,'nsati.  .11  of 


\\a\   wa; 


"aj,-e  \anatu,ns  in 


li  ■  waives  in 


try  and  the  speeial  wa.ije  ci 


dm. Tent 


seetiotis  .  i  the  e.  .nu- 


ll 


uie.  Seeretarv  of  the  liiterii 


iieryency  arisinij  from  tlu- 


eonimission 


1'>1X. 
iuLT  ■-! 


reeomiiR" 
lee  n 


Th 
iided 


ref>ort   of   th 


■r.  wa.;  made  chain 
eommi-sioii.    flated 


rank- 
'f  thi- 


mereases  h 


i-eemiier  ,i  1 , 
per  m..|i|h,  the  I, 


I<)1 


'a-e.i  iiimn  increases  in  ,-ost  of 


tor  all  emplove*  reef 


west  paid  !a 


iviiio-  less  ti,3r 


'r  reeeo  ini^-  the  lai'; 


:est  iiro- 


1 II 


«    \U    VI.\II\|>|M\I1(|.\    1. 1     kMI  U 


\\  : 


lH.rt..,na..  n.crfaM-.  These-  increases  rai.Ke.l  ,r,.n,  U  ,„.,  >,„. 
tor  .■„,,,!. .^,•.  rm'ivM,;:  ^^f>  [^-r  n..m,l,  ,•,„<!  umler.  .!,,„„  ,,,,„,  ,„- 
;>e-.iM-  ,.,  SI  |«r  n„,nih  h,r  tlios,.  nrnvin^,-  .;,I;,,u-^  u|  S'l')  n,.! 
mvolve,!  n,.,rK  J,>  n  „  i,  k  k>  ,, „,,!,, ,,..  |,  ..,.  r.n..nnu.n,le.l' -hat 
cx.snnK  hour.  ,„  .,rv,a'  m.,,!  ,he  rul.s  an.l  o„wl..i.,n.  „f  ,„,.r„„u. 
[Kiyn.cm  ^I.,.,,!,!  k-  maiiitain.-.l  t,.r  the  perin,]  ,,t  ilu-  war 

M.r  Ihurtor  General  issue.!  ih,.  ,•.■,.„,  ,„  ,),..  ,■,,„„„„.„,„  ,, 
'.vncral  ,  )r,ler  \„.  J7.  ..x.Iify.n,-  „  „,  ,„,.,,.,,.,,.  ,,,  „,,.,„,^;, 
ar«er  increases  to  sh.,,,  ,n,.l.-s  ;,„.!  cnnnon  lah..r  ,m„I  .sf.|,. 
hshc<I  the  basic  eij;hl  hn,,,  .i.n   ,„  r,nlu;n  ser\  la- 


in CDinpli.n 


i'-«'   \Ml!i   a    iiirihiT   m-,,„„n.-n,l,,ii,  M   ,.|    tliv    Wa- 


ned, 


C-on,m>ss,un.  ,1,..  i:,anl  ,.t  K:.,lr..a.|  W  a^c.  an,l  \\  ,,rkjn.  Condi- 
tions was  set  n,.  „.,-  fnnher  uu-.s.i.ati.,,  of  nu.,n..h.us  in  waf^es 
ami  con,ht,..ns  as  l..,uccn  ,|„r.T,„t  clas.sc-s  .,f  ra.luav  ..,n,,I,.ves 
.hf  eren,  sect.ons  .f  ,he  cuntr^ .  an.l  in.hwtri.s  ..,„,,..,,„  'e  with 
railways.     As  a  result  ..f  the  r.r,,„,nu'n,l,-itinn.  oi   th,s    I;,.-' 
numennis  supplements  t..  (  aniral  (  tnlrr  V, .    '7  h;,ve  Ikth  i^s 
"ureasiiiir  vva.i,^,.  ,-„r  varinus  classes  „t  e.npluves,  m.ln,|,n..7h,.s. 
."  cxprcs.  an.!  Pullman  ..Tvi.c      In    \„ril.  1010.  )„„-,,„:,  ,,^.,^. 

$^o.<KKMKK.  Generally  s,^ak,n.^  tlu-  u,.a.a..s  „,  nnlwav  lu.-n 
have  iK-en  less  than  in  cnn,p.t,.ive  nulu^tria!  ...n.-rn-,  l.,„  ,],. 
object  has  ken  to  creaf  a  ^^a.^c  stnunirc  ,ha,  .  „:,!,!  .„rvi^ .  ,he 
war  perKKl. 

The  work  of  this  l.>ar,l  has  mater.allv  p,„,„.  .,.,1  ,h,  .,u„I- 
anlizat.on  of  washes  of  all  railwav  hm,.],  ...  an,l  I,a,  ,,,nc  far 
^war  cMahhshin,  a.  an  ac,„ali,v  ,1,.  o„h.  1,,.,,^  ..av/  Should 
federa  o,>,.ra,>,>n  o,n,inuc  f„r  ain  length  ,.f  .iuu.  i,  wonl!  seen 
I.rol>al.k.   that   s,an,lanli.,-,ti..n   in   n,at.n-   ,,f   ua,.-s.    h„„,,   .,,„, 

conditions  w,.nMI,ces,abh.|,.lk,v,,n,|,,u.p .^  of  ind.idiuni 

railways  to  upset  it. 

Uiuler  a  "mcinorandun,  .,f  u.ukrstandinf,-  prepared  un.ler  the 

npenision  of  the  Division  ,>f  Lahor  of  ,he  Kailroad  Administra- 

t  nn.  and  aj^reed.to  l,y  rcp.v^cn.atn  es  of  ,!„■  ra.l.avs  a,„l  cmu- 

ployes    disputes  ktwcen  railways  and  their  einploves' were  to  k 

handled  n,  ,he  usual  manner  hv  ennunittee.  of  eniploves  and  Icx-al 


Ml     IMTEU  ST  A  IKS 


145 


rriilu  a\  Kltuials       1  .  i  -ctt 


1-  1 1  piiiri  i\  CI  >ic^  ili.it  1  all  11'  I 


ill  llii^  iiLiiiniT,  ihriT  Ivailu.iv  I'.oanl,  .,t  \.|  iii^iiikiiI  ha\i  liccn 
(  rcalril  li>  liaiidlc  (|in-.tinn,  iiu  ul\  nij^'  (liiriri-iil  classes  cil  laU.i- 
lor  till-  ailiiisinuMit  til'  ci  .nil .  .\  cr^ii--  affirtiii^'  classes  of  hilj-ir 
iliai  lia\c  III.  ai;rccinciiN  v\iili  il'i'  raiK\a\-.  an  Assistant  Director 
I  >l   I  al»i)r  was  a|)|>i>mli'(l 


'  .ciicral  ( )rilcr  N'n   X 


pr"\  iili-il  llial  "ii.  •  iliNcriiniiialiMii  will  | 


aili-  Ml  tlif  ciii[)!i;\  incut,  iclcniidn  .t  cnilitimi^  nf  cim|)'i  i\niciil 


'  il   ( iii|>lii\  C-.  K 
iU'LTaiiizatiiMi-  ' 


i|   inciiiJHT'-lii] 


I'lic  rcMill  i.f  iliis  i.n 
on   tile  i>art   nf   rcprc -iMitativcs  nt    cm; 


I  '  -v  n.  inmc!iii-<T-lii[>  in  laU.r 


cr  w  a^  I  I  I   the  a-'Nci  tion 
•\c^   lliat    nonunion   i-m- 


()li  >\  cs  Won 


III 


il  tl 


K-  a--Mirci|  tiir  -aiiic  ri;.'lil',  ami  U-iidiN  iiinlcr  fxi-,1 


niir  niiioii  wauc  a;;i  tviiicnl^  as  ucic  acconle.l  to  n 


.1 


_  1    tlU'  ori^aiii/aiii  'ii  ot  cini 


nioii  ciii|iloves. 
ill  i\  cs  in|i.  unii  Ills  •  Il   rail>v  a\s 


tliat  liaij  llicrcioi'iirc  i>|»|i.  ,.-■,!  muIi  orM;„ii/atii  hi 

1  I'c    iiuiiiIht    III'    wiHiii-n    cm|)|i.\c(l    mi    !Mil'a\-.     ra|.:ill\     iii- 


crca-ci!   ill 


iriiiL!   ill 


(  > 


nc  (-laiHt'  I't   (lcn(  :•  I  ()rilcr  \'o,  27 

alth- 


proviilcil  tliat  llic  wurkiii-  cuiiiliti-  '  -  for  women  imist  he  lie 
fill   ami   littcil   lo  tliei 


eir  necil-.   and    that    when    tlie\-   iMTl'orm   tli 


mil'  class  oi    wiiik   as  men,   their   pas    iniHt 


111. 


W 


II 'I  Ml  s  Ser\  il  e  ^cctn  iii  was  irealeil  in    \ii.m'~I.   I'M  ' 


\ise  w.'iiuMis  wa;,'es  ami  working'"  coiiilnion 


riie  i.nl, 


r  of  tile  Director  (uiieral 


reciniriiiL,'  railwav  nu-n,  in- 


clmlnip;  iitTiccrs,  atturii 
acti\it\,  h 


c\  s  and  einplii\e 


to  al'stain  from 


j>i>litical 


it\,  haxiii;,'^  nut  with  \  ii^'ormi     [irntcst,  paiticnhirh-  frmn  tin 


hrotlierhiMids 


iL;Iill\-  mmlified  ti 


otfice  in  small  comnuinities 


|x  rinit  iiu-ii  to  lii.ld  li.eal 


rAPiTAi.  r 


x!'r:vniTriM-^  wn  Tin-  T\ii\-oi,vi\(;  I 


c-  \'  f) 


the  Railroad  Control  Act, 


Sinn  of  ,S5iK),0(H),r(i(» 


was  aunro- 


)»rialeil.  uhicli.  toi;ctluT  with  an\-  funds  available  froiii  tli 
in  excess  ot   the  standard  return,  was  to  h 


e  carriers 


le  iise'd  as  a  ii-\ .  >1\  iiit 


tiind  to  pay  tile  c\|Hiises  of  federal  control,  to  cover  deticits,  if 
an\.  in  the  standard  return,  ;md  to  pro\ide  teniiinals.  motive 
I-ower  and  cars.     I'rom  this  fund  the  President  was  authorized 


Wf\ 


146 


W   M'!  ADMIM-IKAI  ln\ 


"I    '■<  \II,\\   \S> 


ti>  llial>L-  ;i(l 


\aiHi's  !(,  cairici-  idr 


aiul  (•\tciiM.,;is  a>  \w  .!i,,ulcl  ..nl 


tcniK'ni- 


I'liari^i-d  a.Liai:;-!   tl 

11>C     llli.     IlllK 

\vatiTua\s  In    ilie  pun-li 
tl 


aii.\  I'-'n  ui  MKli  a.I.litMiH,  1 


H't- 


cr.  .-IK 


h  a! 


<■■  lanitr  ami  i,.  I 


I  !vaiHT>  to  l>e 


x-'ar  mtfif-i.     11 


'null,, It-   il, 


<■'  iiiii.:lu  also 


'lHTaii,,ii   ,,i    canal.s  and   inland 


"^  niiid  iIk-  I'rcM,! 


lUin-nasc  ai   cquiiinicni  ,,r  ,,i1kti 


]•• 


I 


"itfd  M.iliN  at   11, 


••■'ii  w  as  aNu  ami 


ri  iin 


^■■•iri-!,  1,,  il|-,i  Ii.i.I  |,(.,.,,  I],.,, 


t  (-■xccrdiiii^  par  am 


ii>nz(--d  t,-  puivhasc  U;r  the 


-i^nritic-   i.-,-ucd   liv  t 


lie 


niicia'.-i. 


ipl"'\v,laso,iiMM.'iii  uith  the  pil.h 


I  'iinii^;   the   v^ar    I'M,'^   tl 
(it'iUTal    ihn.iivh    tlK-    1), 
amount  ,,t  $l.J7[»X)W,(jik)   { 


KTc   \\a^  aiuh. 


t)(XI,(NH» 


\iM,,ii    ol     Capita!     I 
'>y   inijn, nciiicnts. 


ua--    l,ir 


additions 


izwl  by  the  Director 
-xjK-nditiircs,  the 
"I    uhjch  S57o,- 


cqniiniK'iu  aii.i  S4r,0i  K  i.(  h  M  > 


l-ellcniKiit-.    $.')5'),()(Jll.(r(J() 


tor 


Aside 


lines. 
jx>scs. 


ary   t,:i-  >at,,-t 


L-  'roni  ili,,^.  oxiK^-iulit 


I'T  exteiiMiMi.,    hraiiches  aiK 


otli 


er 


iir,  -  made  direeth   i' 


anin.val  uas  ouilined  t..  sneh  e\|K'nd 
y   m  ..peiatioii.  ,,r  t,.  |ir,.\id 


or  war  pur- 


^■apacity,  ami  an 
ua>  in  m,,st 


>■   111  ^.roxeiiielit   ii, 


iinres  as  were  nece. 
e  a  needed  increased 


lures   wtTc  additional 
l-'iiildin 


>es  deienvd.      Hence  the  1, 


re(juired   for  the 


^e  pnrix^ses 


ir,ii:e  Items  of  exi 


''  "■•'"•"•'^■1<^.  ^ar.ltrack>andsidinl^s.  si 


)en(li- 


and  ears 


m^me    Ih-um.,    and    appnrl 


eiianees,    and    k 


lop 

>coiii<>ti\es 


I)i 


r'\tor  (  leiieral   !  I 


rea-iir\    in    |,- 


i"e-    m  snimiitiinL;-  to  the 


dm, ,11  I,,  ii 
Railroad  A. 
nieiit- 


le  re\,ii\in,. 


a  -nijplementiry  e-timat 


retary  of  the 


I'd    ,  ■!    S/  5(  I.ODI)  I 


'"""-"•an,  :i  i;a,l  exiien.ied   f,,r  add 


c  lor  an  ail- 
"«'■   -li"'Aed  that  the 


aeinall)    made    ,!i 


iriiiir   til 


e    \ear 


''1,'s 


■'■"''""'-  "null  tlu   ciiipanie-  coi,!d 


ition>  ar,d  lietter- 


the 


m    exce>> 


sum  ,,i  S_'o|  J  KKi,ii(  K).     I 
loaned   t,,  t!ie    N 


n  ;i,!diti,,ii  i,,  tl 


repay  troir  tin.,,-  rentals,  tl 


■"  ^"'  rk,  X 
liad  Urn  expeii.kd  f , -r  iiijan,! 
''-a-     faeir,i^ 

'leneral    -tatei 


ii".  ."s.-l, 473.1  HjO 


le 

iiad  l)t'en 


en     Haven   \    llanf, 


""(I,  S4..^(,<),U00 


uaieruays.  an,l  iIk-  A,l 


'I'eratiiiL;-     delicil 


-m,  e    I,  iiiid    (,,  1^,   SJdJ  ( 


cstmiate.l    at     that     ti 


mmi-tration 


me    at 


Iman 


ih.il    dlini;,r    I'llo^ 


<'<Mk;(i.       iin.   I) 


ce  inland  w  .iterw  av 


I'r,i\  isi,,ii   nin-~!    I 


ireetor 
e    l,,uiid    to 


lin.-meii!"     tl 


tlie 


[KMHitiires  ,,t  ,S12,N4(».rKKi:  to  aid 


,  eoi-ani/ation    .jt    the      1 


aid  in 

'»-■■"    \     Maine.    ,^ '( I  - 


ruH  I'M  ii.u  SI  Ai  i;s 


14; 


UH),(X10;  to  fmaiiL-i'  (.•(|ui;iiii(.-iu  i,,  he  delivered  iluriii-  tlu-  ycai- 
$_'86,WM),(HH);  and  1,.  fmaiRX'  uthiT  iicosirv  capital  cxiH-ndi- 
tures,  $4yi,(KJ0.iK.H).  Ho  otimatcd  that  .'>151>.(,h;io.(AH)  could  l>e 
derived  fnmi  conipauv  rental-  t..  k^  devuied  to  capital  expendi- 
tures, liut  in  vicA  m!  ihe  i.ui  that  w  a-e  incrca-o  are  nov.  ni  full 
eltect,  that  there  i-  lutle  prM-pcct  .1"  inateriady  lower  price-  dur- 
ni.t^the  year  .md  that  \\\v  -li;ni|  in  tvallic  -nice  war  i.usine.->  cea-ed 
lia-  not  yet  heen  ove-come,  it  i-  a  ■|ne.-tion  whether  the  AdnliIli:^- 
tratx.n  u  dl  not  face  another  lar-e  delicit  at  the  end  of  \'i\'>  The 
financial  situation  at  the  i)re-em  moment  :-  a  -crious  one,  due  to 
the  failure  of  the  Senate  u  al)pro^  e  the  re.|ue-ted  addition  to  the 
revoh-iiii"  fund. 


!• 


IvKI.ATlO.N    01      nil.    l-JDKRAl     R  Ml  ROM)   A  I  iM  I  \  i  SIR  ATI 


ON    TO 


Th 


J;..\l^ 


resideni  ha\  iu' 


Kiori.  \ri.\( 


A., I 


N 1;  I  !■; 


'in  tune  ol   war  taken  .  \ 


deration"    of    the    railuav-.    it 


iirov  i-Mii- 


if  law 


'o\eriun"- 


-ion.    11-c.    control    and 

e\  itahle  that  "ian\  of  til 

Hon  in  time-  of  jieaci  and  luidcr  condition,  of  pri 

should  no  longer  he  applicahie.      In  man 

ixjih  lite  Interstate  I '( ii 

eotnniissions  h 


er  the  i>osses- 


th 


len-  oi)era 
v.:ite  owiiershit 


>■  re-pects  the  pow 


ers  o 


nnierce  I  omm;>-i(jn  and  iho-c  o{  the  State 


'i\'e   heen   -erioii^ 


enrtaue' 


In  the  ca-e  of  the  Inter-tate  i 


e  ^  omnierce  i  omnns-jon.  its 


were  nni>aired  m  the  lii>t  s^eneral  order  is-uei 
General  dated  Decesiiher  _'•>.   ]')17.     'p 
carriers   to  disre;;ard   e-tahli-hed   route- 


powers 


ecoiKiniv  won 


Id  tl 


re-ult.  tliu- 


Interstatc  Commerce  Act. 
sliort  1 


-u]K-rsed 


lauled  and 


trran 


the  Director 
order  authorized  the 
ene\er  etil'iciency  and 
in.L   .'Section  l.s  of  the 


ing 


winch  ])rotect-  carriers  airainst  l)e 


Thi 


;ame   f^^eneral 


np]H'r-  the  rij,dit  to  route  their  f'-eijrht. 


and  authorizint;  tl 
faei 


ler.    hy    miifyinij    tra 
..idization  of  all  terini 


irde.l 
"■ht  t 


-  s  reii^ardless 
er  Sectii 


if  ow!ier>hip.  sui)orsede< 


^jxirtation    systems 
nal-.  eciui[>ment  and 


I  tlte 


|>rotection  ac- 


>  n-e 


th 


^^lncil  -rant-  to  carriers  the  exclusive 


eir 


tra  I 


and  ternnnr 


The  V  'deral  C'^ 


'inn 


;-t  pn.vides  ("Section  10  1  that  wl 


lenever 


14.V 


W  AN    \l).\ll\IS!R\,|(i\   ,, 


iv  HI.W    S^-; 


llu 

larc' 


I'lililic    inicnst    iTdiii 


I'liar-c- 


i'i'i"UK'at:i>ii- 


tlu-    I 


rc-iWcm    iiia\    initials    rati 


tluMll    Willi    tlk-    illl 


rf.irnlatidiis  ami  n|•al.•lict.■^  hv  til 


rate,^ 


iTNtatc  (  MMinnTci'  ('.  iiiimi<- 


aiKl   rf-ii'aiiniiv 


ii'ii,  aii'l  iliat  tl 


IC-l' 


rail  iii't 


[KMidni-  llnal  ck-tcriiiiiiatii 


■>n-|Hii(lr(I   1>\-   ill 


c  <.'(>niriiis>ii>n 


111. 


Slid 


lu.'Sf  rail 


I     Ili'tU 


a-   llu-   rroidcnt   -^liall   iHrvi 


-  arc  to  take  cttVct  u| 


lOIl 


iiiav    iiiKiii  CMiiiplaiiil  eiiu-r  up. ,11  a  1 


>n 


irariiu 


and  iiisiK-c.     I!ut  th 


Iiiit    tile   coiiiiiiissii 
as  to  their  reasonable- 


iiic  o.iiMdcratiun  ■,)  iIu-  fac,  I'lat  tli 


c  Cdiiiinissioii  Is  iii.-.triirtcd  liv 


aw  to  "ive 


I't'iTit,-  o[H-,-ati'(l   a>   a    unit   and 


<■  transpiirtatioii  svste 


nis  are 


w  lifiK-\  rr 


llir    I 


n'>t    III    coiiiix'titioii.      ^^, 


re-idciit   finds    it 


reover. 


'>rder  to  mvvl  tin-  standard 


lu-iTssary   to  iiic 


rt-aso   rate 


S    111 


passino-  „p,,„  ^i,,.),   ,,„.,-^,.^^^.,|  ^_.j,^,^^  ^^ 


rt'iurn.  the  i-otinnissi,  >ti  j 


mil;-  and 


!ak 


■^  re(|iiire(l,  in 


^■ertiticate  of  the    I'resident. 


ineii'laiioiis  as 
I 


he  niav  niakt 


Th 


nierstate   (.■oiiinieire    Act.   uhi 


e  into  aiToiint  the  find- 
too-ether  \\itli   such   reeom- 
-U|>crsedes  Seetimi  6  of  the 


i.'han,L;e  m  rate' 
^''spi-n.l  rate- 


it  tak( 


•.•n   re(|tnre.s  .-,()  davs'  not 


awav  tl 


and  makes  it  no  lop.^er 


ice  of  a 

If  power  ni  the  conimissinn  to 


feiire  advance  anthoritv  f 
'  he  coiniiiissii,,,  nntsf 


iiecessarx-  for  a 


carr'er  to 


roiii  the 


■oiiiiniss„„i  ,,,  increase  rates 


eftect  Kef 


ore  takini;  action.     },\ 


no\\  await  cntnplaint  iiiHin  rafc^  alread 


tioiis  noted  ih 


f>reo\er,  while  wim  ;,  tli 


e  coiimii 


y  111 
c  restrie- 


'I" 


-[leciti 


i'>n  1-  inilia.nipered  in  rend 


ic  coinplaints  after  hea 


eniic:  <lecisif)ns 


I'ontinnoiisly  .jui-iii-  l')l,S  uith  the  D 


^n<,^   and   rendered   <! 


ccisions 


its 


]'<wvr  has  un(]nestionahlv  1 


irector  ( 


an  entire 


schedule  of  rati 


rh 


one 


>t   ad 


K'cn  reduced  in  act 
tl 


H-neral  as  det'eiidant. 


ions  iiivoK  in. 


n 


irei'tor  ( ; 


equate   revenue,      Tlie    find 


where  the   fundamental  (luest 


ion   Is 


nii:  and 


iea\  e- 


'ciieral  has.  In  the  r 
le  coiuniission   praciii 


certificate   of   th, 


prov  Ihe   s,.lH.,hll( 

tioii  of  surrenderi 


e(|iiireinciils  of  law, 
no  alternative 


m  elTect.     That  th 


■1  weij,dit  which 
except   to  ap- 


Its 


leci^'oii   in   tl 


anv  anth,,niv  s-dl  left  to  it 


e  c./!iiniis<ion  has  n,,  inn 


le  i-.is,- 


Nortl 


iwestern  T* 


•f  Ihe    1' 
icitlc  Railroad  (' 


M-ilic     I 


iH'lber  ( 


L'vident  fr. 
•/  (i!.  rs    1 


nil 


ni  \'  Inch  m  an- 


"cr  I,,  ilie  plea  ,,f  the  I) 


annoiincerl  in  Jannarv,  1Q]0 


importance  of  the  relations 


lar-i-lx-  disaj)iK'ared  for  tl 


nip  r,t  rates  and  rati 


irector  (ieneral  that  the 


leinTirnl  (,f  the  war,  the 


iduistmeiits  had 
commission  ,|(,_ 


I  III 


I  N'rn-;i)  stai 


149 


:I;iie(i 


cxistiiiL;  r.iii'- 


irca^i  iiialilf. 


and  onlcrcil  tin-  Director  ( 


cral  Ui  roliice  the 


en- 


Ill. 


So  far 


are 


suhject 
C  'oiiiiiierce 


;i>  ri>a(l>  not  under  federal  eonirol  are  eoiieerneil,  thcv 


their  iiiter>tate  relat 


ions  to  the  Act  t 


and  the  ■■oiiinii-sion   still   has  its   f 


'ver  joint  traffic  kt\ 


o  Ke.L;ulate 
oriiier   jnri^dii-tion 


eeii   iederal  and  nontederal  ri 


oads  ; 


iHit  tins 


jurisdiction  eo\er 


(jeneral  Order  Xo.  _'S,  wl 


'^  a  relatively  insi,L,niiticaiit  part  ot  the  trattk 


iicli  increa 


rate- 


wa^ 


niadi 


■ed  frcijrht  and  passenyer 


-peciticallv   aiiplicaMe  to  intraMatt 


interstate  trattie 


Ad 


l.ike\\i-.e   ill   matters 


ser\  ice,   the 


ministration  i)n  needed  with  litil 


a-   we 
kail 


11 


Stat 
Ix.d 


e  re;;ar<l  to  ihe  ^en^ibilitie 


road 
of 


c    coinniissions 


atioiis 


i»etween 


tl 


le 


K'N    .-mil    the    fedtral     \dniimstrat! 


Mate    remilatiiH 


tiler  l)v  the  teiideii 


11    ueie    Mrained    ^idl    fi:r- 


advaiitaf,^-  of  their  indepe 


on  the  part  of  many  railway  ofliciaK  to  take 


petidence.  am 


1  tod 


.th 


isrei^ard  the  State  com 


the  State 


Kate  matters,  in-lead   of  lieiiii'   ref 


erreil  i. 


inniissions.  were  taken 


traffic  committees.     Loc-al  feel 
in  Octol)er  of  tlie  Xational 


uj)  witli  ref,Monal  and  district 


eeiiiitj  came  t. 


.\- 


a  Head  :n 


th 


c  meetiiu 


( 


omimssioners 


It  which  rest,ihit 


^<K-iatioii  ,,f  kadwav  and  l.'til 


ities 


ions  were  adoiitt 


lited  askmj-  lor  tull 


authority  on  the  part  of  the  States  and  dedarinsr  that 


111  anv 


event   it   is  the  diiiv 


maintain  it^ 


eac 
mihorit\  l.i  the 


h   St.-it"  c 


immission  ti 


e.\erci-e 


extent  w  hie 


h  ,t 


interes'  d 


may  deem  the  luiMi 


emaiid 


I  >iiriinr   tJK 


ir   the    federal    Railmad    .\d 


.''(inarely  met  the  issue  anil  iie\er  ofticiallv  in 


tmnistraliMM    never 


In  practice,  it  initiated  State  r.ales  and  tiled  thet 


terpreted  its  [>ow<T'- 


conimissiiui 


■|or  in  format 


11  with  the  State 


ion  onlv. 


In  matters  ot 


asserted  its  C"inp!ete  authorit\ 


■•er\iee,    it 


In  J.uiiiary,  1<)1<).  tl 

V  i 


10  war  havr.ic:  endec 


way  tor  retnrnm;,'  to  a 


d  pi, 


Ills  lieinrr  under 


Ited    ;|.;     D 


ix'ace  liasis.   Dirce-tor  (k-neral  i  fines 


ireclor 


■t     llK 


Sen  ice.  Max  Tl 


created 


Di 


ap- 


lekn,  fi'rmerlv  ("h: 


il.i' 


linnan  of  the  (^alif 


road  t  omniii-sidn. 


orma 


R. 


I itie  oi  wiiose  dntie> 


undersi.-iiidiny-  w  itii  the  .^tate 
coiiiireiice    with    rei>re-.i-tii,iti\  i 


>f    th( 


ins  to  establish  i.  helpful 
ary,  after 
lioii.s,   the 


commissions,      hi  In-hni 


.-'tati 


■mm 


\'-'i 


W   \K    \KMI\1-I  !;  M  |(,v  ,,1-  !<  \i|,u W.., 


Ivailma,!   .\,Ii 


iiiiii^rali.in    ,imi,  .tnircl    u.   |„,|jcv. 


Mslftii^  nuclei-  fcik-ral  ^■<n)\r'■\ 


rail' 


'P'TtaiiMii 


arc  |. 


ti 


li  polict  rci^nilatiMnx  ,,(■  ,|n 


■>t.'\cra! 


NIHir  trad 
and  tin 


raih\,i\ 
like,  nil,!  it  1,  1. 1  I 


viHitiiic  -til.jiTt  to  the  law 
-tite-  in  matters  relatini'  ti: 


^,in^-- 
le  tin 


cause  tile  orders  ..f  ili 

tciiticm   u 

roa<I 


-aiei\    a 


I>"lie\  ■<(  tin 


p[)liaiu 
I) 


tram    serviei 

'■■iTtor  <  ieneral  t' 


^tat 


IS   eailei 


e  eotniiiKMon.  to  he  carried  oiii.      \ 


l)v   tl 


■'ini 

le  Si 


1   it 


'ue\er.    lo   the   financial 


u  a 


••  a>snnn 


d  ill 


condition   oi"   th 


at  I'M 


Hiidilnre-  would  1 


itc  coiiunission- 


needs   and    difticultit 
railways. 


'il\-   alter   ml 


>(■    tl 


le 


lilted    Mati 


>e  ordered 


con-,!deratioii   of  the 
1    '•pcratiiii--    the 


In  the  matter  of  rates   tl 


ixjwer  to  Ih?  excn 


ised   liv  the  S 


ic  conference  co,,!,!  n,,t  ajrree  as  to  ti 


le 


annoiir.ce 


mleiition  to  expedilt 


tate>.  and  the  Director  ( 


ieneral 


propriate  trihiinal.     T 
'\ere   ordereil.   hei'^ 
Mate  or  interstate 


pedite  a  decision  at  law  hv  tht 
he  directors  ai  Traffic  ■   id  Public  S 


>re 


amhorizin--  ini|H,rtant   ad 


ervice 


to  submit  tl 


\ances  in   rati 


commission 


.s  in  the  St 


lem  for  advice  and  s 


the  sake  of  keepincj  S 
commissions,  for  inforii 


Ues  affecte( 
t.'ite  record- 


Car 


u.tTffcstion  t( 


Tier-  were  ordererl.  f, 


latioii. 


other  rejHirts  i 


•ci|Uired  In-  Mate  -tatuu 


intact,  to   file  with   the  State 
rate  -chednles  and  annual  ,-md 


I'r.ws  loi;    riir  PrTi-|<r 

'■^Scn,„„,4oftherederal.-.,mrol    Wt.  „.  as  provided  that 
>>u-n„ne,„   control   .h,,,,,,,   ,„,,  ^.,,,^,„,i   ,,  twen,  ■ 

.-uhsfronuhedateof,heive.dent.pr,x::;;:;::  ;:^^ 
t  :;rr;-'"'''^"'''''^.''^'''^- '-->■- 1--  Thdves- 

"M.   I'lN    and,lK-,-eaMerl,va.nv.„en,  u„l.anv,ad.av    ■.„,! 
l'-'''"^''i   .vlm,|uid,  all  therailuav,  mder  federd    ■   ,;'•■■""' 

'^;-!V'- '--^•-'^^>-"  ^"■■•-u-t,o.  ,,:,j;;;:',;:  :':;:^'-- 

;^..>.,nienori.,to.,mpeu.ti,,ndiouNlaccr.^^ 

,  '''''^   ''"^  •'''■'''■"  '--'•-'^-'-tl.-  amhontv. as  to  re- 

l^a-ea  lari^e  nnniher  of  short  lines  on  I„„e  10 

I^  Section  U.  the  Federal  ..,n„-o,    \ct  is  expresslv  .ledared  to 


THK    I    MH-I)   srvTHS  |;i 

|-.mcr,c.n.yl.,,.a,,, ,,,..,,:,,.,.., nee,  o,n,ln„  „.„.„.  i,„  „„ 

P-.UK.,n,,hefn,nn.p.,,u.v.,fUu.r.,.n>l,,,v.nnn^ 

..h.  <.un.r.ln,,,  o.n,n^l  ,.•  r.^„la,,,,n  of  earner.  ,,,- ,IH.  n,cth.d 
'>i  I'asK  oi  thnr  capitalization. 

Inl,isa,„uul  -ncs..,..  „.  r.„^rc..,  „,  IWhIht,  1018  the 
'  •:;-l--  -ranklv  a,lnn,,c..l  tlKU  In-  IkM  .o  a.Kun-  rca.iv  f,.;  he 
in  tile  lollowiiii;^  teniis: 


W 


"  ^""l''>    '"'■'^■■'^''  '!'-  P,a,N  an,l  t^,,  hack  i,.  tl 


(■niKiiiiMH.  ,,,  private  nianawm 


■i"'l  iiinltiiMnu  i-e-nlatini,  ],v  !„„i,  St 


I'Ut,  iinrcstricffd  c 


le  old 
Miiju'titioii, 


tle^ 


I  >r   w  I' 


i>   to   tin 


ite  and  federal  aiitliori- 


cniiiplete  -oveniiiient  lontrol 


actual 


mediate  com 


vcr'inieiit    ow  nei-sjii]i:    ,  ,r    \,  e 


i])posne   extreme   and    cstalili-h 
accompamed.  if  iieces>arv.  iiv 


t    !iiodihe,|   pri'.at 


can   ado 


iiiiitied    and    afl'iniialix  e    Diih! 


c  contro 


nnd 


il>t   an   iiiter- 


cr  a  nioi-( 


:ilterations 


to    1 


"I   ilic  law    as  will 


K-    rei^idation   and    under   such 


>e  a\i  iide. 


KTimt    wastefnl  coi 


adnnnistration   t 


a  o.!isideral>le  de,t,'rce  of   unifi 


iipetitirn 


'■  lie  effected 


>ri>oration~   nndcr 


as, 


would   1 
coiicl 


'.hid 


1   the 


H-'   in   effect   cotnhii 


rai!\wi\- 


iision  that  I  am  readv  to  st 

service  alike  to  th 

lo  return  to  th' 


led   in    -in^ii 


\voul(    Dt'  a  disser\ 
''f  the  railmad 


■1. 


ic'stiim   of 

for  example.  I.y  regional 

"f  delinahle   areas 

1  he   one 

i^  that  it 

le  owners 


-■\  steiiN 


ite  w  idi  confideiH 
le  countrv  and  to  ;1 


concliiiiin^  nnmodihed. 


If 


e  urwd  Com 


and  declared  it  to  1 


ress  to  lal 


le  his  dutv,  t'or  th 


:e  up  the  prohlem  at 


once  for  studv 


and  nnccrtaiiitx.  to  relii 
expiration  of  the  -tatut 


e  puriK>se  of  relie\ 


qiiish  the  control  of  the  mads  I 


:i  clear 


he: 
C^ 

closing  and 
was  IK 


IhticmI,  unless  there 


doubt 
K'fore  the 


prospect  in  the  meantime  of 


hould 


apiHMr  to 


^ii'i-ressional 


he 


a  lepislatiN 


e  solution. 


ci  itiiies 


aruit 
ted  d; 


werc    at 
~  of  a  V  ar 


>pportum'tv    for  the  co 


'>iiee    uistitiit 
session  of  ( 


cated  a  prohleiu,  and  the 


nsidered  treatment  of 


ed.    hut    in    the 
oiii^'rcss,  there 


sion  ended  wit! 


so  coinpli- 


with    not  even   at,   appropriation    to   keen   ti 


1  tiothin<T  settled 


'ntart 


P  the  cxistiiu 


situation 


\52 


\\.\K  ADMIXISTU  \TI()X  ni"  KAII.W.WS 


ilu'U-  an-  Munn.ar.zcl  l.d.-u  tlu-  uun;  uniK.rtanl  .ii«-iMi„n. 
tlKit  hav.  krn  nia.l.  i,.r  the  .nlntun,  of  tl,.  prol.lcn.,  nn.J.r  the 
licadiii^s  ,,i  the  ,.,.;aiiuatioii.  ttiakiii-  tlu-  i.r.,|„,sals. 

I.    ■//'.■  l-rdcnil  Raihuhul  .  Iihninistniticni. 

11'^-  l'r.ii.,.al   ^^a^  .na.le  hy   Dimtur  General   McAdoo,  later 
'■lal"-raie,l  l.v  1„.  slK■ce^M,r.  Director  (Jeneral  Il,„es,  that  tile  rail- 
way, .huuKl  re,„,„n  u.uler  le.ieral  cntrol   for  a  j^riod  of  f^ve 
.v^'ar-,  the  o,ntem„>,i  l,ei.,o-  that  the  twetity-o„e  nio.iths'  peri(xl  is 
>.-  ~li-n  ihai  the  in,i.eii,hi,,L;-  transfer  of  inaiia-enient  will  create 
"lii-e^t  u,„l  ..-.naTtaiitty  ainon-  officers  and  c.nploves  an.l   react 
ii.navoral.l.N    „,.„   niK-ratinn.     -his  effect   will   l.c  increase<l  hv 
the  react,..,,  „,„,„   ,h,  ,n,l,ii,  oenerally  of  a   rest,>ratio.t   of  the 
•ailuav.  „,  a  peace  has,.,  hv  a,dtat,..n  due  to  the  attempt  of  Con- 
,i;res.s  t-.  Mctiiv  a  i>en.iane„t  >,.luti,.n  of  the  prol.lePi.  and  bv  the 
nnnnnence  .,f  the  preside.,t,al  election,  which  will  drac^  the' rail- 
way pn,l.len>   „,to  pohtics.       \„  adequate  pro,^ra.n  ofaddition. 
and  l>cucr,nent<  can  not  he  peiu-eted  in  this  short  ix-ricxJ      A  five 
year  h„„ia„on  uoid.l  n,ake  all  the  difference  l>etwecn  satisfac- 
t'>r>    .„d  nnsat,sfacto,-v  service  t,>  the  puhlic.      "There  will   be 
...ore  „„H.  to  -.et  o„r  hearin.^s.  ,n„re  tinte  to  ^et  the  sober  thought 
"■the  people  as  to  u  hat  on,du  f  he  the  ix-rmanent  solution  " 

Director  t.eneral  lline.  in  presenting,  his  owt,  view  of  a  ,>er- 

'nanen.   .oi„t,,,n   stated   that   he  did  not   Ix^lieve  in  government 

-'wner.h,p.     His  solution  is  I,.,.,  ,,„„  j,,,  following,  principles : 

A  deh.me  voverntuent  guaranty  of  a   fair  return  to  the  rail- 

-.-.  w,,h  the  r,,ht  ..f  capital  nu.leratelv  to  participate  ,n  anv 
a<,d,t,onal  profits.  t,.gcther  with  the  participation  of  the  govem- 
nieiu  and  p.KsjMy  of  lalxir.  fe^^vc.n 

..uanuitccd  eturn  to  1.  sufiicient  to  preserve  railway  credit 
an.l  , attract  additional  capital. 

•|;'.y.-eatio„  of  a  con,,>aratively  few  railwav  con,,.„,ie.  witl> 
cap,tah.at,n„  ]„u,ted  to  the  real  value  of  the  property 

'.ovcrnnient   veprescntation  on  the  lH>ards  of  directors. 


nil';  r.\ni:i)  states 


153 


II.  Association  of  Rail:.ay  l^.cn.nrrs  urtrrsnUi..,  tlu-  nn/.„v 
corporations).  - 

Kxchisivc  federal  reyiilatioii  (,f  rates 
A  De,,artn,ent  of  Tra,K,>ortation,  with  the  Serretarv  of  Trans 

route  tr  ftc  when  necessar>-.  readjust  the  use  w"  ten„i„al  facil,- 
t^^^.^.„...   the   who,e   t.a„s,>rtatio.,    svs,e,„    ,„    .    ,„,„,, 

No  new  constniction  except  when  needed 

rransfer  of  the  exee-utive  and  adnnnistrative  powers  of  the 

tat  on  te    """'^"^  '""'"'"'^^"■'^  '''  '^^  -^--^->-f  ^-'-.>-^ 
at  on.   the  connn.ss.on  to  retain  qnasi-judicial   functions,  e  ,.- 
cially  as  to  the  review  of  rates. 

CarnVrs  to  initiate  rates  subject  to  the  appro^  al  or  disapproval 
of  the  Secretary  of  Tran.sportation,  who  n,ay  refer  quest^ns  t 
tlie  commission  tor  review.  ^^  us  uj 

The  connnission  may  also  hear  complaints  respecting  rates  and 
shall  fix  minimum  as  well  as  maximum  rates 

A  reasonable,  adequate  and  sufficient  rule  of  rate  making  to  be 
specified  by  statute.  s  'o  w 

Regional  commissions  under  the  sup^n-ision  of  the  Inte  ^ate 
Commerce  Commission. 

Modification  of  the  Clayton  Act  and  of  limitations  on  pooling 
of  cars,  division  of  earnings,  acquisition  of  interest  in  other 
carriers,  rate  ag   >ements  and  similar  matter^. 

Federal  incorporation. 

Federal  regulation  of  the  issue  of  securities 

A  wage  l>oard  to  l,e  set  u,,  under  the  .Sex-retarv  of  Trans„.rf.- 
-">".  and  w.-,ge  co.ts  to  l,e  recognized  in  rate  m.akino,  ' 

IIL   Xational  Associatinn  of  0:,ncrs  of  Railroad  Securities 
A  minimum  rate  of  return  on  railway  propertv.  fixed  bv  \ct 

-f  Congress,  to  l>e  maintained  by  an  adjustment  of  ,he  rates 
Farmngs  in  e.xcess  of  the  fixed  rate  to  be  distributed  under 

the  direction  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  l.tw^n 


154 


W    \K     \|1V  '\  |v  I  l;  \  r|(l\    III 


i<  \ii,\\  \^  ■ 


improvciiK-nts  in  <;iiural 


(-■  t-.\;t>,-..  .iiiil  railwas' 


iVt'at 


itu'ii  ot  a  natiiiit.i 


•>i--iiiii'-  '  it^  il 


TIN. ration  (lirc'ctol  l>v  triisti'i 


K'   UIIH-    Illl.T-lalc   (■.  ,lll|l)cil-i-   (.'oiUTlli. 


-i'Miers  and  cijrlit 


ranwav    niiii.   (■■  I 


naiu-i-  i\\v  idfMiit  fiiKT.yein_\,  anil  i..  pr.njilc 
an  a-uu-v  t.,r  |,nivliaMn-  ociuipmcnt,  WMik'nvj;  effective  the  joint 
ii-r  <'{  HTniinaN,  lian.lini-  pn.hlenis  of  unifu-ati( 
iii.i^'  a  iiu-an-  I'or  nnniediati-  niohilization  nf  rail 
]>urp(i^(.-.s. 


11  and   furnisli- 
wav-i    for   \\„ 


>i\  rc-"ioi 


lal  i-onmns-ion-,  witli 


merce  I  onmiisNion. 


iippeal  to  tlie  Interstate  Com- 


( 


'or^hnatMii  oi   w  ,  .rk  oi    Slat 


e  i-oinnn^-ionN  w  iih  that  of 


;ionai  coninii>.ion^,  s,,  tar  a^  legislation  uill  ],cn.nt. 
Ke.i^ioiial   connni>>ion.  i.,  ad  a^^   wa-e  lH)anK  oi 


c'l  iiK'iliation. 


ro\  1-1, ,n    t,,r  a]i|ioint!iieiu 


rbilrat 


tails. 


ion  l)oards   ii'  coiu-iliat 


ItlOIl 


■tilnrr  i-Mic-  of  rail'Aay  -ecnnlies  to  he  Mi|.er\iM'd  \n   regional 


eoimiiNMon-  and  tin-  Interstate  Coninicrcc  Conmi 
Continuation  of  the  lerritia-ial  rate 


Is.slOll, 


federal    Railroad   Ail 


I'oniniittees  iTeated  hv  the 


nnnistralion. 


l\  .   liitrrstiiti'  C 


'iii:::t'irr  Coiiiinissit 


W 


ith  adoptidii  1,1   ,.,pj 


rej;iilation  under  iiriwit 


)roi)riate  provisions  and  safemiartl-,  tor 


operation 


1,-  unwise  at  present. 


e  ownership.  ,<,'overnnient  ownership  and 


i\e\ision   .!•     .mitalioiis  upon   united 
anioiii^r  c.  iiiiiiion  carrier-  1)\   rail    jul  wat 


or  coopi'rative  acti\ities 


er. 


!• 


inauci 


pation  of  railway  oixjiation  from  linancial  d 


ictatiDii. 


l-ederai  reirulation  of  th 
Kstalilishnicnt    oi'   a 


and  State  authority. 
I'fticient  utilization 
the  hurden  of  furnish 


e  i-siie  ot  securities. 

■perative   relationship  l>etweeii    federal 


earners. 


of  e(ptii)nient  and  provision  for  distrihutint 
in^  (.■(iinpnient  on  an  cqi. -table  basis  anions 


.\ 


more   lilKM'al   use  of  terminal    faciliti 


pro])er  uiovenient  of  commerce. 


le     m    the   interest   of 


III.    I'M  I  1,1)   .-|.\i 


\'.    ///,■  A'./;/,\'i;v  /. 


yi'tliiTliiiinls 


•rniin'iit  |)iiriii;iM'  .  i  lail 


tair  valiiatii 


ua\   iiiMiHTiK-.  ,,n  [h^.  1, 


IMS  uf  a 


In.'  rrcatiiiii  ,,i'  an  (.|)fiat 


IIU 


t"  I'l-  held  ill  ti 


ii-t  iiT  the  en 


'oani   oi    director 


Tixiratiun.  iIu- 
l>li>>es,  oflKJal  and 


-I'x'k    .  r|    \\  III,  li 

Hi  >n-c)riiiial. 


■■'  <>i   tile  oiKTal 


l>"M'd    niu-thinl    nt    diieetnr.    elected    \>v    tl 
othcials,  Mii(.-il,i,-,i  cl^.^n.,!   l,v  tlu-  ,ii| 


IK-ratinf,'   eoriH.ratiMn    to  1 


K-  lom- 


'c   apiMiinted    raiK 


ler  eini) 


a].iR.inled   l.v  llie   rre-ideiit  .,f  the   Inite.l 


o\e>.   and 


^ne-lhird 


l^aIe^   t.)   U-    li.xed. 


Statt 


i're-nnialilN    li\    tin-    1 


I  iniinis^idii, 


as   1,,  ]ir,  „hiee  n[KTaiin-    r 
meet   the  re(|uin-inent-,  of  th 


nterstate   tninin 


erce 


evenues    Miftieient    "ti 


I'n.Cits  to  he  ilivid 


e  service. 


ided  e(|nally  U-tueen  tl 


|H.Tatiiu 


'■"n>'"-atiMn,  ,he  lafer  i,,|,ay  it^  .l.ar,.  i, ,  .j 


as  a  <li\  idend 

\iitoinatic  rediict 
ot"  profits  is  in  excels  ,,f 


le  j.;"vernnient  and  the 
le  employes 


i-'ii  of  rates  nhene\er 


fiv 


the  .ir'nernment's  >ihare 


e  ptT  cent  <<{  the  operating:  re 


t  "ntr.,!  ,,f  intrastate  traffic  left  in  the  han.l 


\eniie.'i. 


ties  \\hene\er  it  d..es  ii,,t 
interstate  traffic. 


•'  liK-al  aiithc 


interfere  \\  illi   ili 


I'  pr.  i;.er  (ipvratiMn  ,jf 


W 


i.trc  sett  I 


c<iiially  ot  employer.^  and 


enients  thnnii^di  ua-e  conciliation  hoards 


i'"nsistiiK'- 


eiiij»lo\  es. 


CHAPTER  II 
Great  Britain 

Railway  orKani/ati.  n  inr  «,ir  |nir|i...rv  in  liio  fnitcd  Km-.lom 
li.i\in^,'  Uvii  <-stal.li>lK-,i  ai  liu-  \crv  ,.|.ciiin-  ,,i  liu-  uar  uixUt  tiir 
|>r.  .\isiwn-.  .if  fxisiiii-  si;initrs,  till-  iiariaiiw  ,,{  1«)1S  .lo^vs  n.-i 
r(v.,r(l.  a>  ,\<<^:  that  ..f  th,.  rniir,l  States.  M^.tiitK-aiit  cliaii;;.-.  in 
iiiana-fmciil  and  ii.nin.i.  (  i|R-rati(>ii>  utrt-  coiitinnrd  iiiuUt  tii- 
i^i'iu-ral  MiiKTvision  ,.|'  tin-  Nailwav  I-'.xicntive  (■..inniiltcc.  snl- 
K't  lu-iinaiily  t..  t!u-  , Ionian. K  ,.i  tlu-  War  DejKirtnicnt  and  ..tlic, 
i^nvft-niiR-iital  nrf^anizatiuns  Tlu-  lailwax-  u-cord  r,f  1<)18  a,„i 
(arly  1'>1<)  ii.nii)ri-is  thric  prnuiiKi'  fador 
I.I  ^i-rvicc  Inr  tiie  |inriii j-<_-s  ,,f  tlu-  war  an 

ncLjwtialii.ns  of  the  demands  ni  the  lal".r  nri,'anizations,  rvsult- 
ni-  ni  stcadilv  incrcasin-  wa-i-.  and  nmassion-,  as  to  hmirs  and 
wnrk-in.i,'  conditions:  (3,  esixrialK  alter  the  arinistiee,  di^eu- 
si(,n  am!  consideratinn  ..i'  the  tntnre  m|   I'.riti-^h  railwavs. 


I  I  I    coiitinnatinn 
I  deinohilizatii  mi  :  i  _'  i 


W 


m;    ^i:i;\  k  i;    \\i>   Ri  -n  i.. 


Iiei.^dit  and  passen.^er  tralhc.  whieh  ua.s  hea.  x   nn  the  liritish 
railway,  thnninhont  the  uhole  ih^tukI  ,.f  the  war,  was  esiKfially 
'ar.H-   in    l'M,S.       1  he   fifty   per  cent   increase  in  iKussen^^er   r.ite- 
"lad.-  effective  January  1,  1017.  was  designe.i  in  lar^e  part  as  a 
.leterrent   U,  travel.     Resitlts  at  f^rst  were  as  ex|>ccted,   hnt  or- 
dinarv    passenj^er  traffic  gradually  returned  to  the  level  of  l')13 
uhicl,   was  the  recor<l  prewar  vear.      \ddinjr  to  this  the  heavv 
travel  on  military  warrants,  whidi  in  1018  anuninte.l  to  no  less 
than  three  milli.m  inchvidnal  trips  a  ni<.nth.  the  total  passenger 
traffic  in  that  year  was  the  heaviest  in   British  railway  history 
The  total    freight   traffic   in    1017  had  l>een   nearly  50  jx-r  cent 
.Lrreater  thati  in  lo],^.  and  o.ntinned  t.-lK-  heavv  throughout  1018 
In    fact,  the  demands  on   the   raijuays  U-came   so  qrcat     the 
shortage  of  coai  v'as  s,,  acute,  and  the  necessity  of  reducing  the 


'.V   \l(    MIMIM^IH  \  I  l(i\   (i|-  NMI.W   \\' 


strain  on  tracks  ami  c(|ni|'iin  iii  a.i  ...  jircssinR.  f^pci  kiIK  dur- 
iuti  llif  (k-nnaii  .Irives  in  tin-  xiHin;^  .it  l''|.*<.  tli  ii  ,iiMiii..ii;il 
ste|>s  ucri-  laki-n  to  restrict  i»r<liiury  ira\il  ami  ir.iiii.  Ili,  ~c 
restrictions  wxTt-  niaclf  in  part  tiii.lcr  sinriai  jmurrs  LT.Mitnl  i.. 
the  nnani  of  Ti.i.I.-  >,iil,  m  I'Ms,  nii.ln  ill,-  hclciiM'  ..I  till- 
Realm  Ke>,nil'iti<)ii». 

In  tlie  case  ni  holiday  tra\el.  aiK.nu.'  ii,kti-  .■,,rc  not  m>!i1. 
and  accommodation*  were  ]>lHTlla^al>le  onjv  at  f.niuay  ^tatioti^ 
Diiriiii,'  till'  MiiiinuT  of  I'MS  ,,nc  road  unit  -. .  lar  .i^  i,.  i. it  ion  ii, 
Saturday  travel  hv  iiiaikiiiL,'  tickets  I'.-r  tlie  ;)artiiiilar  tram,  and 
sclhii-  only  t(»  tli<'  liniit  ot  cadi  train's  aa-.Miiin.Hlalionv  \'a^- 
Ncn^rcr  train  -rr-,  nc  -.a-  nMnccl  to  .m  r\cn  I'Tciter  cxiiiit  than 
hcforc,  train.  N'ln-  t.ikrn  ..It'.  -]>,■■<[  r.Mii.  rd.  aii<l  tlu-  iim-  of 
sca-oti  ami  v.ii-k  .■ii.|  ticki'l-  rc~irutcd  S..iiu'  .>t  even  tlic  lar^'c 
nation,  wen-  rlo^iij  at  ni'^lit  and  .m  Siindav^  Certain  ■-ix'Cial 
week  end  iK-ket  iirivilei,^-.  exteinlrd  t..  elll|.l..ye^  in  Controlled 
estahli-linient.  ..vcie  w  ithdr.uMi  In  Ireland,  where  there  had 
lieeii  little  iiitrrierenee  \\itli  tr:i\el.  the  |ri>h  loininittee  in^ti- 
tiiied  a  iiMiiiKer  ..f  re-iii.tion,  in  |).i,MMii;er  mT\  lee  in    Njiril. 

'"  ■I'Milioii.  the  price  .  t'  -ea-.-n  tickets,  which  had  not  Iven 
aUecied  1>\  the  i^eiienil  iiicieasc  of  l')17.  ^ j^  „f,\v  increased  |,\' 
li>  |HT  cent  ['..r  tickets  >vitliin  ,i  Iwv'w  mile  r.idins.  and  JO  jier 
cent  H.r  |..iiL;er  .list.inces.  Irish  ji;isM.-n^er  fares  were  increase.! 
Iittv  per  rent  ■  m  Jiiiie  1.  s, .  ,is  to  hrin-"  them  in  line  with  the 
earlier  iiur.a-e  .  .n  iln-  I'linlish  roads.  Parcel  rates  l>y  passt-ni^er 
train  were  re\  is^-d  npw;,rd  ..ii  X'ovcmlKr  1.  the  incn-asc  liein- 
aliont   t\\ent\    per  cent. 

With  tile  oprraiiii!.;  .lilVu-ulties  .already  referred  to-iiisufTi- 
cicncy  ..f  eNpeneiiccd  lahor  force  -horta,!,'e  of  coal,  and  nnnsnal 
wear  and  tear  ..ii  facilities  -the  etTicicncy  record  of  the  Briti-sli 
r;iilw;,\s  contmned  remarkal.ly  ,-ood  i,,  1018.  The  ix-rsonnel 
'■^'■"''"''•''  ""■"  •■""!  'lie  hea'.v  war  irnfTic  wis  .onichow  handled. 
I  he  .i.cideni  record,  which  was  '■xcellcnt  throughout  the  war 
(except  lor  the  i  jiiiiitinsl..ill  tr,K>p  train  disaster  of  lOl.S)  was 
Mc'l   niainl.iine.l   in    V'l.'^.     There  u.as  ,,nlv  one  fatal  i>assenger 


i.KK\  I     IIKI  1  \I\  15") 

tram  .midi-nl.  due  l.-a  I.iikI-IkIc.  in  uliul;   .i\cii  |>.is-rii^tT^  lost 
tlirir  li\i-^. 

A-  f.  Iiiiaiui.il  n  .It-,  a  Willie  1'ai.tT  rrii'lill\  i-mk-i1  In  llif 
l'.i>aii|  i.t  Iradc  iIimIlsi-.  I.t  the  lirst  niin-  the  a.itial  siniiuii  .|i 
diiriiif^  the  war,  I'liis  iei»(.rt  make-  ii  ele.ir  iliat  the  |;iiii-li  (,..\- 
eriimeiit  |.ai(l  the  railv  av-<  to  Dceemlier  .^  1 ,  1''1S.  t  1  7  u  K  >.(  i^  HI 
/I'.s.s-  m  e...ii|^-ii Niliwii  I,,  make  np  iluir  -iiaranlee  llian  wMild  have 
ix.-eli|Mid  torj;-.  .\eniinriit  iiallieliad  it  U'eii  ■,  liai'^ed  l".  .i  at  piowir 
aiitlii.ri/cd  rales.  In  tlii>asiH.M  ,L;Mwnimriu  ei.iitn.l  u.mld  apiK'ar 
iM  liave  U'eii  a  |  jp  .I'ltalilc  iiiidertakiii,-.  However,  tlieri'  are  tu<» 
>|ualii\iiij;  lactois.  one  tending  |o  merea-e  and  ilie  other  to  de- 
crease the  anioimt  of  ihi>  prolit.  (  )n  the  one  haii.l.  the  raih»a\s 
|KTfoniU'<l  ser\  jei-  tor  the  iroveniiiieiit  in  addition  to  ih -ir  -trictly 
railwav  -er\  iee  (  l.\  means  ol"  steamhoat-.  d.^k-.  ranaU.  etc.) 
tor  ivliieh  no  (■hari,'e  was  made.  'I'his  ser\  lee  ua-  oiileiall\  esti- 
mateil  at  from  £l(),l1(H>.li()n  to  £15,0()(i,(KH».  On  tlie  other  hand, 
ilie  report  made  no  allowanee  for  makini:  ^nH„l  the  e\ira  wear 
and  tear  arising;  from  ad(hti.>iial  traflie  carried,  This  al!o\\;,iue. 
it  was  estimated,  would  not  exceed  £4(),(HK»,(  KK  i.  |neln(hn!L;  these 
lactor-,  the  haiaiice  slieet  between  railways  and  ijover  neiit 
stands  as  t'ollows  : 

Prridil  i.f  V'  'VcimiuTit 

c  )ntrnl  (,^11^'.  ,i,  |<>14, 

to   Dec.  ,i1,  1918). 

I-.~tiiiiati'l  v.iiiiL'  .it  Ki'Viriiiiitnt  tr.ilVu- £!I2.1M.),K()K 

C'iini|ifiis,itii>M  |),Liil   '):  .U.U*)7 

r...M-niiii.iii   iir.illt    iU>.7MMn 

.N'Miti-nal  -crvuf,  :it  1,  ,l^t 10,0()0,00() 

..    ,          „                -  £2(.,7,i(l,2()l 

l)oliu-l  .TlliiuMiio'  tor  oxtra  wear  .mil  te,ir -t<),(HKI,()()n 

N'lt  ili'liit  lia!an(.c £1.^,269.799 

This  del)it  balance  of  £l.^._'7t).CH10  is  probablv  ovcr'^tated,  as 
the  ad<litional  service  has  Ih.-cii  entered  at  its  lowest  rit,rnre  and 
the  allowance  for  extra  wear  and  tear  at  its  hicjhest  fiyure.  .\s- 
stimim;  that  it  ron.^hly  ai>proximates  acciiracx .  the  actual  cost 
of  ijovernment  control  t.)  the  end  of  10]X  mav  U-  stated  as 
£13,270,000,  or  about  .>t)4, 500,000. 


IWI 


w  \K'  AHMixisTU  \riii.\  ir|-  i<\ii,\\  \^■^ 


I  lie   .It't.iiK   niiili';i\in--  ilu-    I.  n\-i'iii.-    >tati>tic.s   ni    \aliie   of. 
and  i-..ni|K-ii-.aii..ii  v<v.  -.  ,\  cnunnit  iraitic  arc  as  tollnws: 


Kstim.iti'il    \.ilin-    ill 

K"\trnim-m  iraHh   ,r 

ili.irKi-il    for   at 

.lullinrizod  pri'war 

ralcs, 

"'■'■  ■''■    l''iJ  (;,i,5()(l,0(HI  u-tiiiiatf<Ii  ) 

lyi--) \ii.27'>.\in  I 

1916 -'iM,-ii),i_>,, 

1917 .i5.(i'«.5.i4 

1918 41,V!7,024 


I  iinipL'ii^ation   panl 
li_\   K'>verriineiit. 

£15,'M6,8.?9 

14,(Mg,6?4 
24,075.7'>« 
^i\.2S\.^26 


i:n2,iM,i,,s()x 


£9S.MXW7 


Tlu-  O'nipcn^atP.n  jiai.!  ua^  the  aiimniit  by  uliidi  ncl  n-vemie 
diinii-  tlic  jHTin,!  ,,t  ,.„,!,.  .1  icli  1k-I,,u  the  net  re-.enne  of  I'»13, 
with  the  ad.Htinn  ni  f,,„r  ,.oi-  -enl  u|.,m,  the  capital  ex|.en<iiture' 
iirMU-hi  nil.,  u^e  Mii.e  the  iK-nuiint  ..f  that  year  The  railways 
were  jKTinitted  to  make  the  noniial  mainteianee  diar^a-  to  ..|,c'r- 
atiiit;-  e\|)fnses  each  year,  and  to 
tenance  as  a  reser\e. 
in   iIk 


h     till- 


et  lip  any  arrears  in  main- 
way  arrears  were  provided  for 
e  .i^.nenimeiii  o,inpen.ation.  OixMaiin-  expenses  further 
iiH-hide,l  VKlnaily  all  war  wa.^e.,  allowaiue.  to  employes  with 
the  eol,,rs,  and  oiher  expen-  s  dne  to  war  eon.Iitions.  The  -ov- 
ernment's  -narantee  covered  all  these  expenditure. 

The  actual  income  account  of  the  British  controlle<l  railways 
tor  the  vear   I'M  3.   uhich   was  the  yardstick  ai^ainst  which  the 
need  to:  .government  compensation  was  measured,  loffether  with 
tlu-  annual  a\cra-e  of  ,he  ncrio<l  of  control  to  IVcemher  ,^1 .  1<)1,9 
was  briefly  as  follows; 


i.F<",  \  I"    IIKl  I   \l\  161 

Period  ni  go\ tiii'iniit 
control  (AiiM.  5,  1914. 
to  Dec.  .il,  1918). 
IVl.i  \iiiiiial  im-rano. 

Op.  r.'tint;  rivcnii.s    £1 18.7(»0.yXS         £125,(y<i,8«l 

(Jp.ruti'ig  expfiisis  .111(1   taxo 75,127.210  102.710,851 

\\ t    rev iniK-    £4,^.573,725  £22.'>5(),aiO 

CMMiiimcnt    ccMiipiii^ritii'U    21,021,790 

T'  't.il £4,i.57,V725  £44.577.820 

l'^\piiisi'~  ill  (k'tail  : 

M.iiiiten;.TU-f     £25.075.927  £29,8.H.519 

Maintonaiu'c  arnar^    7,848.513 

Locomotive  riiniiiiiK  cxiicnse.s \7.\M).(i(>\  2.i.4<)4.170 

Traffir   expense-    2.S.2(>().765  .«).8.?7.2<»8 

CiciuT.-il   chari.;^.    2..V<8.20<)  2..824.12.! 

Kate-,   taxes,   and   i;o\i  riinifi..   diitv  4.989,(i25  5.1o4.l)81 

.'\cridint<   and   losses 1.158,451  :,2,i7,l)42 

All  ntlur   913,572  1,502,189 

Total {75.127.210        £102.710,851 

T.vp.oR,  \\'.\i;i-.s.    \\i)  WoKKiN'c,  Conditions 

IJy  1''18  the  immln'r  nt  railway  employes  released  fi>r  military 
ser\  ice  had  risen  ti i  ir)8.(H"H),  or  alxmt  a  fourth  of  the  total  |>er- 
soiinel  ])n<ir  to  the  war.  Tlie-^e  riieii  wore  replaced  oii!\  in  part 
by  men  or  l)oys  of  less  skillecl  o;roiips  and  by  wi>meii,  so  that  tlie 
increased  war  traffic  was  handled  \vi;h  a  smaller  force  than 
formerly. 

.\s  to  watjes,  there  was  a  cinninual  u]>ward  trend.  It  will  he 
recalled  that  fnnn  the  Ix'j^iniiinp  of  the  war  to  the  c'oso  of  I'M/ 
there  had  In-en  fve  t^eneral  increases  in  railway  wajjes.  or  six,  i'' 
tin  war  wa^-e  aoreement  of  .\\ionst.  I'^l".  tx.'  ref^ardcd  as  an  in- 
crease. These  increases  are  summarized  below  each  entn,-  l>einf; 
in  term<  I'f  a  flat  increase  of  shillings  jK-r  week,  and  inclusive  of 
pre\ious  incrca.ses. 

\\:i,i;e    Increases    to    I'.ritish    Kadwaymen,    I'M.^    I'M" 

Men   liiivs   W'umen   (iirls 

February -lune.    I'US    2-3        \'  . 

OctoUT,'  191. s   5  J I J     

Sept','mlK>r'-Xov('ml>er,    l')16      ,  .!(>  .s  .^  1'  , 

.\pril.  !''17  15  7'  ;.       5'j       J.' .J 

Auj,mst,  I'M"  I  War  iKinuses  cnincrted  into  war  watrcs  ) 
Decenil)er.   I'M"   _'l  10' ..       8.' _       Ay^ 


\(>2 


u  \u  \i>Mi\i-TU\ri(i.\  iir  KAir.w  \^^ 


11"^  in,-,va~c,,.-  Dovnilvr.  I'M  7,  I,  ua>  ai^rcc.l,  u,.J.l  vcuuw 
m  h.ra-  .,nii!  Ai.uvl,  M.  I'Ms.  M,Mm  at  tluit  time  to  rcvicu  ai.^l 
'"'■^'^""'  ""'^  "  •''•■'-•■  ^!'-^:M  !k.  a  .„i.;,!..aM,  ;„,,,,,,  ,„  ^i„ 
o.s,  ,,,  hvniu  Sl,.>rtlv  alUT  Apnl  1  the  -..niotH  tna.U-  a,la.- 
"""■■''  '■'■"i.uh!,,  ;.,i.l  ua,L;e~  urn-  aWuiMr,!  I.v  -ramin-  f,.,,,-  .hi!- 
Ini^-.  a.l.liii,.„al  i,,  ,ik-ii  aiMl  ,^,mu■v..  lu..  slnllino,  i,,  i,,,,,  .„„| 
.t^irU.  IIk-m'  iiu-reaM'.  uciv  ina.k-  in  ^pitc  ni  the  fact  that  the 
"""■'••''  '■"•"■'I  ■■>  Ti-a^k  iP.lex  nuniUT  of  lou.l  prices  >hone.l  hm 
sli^llt  chaii.^v  i,etueen  X,nenil>er.  I'MT,  u  hen  the  previous  in- 
creases uere  ini.ler  ch.cti-,,, :,,.  aii.l  .March,  1'»1S.  Tlte  ]K;rcenta<'c 
nuTca^e  nxer  |„!y.  l'M4,  ua^  1m5  ,„  Xove.ither  and  107  m 
.Marcli. 

IIh-  next   .!ep  n,   vvai;e  adjustinein^  \va>  initiated  in   Autrust. 
1"1'^.   uhen   the   Xaiional   Tnion   of   Raih.v avnien  demanded  an 
•>'l'ln'"i'^il    increase  or    ten    .htlhn.^s    f,  ,r  all  employes,   and   e<iual 
pav  lor  \\omen.     The  mdex  nuinher  ,.f  food  prico  in  the  mean- 
'""■>•   ''a'l    riM'n    fn  ,„    l(i7    ,n    March    to   HO   in    Au'^.^t       The 
^-overntnenl  .  rf.r,d  Cve  dnlhn.L;..  uhul,  at  tlr-l  u  as  refn    -d,  and 
tluTc  ua.  o.,,,i.leraMe  confuMo,,.  uith  threat  ni  a  -eneral  Mrike 
I-'K-al   Mnke.  actnallv  occrrcd  in   Wale,  and   on  several  of  the 
I'.n-hdi    railvvav>,    1,,,,    were    no,    conmrnanced    hv    the    ^eneral 
I"|'''h-.  nor  .-u-n  l,v  some  of  ,he  lal.or  leaders.      iMnallv  .'.n  V-p- 
tc.i.lK-r    IM  the  luo  lat-e  unions,   the   Xational    Union   of    Rail- 
ua>n,en   and    the    \s„„-iated   Societv   .  ,i    F.o,,, motive   i^noncers 
and   hiremen.  .acrepted  the  -o^  ernmeni 's  terms.  ,l,e  award  datin- 
I'ack  to    \„„„,  .;      Pi,,  ,,,j,hn,,s  additional  u  ere  t^ranted  to  n.e,^ 
-■'1   -„,e„,  and  Js,  r.k  to  hovs  and  ^irls.      hi  conn.ction  with 
iIms   uurease  the  mdex   number  of   f.  „  ,d   prices   f,,r    Xu-ii.t     110 
^|as  aj^reed  upon  as  a  hasis  f,  ,r   f„,„re  u  ai;e  adjustment^     fur- 
tkcr  increases  ahove  ,he  .^0  sli,!Hno-s  ...{  ,var  wa..c<  to  he  made 
"1  acconkuice  uuh  the  rise  in  the  index  nnmher.       \s  a  result  of 
llii-  a-recmeut.  ne-o,iatious  ueiv  entered  into  ai^an  in   X,.vem- 
l"'--    I"1N.  and  the  index  huuiIkt   f,-r  that  month  Ikmui;-  U-tueen 
11.-  and    IJO   ,as  compared   uith    \ln  ,„    \„„„„  ,   ,„  .„,,,i^.    ,.^, 
duvr  sh,llin;:s  was  granted  to  emplovcs,   retroactiv,-  to  ^:,>vem- 


her  1. 


u-  same  proportionate  increases   ueic  made  to  u  oniei 


uKi.x  I     i; i;i  I  \i  \ 


lliat  thc<c  ii 


111   inc  ]]rr\i(iti>  I 


UTcast--  wiiiiM  ,1,111(1  iiiitil  janiiarv,   I'M'',   when  tli( 


ijuouoii  ol   \\ai;e- 


Al  till-  lK.'L;-itiii 


111 


mill  nc  rcDpciii'il. 
of   l"»li).  then,  tlu'  total  iiirrea^e  t'*  fail 


iiR-ii   w  a 


~mimiL;s  ot   war 


\\  ii;.: ^. 


X'U 


\\aL;x's  were  Jl>- 
'iiie-half  of  the 


.IMIl      111 


"t       I 


(111 


w;ir  waives  ot  ireii  anil  women. 


\\  I  iiKii 


;iii,   ri'-pri-n\ii\' 
llie  term  "war 


waue 


i\ers.   oi    cnur>e. 


Ill 


y    tli.-it    iiortinn   of   \W   \n\:i\    wa-e 


ailik-il  a-  the  re-nlt   of   war  oondition-.      | 


rewar   \\  ee 


kh 


ot'  turn  avera.s^ed  J8'  .  sliiHino. 
lip.--  Iinnn'ht  the  weekh 


that  tl 


]iii(),      -pi 


wa^'e  nil  t' 
e   total   antinal   iiicreasi 


le  war  waue  ul 


-hil- 


-liiilnu 


represeiiteil   1>\-  the.se 


waives  has  Inieii  estimated  at  alxnit  £57,000,0(10,  (>r  .S27=^,O<K),000, 


Deijmiiint,'' 
horter  ho'irs 


neretiiber.  the  railwax-  niiions  1 


The  ( 


ommittee  on  rroihu-tion, 


\rliitratioii,  diirint,^  that  mon 
men   in  .all   industries,  in 


K'i:an  a  drue  tor 


>iirt  of 


iw   the  ( 


th  jj^ranted  a  47  hour  week  to  sh, 


'P- 


laril  ot 


r.ade 
ieek.  t' 


foil, 


cludniL;   iiieii  in  railway  shnp>,  and   tht 


I. 


LTantinij  an  cidit  hour  d; 


4S  hour  week,  to  all  otluT  r; 
went  into  eft'ert  on  Jannarv  1, 
riiarv  1 .      I'lie  award,  so  far  a 


w  orker-. 


Th 


onr  week 


I'M", 
.  the  r, 


and  the 


4Sh 


dur  w  eel 


on 


d  of  T"ade 


was  ei 


I-eh 


•nrenied. 


i'  anno,nu\d  a-  imttinL;  into  effect  the  eii,dit  hour 


"Whether  tl 
ei"ht  h 


principle 


us  meant  a  real  ei 
1 


,dit  1 


lours  ot   wo 


rk. 


pie 


lour  basis  tor  conii>iitati<iti  of 


'vertmie.   was  not   w 


clear  from  ihe  annoiiiicenieni.      fn  either 


inipK-  an 
hollv 


case. 


\Iiether  th 


il>le  is  enforce! 


d  1) 


">li]iiu 


e  prin- 


everv   man   strictiv  to  c'trbt 


and    emj)loyin,c:    additional    men,    or    whetl 


'ler    it    mean- 


more 


;\criimi'  i);i\ 


for  the  existini--  {< 


irce,  the  ai 


Idit 


ion  to  wai 


l>een  flti^urcd  as  l>etween  .<! (^X( K^'i.OOO  ;md  S125,(>T»,(T(T),     This 
makes  the  total   increase  in   wa,<:es,   due  to  war  conditions,   ai>- 


p'oximately  $4rK\(HXl,000.   Tht 
numln'r   of  men    rmplo\-ed.   was   there' 

JHT  rent  aliove 


diilli 


($18.2.^)  or  ir>0 


e  weekly  way-e,  assuniinL'  the  same 

increaseil    to  a!)out  75 

the  prewar  level.    Strict 


ea\t 


th 


•nfr.rcenient  of  the  eii^ht  hour  d;iv  would  I 

at  hi'  .   shillin.<,rs  (alxiut  !=^1,^!.  litii  l.\-  increasin;;-  the  tot;d  force 


e  avcraiie  waee 


;ild    keej)    the    total    lalio 


■ost    at    approxiiu.Ttely    the    tlmire 


.riven   aix">\e. 


IM 


''-'«     ■'>^nM.,HMU:S   n,.    ,<v„.u,^vs 


i.ri  :v  ;r'''\r "•■■•"" ™'>- '^ ■.i.m,..„„„ ',.„,, 

--; r7"'^™":"7,.;u':;;;:r;;;,;;;:,-t:.,;; 

a..-ila,n„-  .lu-  ...all.,!   ••„■„,    ,  , " '^''"■I'nn  .ho  h.,an 

mted    ^,Heiv   ,  „■  ,         ,   ''^T  ^^  ^Te  n>lhmed  hy  the  Ass^- 

The  ,i,'o-cninn-nt  did  not  riivede  U>  ih,.|r    I 

."'M.iiiiiai  tdiicesMoim  were  (if(i'r,.«l    •,„  i  .1 

;; -^":^:;i;'::^:r::xir:-;;; ^ - 

of  "a-es  to  the  cos,  of  h-vi,,..      Th      i  T  •"'."'■'•'■'^^■•H 

''—i   for  •■ioi,„  ,,„„,,,'';    ^^■''■■"-    ^"->"  -ade  a  speci,^, 
-ay   iK^ards  of  ,„n„a^e„un,        n,,'""'       '■'"'■^"'^"•^^•'-''   ""   rail- 


S--      The  e,it;i- 
i^^ram  the  element-  ,,f 


C.KF.  \T    .IIMTAIN- 


165 


Of  stcainships,  mines  am!  the  prcxluctinn  ,.f  ek-etrical  ,.,>uer-  a 
u.nte.l  na.H.naI  servi.e  of  conminnicatinn  n„.l  tran.p<-,rt  with  a 
-tea-lny  ,i,aeas„,i^-  ,>artin,,at..>n  of  the  orf,^anize<l  worker.  i„  the 
inaiia.-,'enient  I).>th  central  and  local  '• 


A  <///")(,;/   l-iiioi!  of  F.aihi-aymcn 

iJil  -T^u'T\    '^'"''  '"'■n'--'^"'^tion.  lH,th  national  and 
l'>cal    on  the  l>oar<ls  of  mana.i,n'n,ent  of  all  railwav. 

-.  KiRht  hour  day  and  48  hour  week,  l.-ulidailv  and 
weekly  [wy  guaranteed. 

-^.  WaKe.s.  All  war  arlvances  to  he  converted  into  per- 
manent wa,^e>.  Prewar  wages  to  he  con,;>nted  in  tern,s^of 
Jo'li^'lS"'  ^■"'^'^^^■""  I'^^^^'-'-'  ^'-'  -^  ^'""i"?^^  a  -eek 

4.  .\1!  overtime  and  all  Sunday  work  at  double  rates 
.\ight  duty,  time  and  oncdialf. 

5.  Sta.ulardized  w,-ures  throughout  the  I'nited  King.lom- 
all  piece  work,  l>onus  rates,  tonnage  rates,  etc  to  Ik^ 
al>oli,shed. 

(y  Hyhrid  grades,  such  as  porter  signalmen  T>orter 
giianls,  etc.,  to  l)e  al»li,shcd.  ' 

7.   Holidays.     Fourteen  davs  a  yer     with  full  pav. 

.Associated  Society  of  Locomotive  Engineers  and  Firemen 

1.  Same  provi.sions  as  to  hours  of  work,  overtime.  an<l 

annual  holidays  as  m  the  program  of  the  National  Union  of 

Iva.lwaymen.     Meal  time  allowance  of  at  least  30  minutes 

w.th.Hit  loss  of  pay.     At  least  twelve  hours'   rest  l,etwecn 

nps  at  home  statior    at  least  nine  hours  when  awav  from 
liome. 

2.  The  standard  rate  of  p.ay  to  W  20  shillings  per  ,iav  for 
engmemen.  1,.  shillings  for  foremen,  and  k"  shilling  for 
cleaners  and  electric  train  gatemen.  " 

3.  Sliding  scale  of  wages,  un.ler  which  everv  ten  per  cent 
increase  m  the  cost  of  living  ( OctoU>r.  1918.  l.eing  he  unit 
iKisis)    shall   hrrng   about    a    ten    fx.    cent    increase    -n    the 

Jhe  .standard  rates  if  the  cost  of  living  falls  Ik-Iow  the  unit 


166 


\\    \N    \I>MIMSTI;\TI()\  OF  RMI.WAVS 


I«IS!S 


wiil  .I-   n^i-  III 


^x^■eI^t   I'ur  ihis  j 


)r()\iM.>ii,   rates  of  pay  shall   liill 


I'll 'rdaiici-  uiih  the  ^■,,<t  ,,t   hvin;,'. 


Ki-iii,!l  alluuaiKTs  Ml'  5  >hillin 


,!  ,,.! 


t!uT  cxjicllMVc  iiuliistr 


ed   lixijjiiiL,'  allow  alio 


[HT    Ul-ck    HI    ti 

lai  cciittTs,  aii( 


fs   wiifii  awav    tr'iin 


sJHH 


i"iiK'.     (  criaiii 


iiaiiR's. 


ii'i,!;-  t"  I'c  Mipplir.l  and  laiiii.lcre,!  l.>    tin-  railn.a.j 


coil! 


Mil 


ili'a,:;i.-  ha-i-  ..i   pav.  l,y  whicli    ]_'(»  mil 


l>a--eiiL;ci-  train-  and  'K,  mil 


fs  on  t'x 


lri'i,i;hi  Irani-  -liaM  )k-  paid  for 


aL;o  I. 


I'oiiiputcil  at  1(»  Miili's  pt-i-  1 


es  nil   hicai   pa-M-ii 
:1s  oiR.  da\\      Ml 


I>ross 
L^tr  and   fast 
fxce>^s  niilc- 


'>.    Kviiivim'nt    after   33    \( 


lour. 


pens],  111, 


1.  W, 
for  1m,\- 
t-'"i  a.iditi 


scrvKc,    ,111    a   two-thirds 


lull!:., I y  Clerk 


S    .  ISSocuitioll 


.Ml 


iitnnm  .-alary  rates  to  run  from  £'/ 


>i   I' >  lip  to  tJ30  at  _',S 

onal   lor  elerk-  employed  in   l.,,nd 


/'d  a  vear 


\ears  ot  as. 


e  and  alter,  w  i 


th 


.scale  ut  irnm  iJ.si  i  to  il.iMio  for 
at  work 


•II.     .\<l(htioiial 


the  more  responsjhk.  orade 


-'.    1 


■■"IlIOtKills      1(,      1 


conimiiu-e-  of  the  men. 


'<■■    made    oiiK    aft 


er    coiileieiue    with 


Id 


iin\-eit,riu  iioiir 


'nr-  lor  m-iii  work,     d'he  st 


■^  per  week  for  da\ 


with  onedialf  liolida\    each   \\  eel. 


mdard  dav  to  I 


rk.  34 


half,   Siiiid;i\ 


"ork  ;ii   doiiMo  rati 


(  >vert 


X'  sexeii  hours 


inie  at   lime  ;iiid 


4.    Holiday.^.     Fmirtecn  d 


a\s  a  year,  with  ft 


MCI:  .allow, 111 


liall  pa\   within  ;m\   i 


ce  oi  -IN  nioiiiii-'  full 


pay. 


d 


wo    Coll-iTlltivi 


pay  ;ii:d  m\  months 


ow.-mce-    i.,r  iimt,,rm- 


\i<le<    wiih  .suitable  li 


o'lise.- 


M.alioiiniasters  to  U.  pn 


Briti'^h  sli 


opii 


c 


flirt  ot  .\rhitr,a;ion  f 


icn  in   February,   191Q,  made  applicat 


lmt;s  per  w  eel 
circumsi,iiice- 
<>i  wayes. 


It  tl 


ion  to  the 

an  additional  Hat  increase  of  fifteen  shil- 

le  application  „■;■<  denied,  on  the  -round  that 

my  fu'-ther  aheration 


le  time  did  not    jii-tifv 


\\iih  re-ard  lo  the  deni;iiid-  or  lined  :,1„ 
tiations   were  condi'cted   -hrou-hout    Pel. 
the   middl 
hours,  work 


e   of   .March    tiie    t^i 


Iirotracted  ne^o- 
lary  and   March.      In 


ini.'-  coiuhtions,  and  the  like. 


wernnient    off.  red    to   -tandardi 


anr,  inste.id  of  '-etrard 


inr 


GREAT    UKITAI.V 


till  uliolc  .■;.■;  sliiliiii-.  ,,1  \\ar  \\;i,l;c.s  ;is  ;,  ptriiumeiu  addition  to 
railwav  wa-vs,  ,,|'UTi'd  t. .  add  a  part  m'  it  t..  ilu-  l;aMr  rate  and 
ri.'j,'ard  iIil-  IxilaiR-c  a,-  a  llat  rate  t..  U-  .luioiii.uically  iiicrcaseii 
or  decreased  aa-ordinn  to  tlu-  co-t  <>i  Uvuv^.  This  offer  was 
rejected,  the  union-,  ins:>tmj^r  ^„,  ,1,^.,^  (K-inanil-,  in  lull.  Secretary 
J.  H.  riionuis  of  the  National  Union  of  Kaihvayinen  declared 
that  ••the  >,-oveninient  uonKl  liave  to  j^^rant  the  full  demands  o! 
the  nuners  and  raih\a\nien  hetnre  either  uouUi  accept  a  settle- 
ment." 

Ihe  folKn\in{,'  week  was  a  critical  one  in  the  hi>torv  of  P.ritish 
lalx»r,  and  a  nationwide  strike  wa.--  narrowly  axerted.  On  Marcii 
-'1,  however,  the  miner>  and  tian>iK)rt  worker-  accepted  the 
government's  otfer>,  uhile  the  j,'o\  ernment  and  the  National 
L  moil  of  Railwayinen  came  into  af,'reem.iu  the  foilowin^'  day. 
I'his  ended  the  difriculty  with  the  Triple  Alliance  for  the  time. 
The  principal  [Xjints  of  the  .settietnent  with  the  railway  union 
were  as  folK:ws:  (.uaranteed  ei),dit  hour  day  and  48  hour  week; 
nif^ht  work  and  overtime  at  time  and  a  (|uarter.  ni,i;ht  overtime 
and  Sunday  duty  at  time  and  a  half;  one  week's  holiday  |>e'r  year, 
with  full  pay;  present  waf,^es  to  l)e  maintained  until  i)eceinl)er 
31,  I'M*',  when  the  whole  situation  will  l>e  reviewed;  ;.  commiltee 
to  Ik-  ai)i)«>inted  ti.  consider  and  report  (1  )  as  to  the  settinj,-  up 
of  a  joint  committee,  to  deal  with  disputed  questions  until  some 
final  arran<,a-ment  is  arrived  at  in  re<^ard  to  the  future  i>osition 
of  the  railways;  (2)  as  to  tjie  continuance  or  discontinuance  of 
the  existing:  conciliation  Inuirds.  As  to  rq>re.sentation.  the  Gov- 
ernment declared  its  intention,  as  soon  as  the  new  Ministry  ,A 
Ways  and  Communications  i^  set  uj).  to  avail  itself  fullv  ,  f  the 
assistance,  coojK-ration.  and  advice  of  workers  in  the  transp.)rta- 
tion  industry.  This  indefinite  promise  is  certainly  verv  far  fr(,m 
the  joint  control  and  ecpial  representation  demanded  by  the 
union. 

The  Fi'TCKE 

.\fter   the    armistice   .attention    turned    naturally    toward    the 
future.     Several  committees  had  been  put  to  work,  even  as  early 


168 


W  AH  ADMIM^IK  \  I  l(i\    III    KMI.W   W- 


a-  I'^ir  \ii  inh.rmal  r,  miiiiiit,  c  .,f  vs\Kn-.  ua>  apix.iiited  by 
t!u-  i'rfsiiUnt  ..f  tlic  |'„,,in!  .ii  Tra,!,.  in  \,,M.,„U.r  1<>!7.  to  con 
slil.T  !li,-  niK-ii.-n  Ml  thr  tiitiiiv  ..t  tlu-  railuavs  The  Ministry 
of  kco.iisinu-lii.n  uas  n-|,rfM'iiitvl  :.n  tiir  cmiiniltce.  and  amonj,' 
tlu-  nKnil..T.  u.Mv  Mi-sMs.  W  .\L  \ov.irtli.  I  ij.  Thomas  and 
Sydney  \\el)l.,  j-he  ouninittee'-.  duties  l^'inj,'  iartreiy  advisorv, 
it  ua-  M.nu-tiines  tailed  the  "l^ailwav  AdviM.rv  Panel. "  loiter! 
ni  1'»I8,  the  Mouse  i.f  ("..i,iin..ns  apiK)inted  its  own  Select  Coni- 
niiliee  i-n  Tran-^p.-rtatii-n.  .,t  15  meinlHTs.  to  discnss  steps 
touard  ihe  de\el..i)n!eTit  and  iniprnx  enieiit  of  internal  facilities 
for  trans|H)ri  in  the  I'nitetl  Kinirdoin  Mr,  Wilson  I-,,x  was 
chair-nan  Intended  hearint^s  have  U'en  held.  The  coni- 
plcNiiv-  ,,f  the  pn.Mr.n  was  p.ateni  i>.  all.  I.nt  m.  ,,ne  iti  authnritv 
venlnred  t^.  pn.p,i-e  ,a   fmal   s,,hiii..n. 

\n  .ifticial  of  the  lar-est  P.ritish  railwav.  the  Creat  Western 
adv.,rate,l  that  frei-ht  rates  W  raised  20  u,  2?  per  cent,  and  that 
the  -i.veninienl  CMnt.nne  f..,-  f.ve  years  u,  make  np  deficits  on  the 
satne  Lasts  as  dnrin,;-  the  uar.  \t  the  end  of  the  five  vear  iK'riixl 
either  prices  and  ^^a-es  \M.nld  he  enoufrh  lower,  and  the 
.i^routh  of  traffii-  s„t-firientlv  -real,  to  pnt  tiie  railways  ,,„  their 
tcet;  ,,r  else  the  sitnation  wonld  1^-  hopdess.  j,  „  onld  l,e  reco-- 
n.^ed  diat  the  railways  eould  n..t  Kvome  self-.npportinij,  ,,,t~,i 
nationali/'atioii   would    follow  lo^Mcallv. 

Mnch  of  the  disctission.  liowever.  luis  revolved  around  the 
problem  of  immediate  nationalization,  he  advocates  of  state 
ovMH-r^hip  have  pressed  their  views  with  -reat  zeal,  and  several 
'I'-tnnte  plans  f..r  st,-,te  purchase  haxe  U-en  w.-rked  ont- -on-  l,y 
tlu  Railway  Xali,>nalizati..n  S,K-ietv.  another  hv  the  Railwav 
derks  Association,  still  others  hv  priv.ite  individuals  The 
T.alx.r  partv  is  stron,c:lv  on  record  in  favor  of  the  nationalization 
not  onlv  of  trnnsportation  a-encies.  l.nt  also  of  mines  and  the 
sni>ply  of  electricity.  It  has  also  Uvn  proposed  thr  ihe  state 
sl.otiM  pnrchase  the  roads  and  lea,.,  them  to  private  comi>anies 
tor  o,„.rat,on.  Manv  other  bodies  are  op,>o.sed  to  anv  scheme 
of  state  purchase.  chamlxTs  of  commerc-  ]mn^  virt.iallv  tmani- 


i;ui;\r   uniiain 


169 


mulls  .ij;,iiiiM    iIk-   idea.       The    l-olcraii' .n   ,,i'    i!rili-li    liulusincs 
.la^  ^(;!;c  :.tri;iij^.y  c;r.  rcciTii  a^  an  oj)JH/HlIiI  ui  iUttii  TMii/caliuii. 

1  lie  C  alMiR't  did  not  cuiiiniit  it-,cll  (itViiially  '>n  ilie  Mil>ject  ot 
nationalization,  allli(jiij,di  Mr.  Churchill  in  the  i(iur>t'  (.t  a  cani- 
I>aif,ai  spt'cih  on  Decenil>er  4  made  what  appears  to  lia\f  l>t'c-n  a 
prematura  announcement  that  the  gii\ernitient  had  kcided  (Hi 
nationali/ation.  During  the  Parliamentary  campaign  Premier 
l.liiyd  <iecjr!.;e  was  lUnied  as  ha\ini,>'  endorsed  a  ]irogram  of 
natioiiali/alion  ;  hut  what  he  appears  lo  lia\e  said  was  the  fol- 
lowing, taken  iroiii  his  \\  eslniiiister  speech  in  .\ovenil..r:  '■riierc 
is  the  prol.lem  .if  traiisp.inatinii,  left  very  largely  to  choice — 
i-ail\\a\,  cinal,  road.  trainw,i\  --all  vital  t(^  the  life,  the  indus- 
tries, the  amenities  of  the  |M.-ople  of  this  country.  That  i'"ol>lein 
niiiM  l,v  taker,  m  hand  under  the  direct  inspir.ition  .-nd  control 
ol  the  sta'e.  1  In-,  ilm.'^  not  iiei'e-s.arih  mean  go\erniii.  >wn- 
eisliip,  and  in  fact  the  intn  nhiction  of  the  'I'lauspon  I'.ill  into 
Parliament  a  short  time  later  made  it  clear  that  lu  ...  ,  not 
thinking  i-i  go\errjiieiit  ownership. 

In  the  meantime,  th.e  government  has  assured  the  lailwavs  a 
continuation  of  the  jieriod  of  c.riurol  and  guaranteed  income  for 
two  \eais  ;ifter  the  declaration  of  jK'.ace.  and  on  [-ebruarv  2'')  in- 
troduce<l  in  P;irliamenl  a  hill  creating  a  Ministry  of  Ways  and 
Conimunications.  popularly  known  as   the  Trans|)ort    I'.ill. 

rile  hill  is  so  coinprehcnsix  e,  es]x.-cially  with  resjx'Ct  t.'  th- 
pwwers  it  places  in  the  h;mds  of  the  Minister  of  'rr.in-port,  that 
it  deserves  an.dysis.  P.rielly  stated,  the  provisions  apjilv  to  the 
wliole  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  give  the  government,  through 
the  Minister  of  Trans]K>rt.  sweeping  powers  over  steam  and  elec- 
tric railways,  canals  and  inland  waterways,  highways,  docks  and 
har])ors.  and  the  supply  of  electricity.  The  minister  may  take 
control  of  transportation  .ngencies  temix>rarily.  or  mav  purchase, 
lease,  or  operate  any  o    all  of  them:'  may  purchase  or  lease  pri- 


'  Tlicrc  is  a  prnvi^inn  "f  British  law  i  in  effect  since  1844)  (living  the  S'l'trn- 
mont  the  option  to  purcli.Tse  .iny  r,TiIw,-!y  chartered  aft^T  the  pass.iKC  of  the 
law.  The  terms  arc  2.^  years'  purchase  of  tlie  average  net  income  of  the 
three  years  just  preceiliiiR  the  purchase:  Init,  if  the  rond  has  earned  less  tlian 
10  per  cent  duriiip  that  period,  it  may  demand  an  arhitration  of  tiie  price. 


iro 


W    \K    \I)\I  I\I>1K  \  IICIN    111     UMI.WAVS 


\;iifly  '«\\iu<l  i.:ir> :  may  advaiuf  iimmk-)  I"V  ir'w  vmi^inu  I1..11  ■>r 
ini|)rovcniciits;  ma_\  rc<|uirc  statistics  anil  lotiiriK.  If  ])assc(l.  the 
hill  WKiiM  place  ii>  the  hands  nf  mu-  man  ilu'  lnoidtst  kind  of 
|K)\\iTs  i)\  t-r  the  t'ntnrc  ^irmtnrc  .iml  ii..li.i 
l>(>rtatifni  industry. 


l'  ilk-  r.rili-h  tr 


\nalyzfd   in  greater  detail,   the  liill   deals   uiili   tM>  distinct 


periixls.  tir^t,  ilie  two  years  lullow  in^'  the  pa^^ 
m'coikI.  tile  |)trii>d  fullow  ini,''  the  xw"  \ear 
periods,  the  liiM  ni.ikev  the  f"llii\\iiii;  pri>vi>ii 


.a.L;c  "I  i-e  .11 1.  aiK' 
I'lir    tlu'~c    t  w  1 1 


Seitiiin   1  create^  the  p'^ilii'ii  '-i  Mini-liT  of  \\',i\-.  .iiiil  ('.  tii- 


nnnncations. 


Secti'  iU  _'  tr.iiwt'ri-  I< '  llir  \l  IIP  lev  ilic  |ii .»  el'N  .  ir  .lutie^  ■  ■(  any 
};i)\ernment  de|iartment  in  relation  to  lai  lailvvav'-.  iKi  liL;ht 
railwavs.  (ci  tramv\a\^.  idi  canals,  waterwavs,  and  mlaiid  navi- 


>;atii/ns.  (ei  road^.  hrid^'e--.  .iiid   I'c'n  ie>.  an 


thereon,   ( 
tricitv. 


f  I    harl"  ir-.  d'  n'k-,   and 


1  vehicles  and  tr.if't'u 
I    the   -iilMiK    >'\    elee 


Section  .1  ;i|i|ilir-  l^.  llie  two  \  ear  jieiioi]  li  ]iri.\i,|c^  th.il  the 
Miin-hr  in,i\  rctrnn  ]ios<e><ioii  and  r'lilr.il  wiilii.iil  reiiiAal  of 
the  \\erki\  warrant  prexionsly  re(|iiireil:  thai  he  mav  extend  con- 
trol   ii.  tran^|)i  1  tatioii   al',elu•ie^  not   alie.aih    iiiider  control:   that 


u-  ~iiaii   na\r 


|io\\er  o\  ir  iate>.  .  i|K-i'ation.   w  a'. 


.iii'l   iniiiiox'e- 


iriiit-  111-  ^liall  pa\  I'roin  the  iniMic  Tri-.a^nrx  ait\  dfi'iciencies 
under  tin-  i;o\rrnnient  -iiaranlec  or  itiher  los,c-  to  the  railwavs 
ari-iiiL:  out  of  the  e^iulition^  nf  I'oiiiro! 

Secti.  :i    I  I'l'rn-.  the  do.  n    wide   to  r,iil\\,i\    natioiiahxat  ion       It 


>ro\idc--  that  tin-  Mini-ln'  nia\   ,it    iiiv    liine.  1 


e.  Ii\    ;iii  I  it'i  !iT  lit  n  .uu- 


cil.  whuh  ^hall  lie  hef.a'e  I'arliatnent  f'T  .i( '  ila\-  ^iihject  to  the 
prote-t  ..f  th.it  li'  d\.  imiih.a-e.  Ira^e  of  opor.ilr  the  n  hole  or  part 
of  any  tr;ui^i)ort;ilioii  av,em\-,  "tin-  aci|ni~iiii  in  if  whiih  i^.  in  the 


opinion   o) 


the   Minister 


er.    expedient    lof   inipo.viiiL;"    farilitie^    for 


iH-i  ;ni'  iiii  >n  ,aiiu  traiiNii.  .rt 


Ih 


1I-' '  pnrcli.i-e  1  if  li 


\\a\    iar~  helMiiiiinL;  to  pruale  owners.      In  defanh   of  ,ai;reeinent 
\Mth  the  o\'.ni'r^  of  .in\-   proiH-rtv    taken  .  \er,   tli 


e  con^i.leration 


-hall  hi-  detennin.i'd  li\    a  coint  of  .itliitr.itii 'ii,      h"or  the  piirp 


)l   ]ia\tiienl.   the    I  ie.iMir\'  in,i\    i~~iic   -ecnritie-.  el 


i:irL;inL;  the  m- 


c;hk.\t  11  k  I  IAIN 


171 


Irl  I  -!     '  Ml     ^111  II     -fii 


Hilii--    .ii'.uii^l    r:nl\\:iv     itm-iiuc 


or   1 


t   the 


|:iitc-i-    .111-    in-nlth  iciil.    a^Il 


illsi     ilic    I  ■  .ii-M.li 


latod    !''ntii!    "f    tlu 


I    Illtnl    Kit! 
>1 


In  takm''  "vci'  :iii\   iii 


iilcriakitiLi.  tlu- 


lall 


lU-  II  111  ihr  n.ilb'iial  iiiIiTc-t   111  -lull  ua\   a 


lini-tor 
In-  lliiiiU- 


aKiilatfii  I',  l;!-.  <■  ftlu  uiit  -I'l  \  u  c  a 


Ik-  iiititk'il  \i>  U\  -lull  rati'-,   tare-.  !■ 


ml  lai-ililH'-,  ami  lir  -ball 
111'-,  ami  "tlu-i  <  harL;c-i 


lu-   iliink-  lit.   ii.itvnili-lamliiiL:   aiu    Manii'.r\    i-r.  a  i-u  .ii   liniii 

.      .       and  -l.all  haw  all 


111;;    tin-   a 


111.  iUiit   "I    -ncli  ■  Harm'' 


MU  h   ■  llu  r  1 
piirixisf." 


wir-  i>i    ma 


nauc'iMi'iii  a-  nia\    In'  iu'ir--ai\    i"i"  ilu' 


SvcttDti  .'  aiiili'  fi/f 


ilk-   Mini-l.T.   -iil)i(Tt   1"  the  ajipi-'Kal   "I 


tile    1  n'a-.iir\ 


!■>  niaki-  advaiua--  I.>r  r..n-ttiu-li. 'ii  -f  iiii|ir-\citu-nt 


)rk. 


ill  111  t'  i>i '  "■  I'  II- 


I'.ir  -iK'li  -tati-tua!  ami  aiHi viiminL;  rciurii- 


llu-  Mini-iiT  iiia\    rfi|iiiro. 


x-ctU'ti   /    an 


tlu.ri/f-  tin-   Miui-tcr  tu  Imlil   iiuinirif-   inio  aiiv 


-uliU'i  hi'  co.isi'liT-  iKH'--arv  .  >r  (Ic-irahli 


Sccii"!!-  S.  ".  ai 


,1    in    iHDviik'   t'nr  tlio  niini-tiTial   -tall,   -ca 


.■tc.  t;iaiil  tin-  Mini-ltT  a  -alary 
rarliitiiiMit. 


>t   t5,<*"".  ami  accMrd  him  tlio 


n}.;lit  Mt   licet  Mil  to 
liitri"hu-ti'in  "l'  I 


he   lir-l    riiirti'iii    \\a- 


hi-  hill  i.f  i-(Hir-c  cri-ale(l  w  i(k--])read  di-ru- 
ihat   "f  a-ti)tiishimiil   at    it-  cmm- 


|riiUil-l\i'    I 
.11   mil-  man 
])ri'\i-u  11-  a- 
aml  ihar.u-ti-rizi' 


riiifhiiiu;  111  1 


liarai'tiT.  ami  tin-  ahiM-t   .li'-p"tii-  i>o\\fr-   Ih'-i.hm-i. 
Tlu'   I  .<ii,l,'n    I  .-h-./nil^li   -|H.kf  oditMiiallv    "i   ihf 


•\a-I   111   ik--iuii   an 


1  o.l. 


al   m  thiir  iiiaL;mnul 


il  till-  hill  .1-  ""111-  "i    till-  1,'ravc-t   .and  iiui-i    tar 
1-  rlTiTt-  c\cr  laid  hct'ori'  tlu-  Ihni-c  m'  ' '.  •nun.  ii- " 


tl.    11     w  .1- 


11.  I    inimi'di.ati'u    -ul 


'he  h'ail-.K-iix  (,"(j;, •//,■.  hri'atliin,L;  a  -i^li  ni  rcliei'  that  nati.  .nali/.i- 

;i'-led,  called  the  |>rni>..-cd  c--a> 
111  iiniticd  C"iiln>l  "a  urc.it  .ad\  cntiirc."  It  citltiiUR-d  editorially 
a'-  follous  ;  "Tlic  hill  iiitrixhice-  the  new  principle,  that  tlie  ,2;i^v- 
einiiKiit  i^  rc-p"ii<ihle  f.  .r  the  initiation  and  de\  cl.  ^pmcnt  ■  >\  tr.an-- 
p.  .rt.  Hitherto,  there  ha-  heen  no  po-itive  tr;in-i)ortatinn  poli'-v 
in  an\  real  -eii-e  Onr  policy  in  tlie  na-t  ha-,  on  the  whole,  heen 
negative  -  I.'  do  n.ithin,^  t"  hinder  and  m  ■!  accei  I  ihe  rc-p""- 
-il.ihlv    of   helpinv:"      I.ah.  .r   party   lea<ler-   declared    thcni-clve> 


MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  and  liO  TEST  CHART  N>      .' 


!.0     Iri- 


i.l 


2.2 

2.0 

1.8 


1.26 


1-4     ||!l|l.6 


jg     APPLIED  IfVMGE 


\\  M<  .\I>^^I^•|- 


I'K  \'i  li)\    (>v   RAIL 


U     \N; 


111    ia\(pr 


ill"--  pnikiplr  oi    iIk-  i,|| 


'"   'I"-'  I'an   <,i   .Ik-  111.  I. 


>[K' 


ClIIC 


>|X->Mti(j:i   sc 


t';i(.~i- 


Wllkll 


liRrti'il  u,  iIk-  iiirlii.Mi.n  ,,f  hi„| 


"■  :iii<-Tcsts  an.l   il^.  ,1,,,.], 


ii.n-U.r.  ni  tlu^  |,|1I.      .Mi^.i 


iwavs  and 


"l'l'"-lIlM|l      I,,      tll^.     ,„-,] 

"liicli    uaiiMiializaiiui 
parlianic'iitarv    samtiV 


1    llKTc    NtrclUKHls 


(-T    111 


(HX'KS 

tile  j^eneral 


'iim-il 


(-■"111'!    lake    pla 


pn>vi,M()n  of  Section  4 


l-C      Willlniu      11 


tha'    il 
tl'L-  ill! 


K'    1)1 


•Jiposiiioii    x\a- 


I'l-MMHoii   ua>  witlidraun  In    tli 


under 
ecessitv  I  if 
pronouiired 


P'TtaiU  aiiKiidiiieiits  voled 


I 


null 


'MTc  the  i( 


■\erninent.     A 
"I-  a.Ljreed  lo  ],y  ,l,e  H, 


iiion;. 


drawn  fr(jiii  th 


i'"W"ii;:    t  ,,n(iMl  uver  ekrir 


e  .L'eileral 


;mcl  re-erved    f..r  actinn  at   a   1; 


IiroviMon^  of  tlK-  lull  d 


-use  ot 

ieity  was  witli- 

iiriny;  the  debate. 


I'cr 


motion,  iimni\i],al  train 
of  the  i;ill.  Privately  . 
the  luidertakinji-  to  he  tal^ 


I  (all 


III    tiK- 


way-  were  excluded  fr 


o\  eninicnt 


twned   freitdit   car- 


oiii   ijic  provisions 


lere  excluded   f 


.ric  (ieddes  ai 


i<en  oxer,  altlmn-h  on! 


roin 


-Marcli    i; 


ipe;ir( 


hefore   the    |  j, 


>   temporarih'. 


.'IIKI 


11^  I)ositio,;  ,„  t!ic  War  (  al 


■^nl.>C!|iRiit  d.iys  to  explain  and 


lU-e  oi   Coninii 


>ns  on 


iefend  the  bill. 


hr>t 


ippointee  t(,  the  Alini^rv  of 


ii'iiiei,  and  ihe  fact  that  h 


e  wil 


le 


ineiiioralile  one.     i  U 
thiancial  a-id  ph\.-i.;il  -i.iti- 
olter  i.o  soliiijnii  |„it  that 


-jHiri, 


de  1 


lis 


■-P^ke  with  unnsiial  frankir 


oi  the 


he  tl 

•peech  a 

serious 


>rit!sh  tran> 


!)ort;itii>n.  and  c. 


st.ite, 


Word- 


extciidiiii. 


e\eii  to  n.itiMiiali/ati 


"  iniilled  c.Mitrol  and  -uidaiice  h 


Hlld 

the 


11"!   lliiiik   ih;it    1   am 


on  It  neces 


exai 


-'cratin. 


-a\    that. 


Willi  the  ex 


winch  hereatler  I  will  1 


portatioii   ~\ste 


in 


'f  th 


reptioii  ,,i  the  municipal 
eave  out  of  reiVrence  alto,ycther,  the  t 


or  iisiiit,   extravagant 


trams. 


a-oi)  than  to  fiipd 


e  countr\    nj),,,,    which,   if   {^ 


rans 


are  hnancial 


"ir  pled-es,  we  ha\ 


r  no  other 


\    111 


a  semi-iviraly/cd  -tan 


e  t..  make  yre.at  d 


la: 


liaci 


A 


"een   .^'oini:  on    tor   h\e   \  e; 
iH'come  111  e(iiiipp(.d  to  meet  th 


111   th 


s  .1  resii 


It,  t: 


e  i^rea; 


lev  av 


over  1013  ,,f 


iK'incr  operated  at 


The  only  remedv  for  the 
must   Ih-   sniiie  Imdv   wh...  c; 


rom  ninety  to  a  hiindre.l  mill 


emands. 

hxsical  ret.ardation 

until   thev 

-tr.-iin  put  njion  thcni. 

•ui  increased  annual  cost 


c   r.'u 


prol)lcm  w;i-  iinihed 


ion  pounds 


eonfrol 


:an  lie 


a>k"'d  wliat   the  t 


•Th, 


rans|>ortation 


i.KlCAf    JtKIlAl.V 


li('i:cy  111   tlif  C'  i;nii-\    j,  and  who 


se  ros|i(His|l)i 


\h^ 


It   1- 


IM     1 


ia\  c  a 


|j(iIk"\ 


lKI\'    1-    11.  .|U'    t. 


(1  It 


Hilv  the  State,  tlic  ( 


t-nmu'iit.  thai  can  centrally   take  that  ])<iMtii.ii.       .       .       .        j-h, 
<i"\  eminent  ha^  l.cen  i.^rced  to  the  eoiichNi.m  thai  m  addition  t. 


ehiinnatni!;    comj  ciiti.ai    and    lestrietiii; 


at    an\     rate    t. 


eNtent,   the   treedom  ot'  private 


enterprise  and   i)rivate  nianai^e- 


inem,  tlie  traiisportatinn  af,'-encies  will  l>e  c(jniparat 


and  sterile  in 
hroui,'!)! 


i\el\-   barren 


eccn.iniv  and  (level 


tro 


opment  until   this  unilied 


it   is  that   it   would   U 
s\stcin  of  coiniK'titioi 


or  niv  !««.   I  thii'ic  with  t, 


oth 


on. 


short 


ot  criniHial  t< 


C'  in- 
sitttation  a- 
let    the   old 


Aft 


er  enunieratnii 


he  cfTeett 
sarv  haul; 


ed  nnder  nnili 


standari!i7ati 
tioii    of   private    freit^ht    car 
frankness  that  th 
alKKit  f20.00(ir.(Xl 


iine  oi  the  improved  methods  that  could 
ed  control,  sncli  as  elitiiination  of  unneces- 

ni.  introdnclion  of  clectricitx.  aciiui-i- 


e\-  Would  represent  an  a 


-tated 
'JCrei^itt 


\\ith    the    uinio^t 


■avnn 


a  wear,  or  one-tiftli  of  the  increased 


tffset   the  rest   of  the  increase  rates 


^-t.     To 


would  mean  a 


enidd   he  raised,   hut   that 


>r  ,90 


\KT  cent  increase  in  freiyiit  rates,  whicli 


he  declared  to  W-  inithinkahle.     IFe  did  not  blink  the  fact  th.it  tin 
>ituation  mii,dn  drive  th 
tion.  and  continued  : 


•vcninient  into  a  p<:>licv  of  nationali^a- 


Ts  nationali;^ation  a  cure  for  tliat "  I  d,.  n,,t  know.  Th.eiv 
are  those  who  look  ui;on  nationalization  as  an  end  in  itself 
as  something  de-irahle.  I  am  ur.t  one  of  tho>^e.  1  l.K,k  ui^.n 
nationalization  as  a  p<Ksihle  means  to  an  end.  a  means  to  ;iu 
end  which  \ou  mav  have  to  adopt  with  its  disadvani.i-es  if 
the  advantages  which  it  sectires  ontwei-h  them.  It  i.  essen- 
tial m  transp.in  that  you  sh,>nld  ensure  •.ontiiunt\  of  tlic 
service,  and  you  can  n.)t  have  uiireasonahlc  Moppa^e  >"ou 
must  ensure  an  ade(|uale  and  efficient  service,  and  if  vou  can 
not  eet  that  hy  means  of  private  manai^ement,  then  nation- 
alize. 


There  has  l)een  some  confusiou  re-ardin-  this  increased  annu.al 
cost  of  iini).(KX).0(>-).  as  compared  with  the  Near  lopv     Hurin- 


his  parliaiiientan  ap|icaniiKc-  ni  March  iV.  Sir  Kvk  Gcddes 
-lH)ki'  ..t  it  a>  a  "Ims.  ,,i  .Miiu.tl,,,,^  ..x^-v  i_'5ini(Mi  a  ilav- - 
iUmmxm  a  ^c•ar.■  Tins  .,ate,m.,H  ua^  cnMna.,!  l,v  so.nc 
ta  mean  an  aniiiul  .Icilnt  -I  tluit  anKuint,  t,,  l.^  made  up  by 
tlio  i^ovcnniKn:  i..  iIr.  railway  v  i:„t  muIi  ,.  „,,t  the  case,  as 
\\a^  later  >h,,un  !.\  the  i;,,ar,l  ..f  Trade  W  hite  Taper  referred  to 
above.' 

Sir  l-ric  uas  relVrrin-  merely  t.i  increa-ed  -peraiiii-  o-ts,  a 
larye  part  .-t'  which,  as  we  have  seen,  uere  met  hv  the  increased 
re^emie-  .•!  the  ailua>>  dnrm-  the  uar  per^.,].  The  White 
Taper  -a\e  the  .JelaiU  ••{  ilie  increa-ed  c,  „t  a-   I.  .Il.-ws: 

STATCMh.NT  ,K  KST1.MATKD  I.NCRKA.SU,  .„vr  ,S  W..KKIN,,  kM,u  ',  .  . 
m-m.Nl,  KiXA.VCIAI.  VK.\H  ENDINT,  MAK.H  ,^1,  1920  \s  ,,,m,.,k,,, 
WITH    Tin.    IKAK     191,?.  "    '"" 

U.ir  «,ij;i.  an.l  ,.tl„.r  cncc-ssion.- £57iMl  (Hii) 

I'-iKnt    lii.iir   ihiy    and    new    amccs.'iion,    rcceml.\ 

Krantfil  or  still  uiuior  iliscin-idn JO  'ilKKHKKI 

l-.xtr,-i  i-n^t  ,,t  materials  and  cual ~     27'()iKi  (KHi 

l"'i«al   iUn   lii9.(KKl.(»lO 

^-  "'^'';  '\'"'  ^'-tiniate  ut  the  fntnre.  it  i>  impM^sihle  to  sav 
how  much  ,n  this  nicrea-ed  c.-t  ,,f  M\er  iT(H).()lHM  km  )  ,,r  S=iut) 
'»'•'>.""<'.  v.ill  l>e  cvered  hv  mcrease.l  r  venttes.  1„'  luis  ji,', 
operatin-  •■Npen-es  \\  ere -re.iter  than  in  l'U3  Ijv  i.-(.,  l'H),o,S5,  ,,r 
.'<_'..\,-(H),Mi(i.  \,,rmal  revenues  increased  £16.966,362.  and  the 
\alue  ni  the  L;MUTiiment  tratlic  l',.r  which  n,,  direct  pavinent  was 
niaile  ua-  £4  1 .' d  7.(L'4  ;  the  snm  ,,t  these  tw.,  uems.  t.NS,8S.U.% 
"i-re  ih.ati  ..fiVrt  the  increased  c.-t  ,,f  ,,peratin„.  Rom,I,s  are 
not  hkeK  tM  he  -,,  favorable  t,.r  I'M'i.  Tral!'!,-  .  ,n  the  Mritish 
i-adu.iys  ha-  fallen  ,,lt  in  „.nie  re-pect-  since  I'MS,  and  the  in- 
creased cn-t-  have  nearly  donbled,  -,,  that  the  rcvemte   t,,r   T)p, 

^viM   nn,   be   -nm.aent.   in   all    hkehl 1,   t,,   ...wr   the   increased 

c-ts.  Net  rexennes  niav  and  |.n,b,ablv  will  be  ab..>e  those  r,i 
I'M.v  -^.  that  the  defict  for  1"1'»  ,-  n,,t  likelv  to  be  the  whole 
amount  of  the  incrca-e  in  costs  o\er  I'MJi. 

The  Tran-por,  i;,ll  l,-,.  ,,as.ed  the  -eco„d  teadin^^  i„  ,be  Honse. 
I  .^I'c  i..-it:(  -   !=')  I,,  lr,l. 


ukI  en  i'>  prMiiii-f 


CKF.M    i;kii.\iN' 


rf    lilial    I'lKUtllK'tll.         11 


K"  rinti^li  tr;iii-|M  irtatinn 


systt'iii  tlu-ii  -iHiiiU  t'ulay  in  a  |«'-iti(iii  ..f  tlio  i;Tcatc-.t  niu-frtaiitlw 


With 

and  1 


tniaiu'cs  111  ( 


k'-ixTatc  c<in(litii)ii.  tluTc  is  a  -ifaily 


ar^''c  drain  mi  tin-  tax  pavi 
sfd,  Init  ijiih'  until  the  cl' 


app 

compromise  w 
ill''  fiiiiditii  >iH 


ise  o 


Labor  lias  1 
f  thi 


H'oii  t''m]>oranl 
d 


vcar,  wlK'ti  tiK'  rfCL'ii'i 


once  !no 
ill 


rn|   will  (.•'Milmiu'  ail' 


l>c  ended  and  the  whole  question  of  Aa.cjes.  work- 
iivl  representation  in  manas,'«nent  nui-t  he  faced 

le  act,  '.\ar  ci>n- 
tend  t'l  a   certain  evtent   ti>  stal)ilize 


re.     F'lr  two  \-ears  from  the  passasje  of  t! 


the  position  of  the  r; 


alter  that  peri.>d  i- 


I  >\'er.  we  na\  e  a 


futi 


ure  that   i- 


•I'di  d   in  ileepe-t   '.incertaintx .   uitli  nati'iiiah 


lion  nil  ire  than  a  i'-  '--'.hility. 


R 


APPENDICES 


I 

I 


APPENDIX  A 

Personnel  of  the  Railway  War  Organization  in  the  United  States 

111!-:   AMl-.KK.AN"    K. Ml. WAV   ASSOCIATION 

Si'Ki  lAi.  (  iiMMiriKi-:  (i.v  Xatiuxai.  Dkiknse 
l:.Vi-iiitiri-   L',iiiniiiltii---'l  hi.'   Railroiuls'    liar   Board 

I'ainax   liarri.M'ii,  Lliairmaii, 

l'rc>idcnt,  S^'UtluTU  i\ail\vay  S\>teni. 
Howard   IClliott. 

Chairman  LniiiniiiiCL'  uu   Intercorporate   Relations,   .\e\v 
N'ork,  New  lla\en\  liartlord  ivailroad. 
Hale  llolden, 

President,  (  hiea.^o,  liarlmuluii  \-  '.j'""^')'  I'^-'i'lroad. 
Julius   Kruttschnitt. 

Cliairii..ni    l'\fi.-\iti\ e   (  . anniitiee,   Scuthern    I'aciiic  Com- 
pany. 
Sanuiel  Kea, 

I'resident,  Pennsxlvania  Railroad. 
E.  K,  Clark, 

Inler-tate  Commerce  Commissii'U,  e\  officio. 

GEI.rUAL    COMMITTKE 

Fairfa.x   Harrison,  (.eneral   Chairman 

George  Hodges,  .\ssistant  to  General  Chairman 

J.  E.  Fairbanks,  Secretary. 

Northeastern  Department 

J.  H.   Hustis,  Temporary   Receiver. 

Boston  &  Maine  Railroad,  Chairman. 
H.  M.  I'iscoe.  \'ice  I'rc-ident, 

P.oston  t\:  Alhanv  Railroad. 
Howard  Elliott,  Chairman  Committee  on  Intercorporate  Re- 
lations, „  . 
Xew  York,  Xew  Haven  &  Hartford  Railroad,  ex  otticio. 
E.  T.  Pearson,  President. 

"  New  York,  Xew  Haven  &  Hartford  Railroad. 
Morris  McDonald,  President, 
Maine  Central   Railroad. 


18<.) 


U  Ak  AKM  I  M-l  l;  \  I  ins    III     l(\i|,\VAVS 


Eastern  DcparDnciU 
\..  V.  Lorc'c,  rrc-^ulciu, 

1  )i'l.i\sarc  \   lliidson  Company,  Chairman. 
l'.li>Iia  l.cc,  Ai-liiig  \icc  i'resideni  ami  (lencral   Maiiager, 

1  'ciins\  Ivania   Kailroad. 
W.  G.   I'cslcr,   I'rcsiik-nt  .'IkI  (icnera!   Manager, 

Central   R.Mlro.ui  of  \ew  jersey. 
SaiiUH'l   Ri'a.   ('resident, 

renn-\l\,inia  Railruad.  ex  officio. 
A.  II.  Smith.  I 'resident. 

.New   ^'(lrk  Central  I^ines. 
.\.    W,   Thniiipson,   \iec    President, 

i'.altinti're  \-  Ohi'i  R;iiIroad. 

Southeastern  Department 
W .  ].   Ilarahan,    President, 

Seaboard  .\ir  Line   Railway.  I'hairman. 
E.  II.  Coapnian,  \  ice  President, 

.^ontliern   Railway  S\stcm. 
Lyman    Delano.   X'ice    President, 

.Atlantic  Ci-ast  Line  Railroad. 
R.   \'.  'Taylor,  \'ice  President  and  Cieneral   Manager. 

Mobile  \-  Ohio  Railroad. 
W.  .\.  W'inbnrn,   President, 

Central  of  GeorLriri   Railwav. 

Central  Department 

R.  11.  .\ishton.  President, 

Chicago  iV  Xorthwestcni  Raihva\',  Chairman. 
E.  E.  Calvin,  President, 

I'nion  Pacific  Railroad. 
TIale  Hiiklen,  President, 

Chicago.  P.nrlinuton  X.-  Quinc}-  Railroad,  ex  officio. 
C.  IT.  Markham,  President. 

Illinois  Central  Railroad. 
G.  L.  Peck,  Fourth  Vice  President, 

Pennsylvania  Lines  West  of  Pittshnrc;h. 
)■-.  D.  Sewall,  Vice  President, 

Chicago,  Mil\vau1<ee  &  St.  Paul  Railway. 
G.   T.   Slade,   First  Vice  President, 

Northern    Pacific   Railwav 


I 


MM'lMiU  KS 


181 


Southern  Ih-fcrtnicnt 
\V.  B.  Scdlt,  President, 

Soutlifrn      lantir     I  niiiiiauy,     'rc\as-LniiiMntia     I.tiie.s, 
Chairman. 

B.  l\  lUish,   1 'resident. 

MissMiiri  1'ai.ilic  Railroad. 
Iiiliu>  KnittMlmiit.  Cliairniaii  I'.xfi-iitnc  *  cMiimmcc-. 
Soiitlicni   r,-  ific  (.'iimpaiiy    ex  otiicio. 

C.  K.  SchalY,  Kiiciver, 

Missouri,  l\aii-as  iK-  Texas  Lines. 
T.  M.   Sfluiniaiher.   President. 

I'.l  I'aso  \  Si'iitluvesttrn  lonipany. 

U'l'stcrn   /^T-iirOz/iii/ 

Win.  S)  roitle,   I'rc^idcnt, 

Soutr.eni   I'acilic  Conii>aiiv.   i'acitic  System,  Chairman. 
J.   n.   I'arrell,   i're-ident, 

()re,L;<m-\Va.diini;loii   Uailmad  and  Xavii^ation  Company. 
R.  S.  l.ovett,  Chairman   l".Neiuti\e  Committee, 

Inion   I'acilic  Sy.-tem. 
E.   P.   Riplev,  I'resident, 

Atchison,  ToiJeka  vK;  Santa  Fe  Railway. 
L.  C.  Oilman.   President. 

Spokane,  Portland  &  Seattle  Railway. 
C.  M.  Levey.  Pre-ident. 

Western  I'acitic  Railroad. 


SriU  OMMITTEES 

Coiniiiissicn  on  Car  .S't'rx'iCi' 

C.  M.  Sheaffer,  Genl  Supt.  'I  ransiwrtation, 

Pennsylvania  Railroad.  Chairman. 
W.  L.  Barnes.  Supt.  Transi>ortation, 

Chicago,   Biirlini^ton  &  Quincy   Railroad. 
W.  C.   Kendall,  Snpt.  Transportation, 

Boston  &  Maine  Railroad. 
P.  H.   McCauley,   Supt.  Transportation. 

Northern   Pacific   Railway. 
G.  F.  Richardson,  Supt.  Transportation. 

Southern  Pacific  Company. 
T,   A.   Somerville,  Gen'l   Supt.  Transportation. 

Missouri  Pacific  Railroad. 


182 


W   \K  AIiMI\I>;TR AI  |ip\   III    KMI.W   \N> 


D.  E.  S|)an,!,'lcr,  (iciil  Siipt.    rransitortation 
Xorfdlk  &  Western  Railway. 
'  C.  B.  riielps,  Supt.  Transportation. 
i-ouisville  &  Xashvillc  Railroad. 

Miiitiiry  l-qHipincnt  Standtirds 

I.   1.  \\  allis,  Gen'I  Supt.  Motive  I'mver, 

l'i'iiii>\l\ania  Railruail,  Cliairniaii. 
C".  \\.  ( 'liaiiilK.'r-.  Snpt.  .Motive  IVnver. 

("eiitr.il  Railroad  of  New  Jersey. 
C.  .\.  l.iiulstroiii,  .\ssistant  to  1 'resident 

Pressed  Steel  Car  Company. 
F.  \V.   .Malil.   Director  of   I'urcliase-. 

Soiitliorn   I'acillc  Conipanv. 
Peter  I'arke,  (_'liief  Rnqinoer, 

The  I'lillnian  Company. 
R.  E.  Smith,  General  Supt.  .Motive  Power, 

.Atlantic  Coast  Line  Railroad, 
C.  P.  N'oiniL;.  Mechanical  I'lngincer, 

<'liicaL;o,  ]'.nrlini.;loii  X-  (  hiincv  jsaiir^ad. 

Military   'I'nuisp^'rlalion  Acconyitbiii 
.\.   I  1.   Plant,  Comiitrollcr. 

.Soiiiliern  Railway  System,  Chairman. 
M.  P.  r.lrmvelt.  Coinptrolicr. 

I.eliiL;h  \'alicv  K'ailrond. 
C.  R.  .Martin,  \'icc  President  and  ( '•  ini]Mroller, 

Clrcat  Xortlicrn  Iv'iilwav. 
.\.  I).  McD^.n.ald.  \'ice  Prvsidt-ni  .iiui  t'.  .ntrMllcr, 

Southern   Pacific  Company. 
C.  P.  .'>eL,a'!-.  \'ice  President  ;ind  ( 'nniptr.  iIKt, 

Cnion   Pacific  System. 
C.  L  Stnry;is,  General  .Anditoi', 

Chi<'aL;o.  P.ur]in,i,'ton  iV  (_)uinc\-  R'ailr^iad. 
John  Carstensen,  \'ice   President. 

Xew  ^'ork  ("cntral  Railroad. 

Military    "assoh/i-r  Tariffs 
P.  L.  Pievincjton.  Chairman, 

Transcontinental  Passenger  .\ssocIation,  Ch.iirman. 
F.  C.  Donald,  Conunissioner, 

Central  Pas'^encer  .As'^ociation. 
\\'.  }\.  Howard,  Chairman, 

Southeastern  Passen:;er  .Association 


Al  :'F..Nt)l<F.S 


183 


f. 


C.  I-.  Iliiiitfr,  \'iie  ( 'liairinaii, 

Tniiik  l.iiic  AssmiatiMii. 
W  .  I..  I'ratt.  Chairman. 

New    ljij;laii(l    ras^ciiycr    \-.>c«.iali<iM. 

Military  l-rciijht   I arith 
L.  Green,  Vice  President. 

Southern  Kailuas   .S\^tciii,  i  liairiii..ii 
11.   I!,  llnyd,  Cliainiian, 

W  c^tL-rn  Trunk  Line  As-m  i.itidn. 
L.   I-".  (Jlialci.or.  I  hairman, 

.Siiutlicastcni   1  r(.'i;;lit    A'-'m  ai.itii  n. 
K.  1 1.  (  ull;lti•^^.  <  li.iirinan. 

1  r.iiiscuiiliiiciil.il    1  ri-iulit    lliircau, 
V.  A    l.clanil,  Cliairman, 

.•^'MiihwcsliTii  'I  arilT  (  ( .imniiU'v. 

C.  C.  .McCain.  Cliainnan, 

Trunk  Line  .Asst^iatii  n. 
L.  Morris.  Chairman. 

Central  I'rei^ht  Association 

Matcials  ami  Sitpf'lics 

11.   1'..  Spencer,  \'ico  President, 

Southern   KaiKvav  Sy-tem.  Chairman. 
\\'.  \'..  1  Iodides,  Vice  President, 

.Atchison,  ToiJeka  X:  Santa  Fe  Railway. 
V.   W.   .Mahl.   Director  of   Purchases, 

Southern  Pacific  Company. 
W.  n.  Myers,  Vice  President, 

Pennsylvania  Railroad. 
J.  \V.  Taylor,  .Assistant  to  President. 

Chic.iRO,  Milwaukee  \-  St.  Paul  Railway. 
George  G.  Yeomans.  Purchasing  Agent, 

New  York,  New  PLucn  i^  Hartford  Railroad. 

Exf'rcss  Transf^ortation 

D.  S.  Klliott,  Vice  President, 

.\merican  F.xi>rcs-  Couiivany,  Chairman. 
J.  B.  Hockaday,  \'ice  Pre-ident  and  General  Manager, 

Southern  Express  Coinpaiiy. 
F.  S.  Tlolhrook,  Vice  President, 

\\'ell.'^  Fargo  &•  Company  Express. 
H.  E.  Huff,  Vice  President, 

Adams  Express  Company. 


184 


W    \\<     \1IM  i  \  l>  I  k  \  I  I'lN 


li     R  \ll.\\    \>S 


GenKKAI.  Dl'ERAlINC;   ClJ.MMIl  TEK  OK    F.ASIERN    RAILWAY 

I'.xi-.ci  1  i\i:s 
(Appointed  Xoveivber  26,  1917) 

A.  W.  ThonipsDii,  Nice   rrf.~ident, 

Baltimore  iS;  (^>\un  Railroad,  Chairiuan. 
Carl  K.  Gray,  L'liairmaii  and  I'resideiit, 

Western  Maryiai.d  Railwa\. 
G.  L.   I'eck,  I'o'jrtii  \'icc  I'resitlent, 

PciinsNlvania  Lines  W'e-l  of  rittsl)urj,di. 
Elislia  l.ci-'.  Actin,Lr  \'ice  President  and  General  Manager, 

i'onnsylvania  Railroad. 
1'.   II.  Growley,  \"ice  I'resident. 

Xcw    \'  irk  Cent'-      Railroad. 
A.  T.  Dice,  President, 

Phib(lul|)hia  X-  RcadiuL;  Railway. 
.\.  J.  Stone.  \'icc  President, 

l'>ie  Railro,id. 


r 


APPENDIX  B 
Regulation  of  the  Forces  Act,  1871   (Great  Britain) 

34  &  35  \'ict.  Cap.  80.  .\n  .\ct  for  the  better  Regtilation  ui  the 
Regular  and  Auxihary  Land  Forces  of  the  Crown:  and  for 
other  pnqjoses  relating  ilierciu  » >o  far  as  relates  to  Rail- 
ways).     (l"ih  -Vugust,   1871.) 

Power  of  Govf.unmen-t  on  Occ.\sion  or  Kmkrc.excy  to  T.kke 

I'OS.SESSION  or  R.\ILRO.\DS 

16.  When  her  majesty,  by  order  in  cotnicil,  declares  that  an 
emergency  has  arisen  in  which  it  is  expedient  for  the  public 
service  that  her  majesty's  government  should  have  control  over 
the  railroads  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  any  of  them,  the  secre- 
tary of  state  mav,  bv  warrant  under  his  hand,  emiK)wer  anv  pcr- 
.soii  or  persons  I'lam'ed  in  such  warrant  to  take  possession  m  the 
name  or  on  behalf  of  her  maiesty  of  any  railroad  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  of  the  plant  Ixilonging  thereto,  or  of  any  part 
thereof,  and  may  take  iKJSsession  of  any  plant  without  taking  pos- 
session of  the  railroad  itself,  and  to  use  the  same  for  her  majesty's 
■service  at  such  times  and  in  such  manner  as  the  secretary  of  state 
may  direct;  and  the  directors,  officers,  and  servants  of  any  such 
railroad  shall  o\xv  the  directions  of  the  secretary  of  state  as 
to  the  user  of  such  railrcvad  or  plant  a<  afore.-,aid  for  her  majesty  s 

service. 

.Any  warrant  granted  by  the  said  secretary  of  state  m  pur- 
suance of  this  section  shall  remain  in  force  for  <ine  week  only,  but 
may  I)e  renewed  from  week  to  week  so  long  as,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  said  secretarv  of  state,  the  emergency  continues. 

There  shall  lie  paid  to  anv  iierson  or  body  of  persons  whose 
railroad  or  plant  mav  be  taken  possession  (-f  in  pursuance  of  this 
section,  out  of  monevs  to  he  provided  by  parliament,  such  full 
compensation  for  anv  loss  or  injurv  they  may  have  sustained  by 
the  exercise  of  the  powers  of  the  secretary  of  state  imder  this 
section  as  mav  l>e  agreed  up<Mi  between  the  said  secretarv  of  -tate 
and  the  said  person  or  bodv  of  i>ersons.  or,  in  case  of  difference, 
may  be  settled  bv  arbitration  in  manner  provided  by  "The  Lands 
Clauses  Consolidation  Act.  184.=^." 


ISA 


W  \l;    \l>.\n  \  1^  I  l<  A  I  ln\  III-   k\|i.\\  \N- 


\\  luTe  any  railinad  ur  plan*  is  taken  possession  of  in  the  nanie 
or  on  buhali  of  her  niajc-^lv  in  pursuance  of  this  section,  all  ccm- 
tracts  and  enga,L;enicnts  between  tlie  person  or  body  of  ])ersons 
whose  railroad  is  so  taken  possession  of  and  the  directors,  offi- 
cers, and  servants  of  such  person  or  Ijody  of  persons,  or  between 
such  [jcrson  or  boch'  of  per^on-  and  any  other  ]K'rsons  in  relation 
to  the  working;-  or  niaiiilenance  of  the  railroads,  or  in  relation  to 
the  supply  or  workini;'  of  the  ])lant  of  ^ucli  railroad,  which  would, 
if  such  possession  had  not  been  taken,  have  been  enforcealile  by 
or  ai^ainst  the  said  person  or  body  of  persons,  shall  during  the 
continuance  of  such  possession  be  eiifoncable  by  or  atjainst  her 
majesty, 

I-"(ir  the  purposes  of  this  section  "r.aiboad"  shall  iiiihide  an\ 
traniwav.  'vhether  worked  by  ;ininial  or  mechanical  power,  or 
partlv  in  one  wav  .-md  partly  in  the  other,  and  any  stations,  works, 
or  accommodation  beloncjint,''  to  or  acquired  for  the  working  of 
such  railroad  t  tr.amwav. 

"Plant"  shall  include  anx-  eiiLM'ne^,  rolling;  stock,  horses,  or 
other  animal  or  mechanical  power,  an<l  all  lhint,'-s  necessary  for 
the  proper  workintr  of  a  railroad  or  tramway  which  are  not  in- 
cluded in  the  wonl  "railroad  " 


ft 


APPENDIX  C 
Special  War  Powers  Granted  to  Board  of  Trade  (Great  Britain) 

I)E1-ENCE    UF    THE     KEAI  M     KwiUI.ATlONS,    7".        I'OWEKS    AS    TO 

Railway  '1'raffic  ami  Fakes.     (December  l.\   V)\6) 

(Febiu-akv  23,   1917) 

(1)  The  Board  nf  'I'rnde  may,  for  tiie  iHin)o>e  of  making  the 
most  efticient  use  of  railway  plant  or  lalwur,  with  a  view  to  the 
successful  prosecution  of  the  war,  make  orders  for  all  or  any  of 
the  following  jjurposes,  namely; — 

(H)  for  enabling  the  Br.ard  of  Trade  to  lake  possession 
of  anv  private  owner's  wagons  and  to  use  those 
wagons  in  such  manner  as  they  think  best  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  country  as  a  whole,  on  uich  conditions 
as  to  pavment,  use,  and  otherwise  a~  nay  be  provided 
by  the  order : 

(b)  for  enforcing  the  prompt  loading  or  unloading  of 
wagons,  bv  making  failure  to  load  or  unload  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  order  an  oi^ence  and  for  enabling 
wagons  which  are  not  promptly  unloaded  by  the  con- 
signee to  be  imloaded,  and  their  contents  to  be  dealt 
with,  at  the  risk  and  expense  of  tk.e  consignee  in 
manner  provided  by  the  order : 

(c)  for  curtailing  any  s*atutory  requirement^  as  to  the 
running  of  trains  or  affording  other  facilities  on  cer- 
tain lines  or  at  certain  stations,  or  for  requiring  the 
disuse  of  anv  such  line  or  station,  in  cases  where  the 
curtailment  or  disuse  appears  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
to  l)e  justified  by  the  necessity  of  the  case: 

(i\\    for  re-^tricting  or  i)rohibiting  certain  clas'^es  of  traffic 
(including  the  carriage  of  passengers'  luggage  i    -n 
raihvavs  i^ither  alisolutelv  or  -subject  to  any  condi- 
tion^ for  which  provision  i-^  made  by  the  order; 
(f)    for  modifvinu'  anv   statutorv  requirements   with  re- 
spect to  the  maximum  aniormt  of  passenger  fares : 
(2)   If  anv  perscin  acts  in  contravention  of  or  fails  to  comply 
with  any  of  the  provisions  of  an  order  so  m:ide,  he  shall  be  guilty 
of  a  summarv  offence  a2;ainst  thc^e  reuulatirn*. 


I 


ISS 


W    \1<   AHMINIS  I  U A  nuN   OK  KMLW   \VS 


(3)  Any  order  may  be  made  so  as  to  apply  generally  to  all 
railways  or  to  any  class  of  railways  or  to  any  special  railway. 

(4)  Any  order  of  the  lioard  ni  Trade  under  this  re,a;iilation 
may  be  revoked,  extended,  or  varied,  as  occasion  requires 


APPENDIX  D 

Orders  of  Boarr"  of  Trade  (Great  Britain)  Under  Defence  of  the 
Realm  Regulations,  7"" 

XI. — Orders  as  to  Railway  Traffic  axd  Fai  z^  L  nder 
Recui.ation  7" 

The  RailiMys   (rassou/crs'   Luggage)    Order,    iQi6.     Dated 
Deeember  sr.  iqi6. 

\\  hereas  l)v  Regulation  7"  of  the  Defenc  of  the  Kealin  (Coii- 
si.lidatinii  )  Rep^ilatioiis.  P'U  t  in-erteil  iii  iIujm'  Ket^iilaiu  ii-  l.\ 
an  Order  in  Council,  dated  the  13th  day  of  December.  1916),  it 
is  anion_2;st  other  things  provided  as  follows : 

The  lliard  of  Trade  may,  for  the  purpose  of  niakini.;  the 
most  efficient  use  of  railway  plant  or  labour,  with  a  view  to 
the  succr^ssful  prosecution  of  the  war,  make  orders  for  all 
or  any  of  the  follnwing  purposes,  namely: — 

.  .  .  (d)  lor  restricting  or  prohibiting  certain 
classes  of  traffic  (including  the  carriage  of  passengers' 
luggage)  on  railways  either  ali^i  >lu'ei_\  '  ir  sulijcit  in 
any  conditions  for  which  provision  is  made  by  the  order. 

Xo'v,  there  1  ore,  in  pursuance  of  their  powers  under  the  said 
regulation  and  of  all  other  powers  enabling  tl  m  in  that  behalf, 
the  Board  of  Trade  hereby  order  as  follows: — • 

On  and  c. 'ter  the  1st  day  of  January,  1*^^17,  the  Railway  Com- 
panies of  G  eat  Britain  may  refuse  lo  carry,  as  passengers'  lug- 
gage, luggage  exceeding  in  all    100  pounds  in  weight  for  each 


passenger.- 

This  Order  may  be  cited 
gage)  Order,  1916. 


the  Railways  (Passengers'  Lug- 
A.  11.  Stanley. 


'  Sec  A]i|>cn<lix   r,  ]iam'    1.^7. 

'Limitation  o-i  I';i<;sciiKcrs'  I.iigpaRC— Tlic  -pccial  acts,  etc.,  of  the  varioiiv 
companies  provide  for  tlic  carriage  free  of  cliarge  of  a  ■.ptcil'ie  ainouiit  i.f 
pas^c^KC^s'  luggage.  For  certain  of  the  main  lines  and  for  liglit  railways,  the 
amounts  were  131  lll^.  1st  class,  100  lbs.  lA  clas-.  and  fit)  Ihs.  M\  class,  but 
for  certain  lire-  th,  ,  ;ui!mihUs  wire  rai-ed  by  acts  of  tbe  last  20  years  o--  'o 
to  150,  120.  and  100  lbs.  respectively. 


I 


190 


\\  AK     \|).\1  IM^I  l<  A  I  HP\    111     KMIW    \\: 


7 /(<■  luiihuvys  ( / 'u.vii'H'/iT  luiris)  Onicr,  kjio.    I'atid  Ddonjcr 

21,    IV  1(). 

Wlicrca-,  li\    l\t.',;;iilali' III  7",  etc: — • 

I  lir  lliiai'il  ni'  1  laili'  nia>,  I  'T  tlic  purp.  i-c  of  inakini;  the 
most  clficiciu  UM.'  'il  raih\a\  plaiu  ur  lahuiir,  witli  a  \  iew  t(j 
the  successful  [irn-nutinii  uf  tlic  \\ar,  make  orders  fcjr  all  or 
any  of  tlic  folIo'AiiiL;  piirpo>e^.  iiamclx  : — 

(e)  for  iiio(lif\  iiii;  any  '-tatutory  re()iiirc- 
nients  with  ropcci  to  liic  maximum  amount  of  pas- 
senj^er  fares. 

\o\\,  thcrefi  re,  etc.,  the  Hoar'  >'\  Trjule  hereb\  order  as  fol- 
lows : — ■ 

(Jii  and  after  the  l:.t  January,  I'M",  the  r;iil\vny  companies  in 
Great  I.5ritain  ni;iv  char;4e  i'l  addition  to  tlie  pas.sen,',fer  fares  con- 
taine<1  in  the  lists  e.xhihited  at  the  statii^ns  at  tlie  date  of  this 
( )rder  a  sum  equal  to  onedirdf  of  such  fares,  or  where  the  fare 
is  not  contained  m  -uch  li.-t  they  mav  charjjc  one-half  more  than 
tlie  maxinnim  fare  wliicii  would  he  cliary;ealile  hut  for  this  Order, 
and  all  such  li^ts  ,-uid  ;dl  passenjjer  tickets  on  which  the  fares  are 
printed  or  written  shall  have  eti'cct  as  if  the  fares  stated  were 
increased  In-  tlie  additional  sum  ^o  .harmed. 

This  rivder  max'  ht'  cited  as  the  I-'aiKva\s  (  r'asseiv.:cr  Fares) 
Order,   lOlC. 

.\.  H.  Stan-i.i-v. 


Tin'  nrtriili.^it  "t  Jl\hn>iis  niul  S'hcrfs  ( fuu/laiu!  nvaj  U'lihs) 
Order.  ioi~.  tlaWil  March  f*),  /o/f.  utadc  hv  the  Board  of 
Trade. 

I'M 7.     .\o.   246. 

\\  hereas  hy  KeL;ulation  7''  of  the  Defence  of  the  Realm  Retju- 
latinns  the  Hoard  of  Trade  ha\e  power,  for  the  ])urpose  of  making 
the  most  etticient  use  of  railway  plant  or  labour,  with  a  view  to 
the  successful  prosecution  oi  the  war,  to  make  orders,  amongst 
other  tliin,c:s.  for  enforcinjj;  the  prompt  loading;  or  unloading  of 
wa,c;ons  hv  making  failure  to  lo.ad  or  unload  in  accordance  with 
the  order  rm  offence : 


i 


M'I'I.M' 


I'M 


Xuw,  tlicrci'^ri-,  itc,  the  llnaril  I'i  1  radu  heTcl>>  ■  nlcr  as  fol- 
low s  :-  - 

1.  Uu  aiul  alter  ilic  \-\  A]>ril,  1''17,  tlic  trailer  rc^iMjiisilile  tor 
the-  loadiiif,'  (;r  iiiiloadinj,'  of  any  iixTohandise  (exchidiii.t;  coal, 
roke  aiul  palciit  fuel,  cuiiveyed  or  to  he  conveyed  hy  railway 
sh.ail  load,  unload,  ur  ^ause  to  he  leaded  or  utiloaded.  and  tender 
to.  t,r  place  at  the  disposal  of  the  Railway  Company  the  wagon 
einplo\ed  t^'j^et''  -  with  the  covering  sheet  or  sheet-,  if  any, 
within  such  iiuiiiher  of  day-  after  the  day  "H  which  die  wagon 
and  sheet  or  sheets  ha\e  heen  placed  at  the  dispn-al  i>f  the  trader 
as  is  specified  in  the  Schedule  hereto. 

2.  '  Defines  "tr.ider."  ) 

•v  {  IVohihils  traders  frmii  u>ing  ei|uipuieiU  for  their  own  in- 
ternal puri)oses.) 

4.  If  a  trader  acts  in  contravention  of,  or  fail>  to  cunjily  with. 
au\  ]ri.\i-p'n  .ii  ihi-  <  irder.  In-  i-  L;uih\  of  ,a  -uuiiiiar\  .  Mvu't 
again-t  the  Defence  of  tlie  i\calm  Regulations. 

5.  .Vothiug  contained  in  tliis  Onler  shall  prejudice  or  affect  the 
riudit  of  a  Hailw.av  ("onipanv  V>  recover  demurrage  or  other 
charges  on  wagons  or  sheets  or  the  liahility  of  a  trader  therefor. 

A.'l'hi'^  Order  shall  apj.lv  to  F.ngland  and  Wales  n..  may  Ik.' 
cited   a>   the    Detention    of    Wa-.'iw    and    Sheets    i  I'.nglaud   and 

Wales)    (  )rder.    l'>17. 

A.  TI.  St.wt.ky, 
f'rrsiift-nt  of  the  Board  of  Trade. 
I'.oard  of  Trade, 
ir.th  M.arch.   I'M 7. 


.S",7ii-(/;(/i' 

Xuniher  of  Dav-  .\!lowed  for  Loading  or  rnloading  Merchan- 
dise   I  excluding  Coal.  Coke  and    Patent   Fuel  i 

(ai    Wagons  .-uijplieit  enipt\-  for  loading. 

.!t  S!alii>it.<.  t'ri-iii,-  Siiliii:is.  Poclcs.  ll'lunrr.':.  etc. 

W.agon  to  he  loaded  and  tendered  to  Railway  Coin- 
pan  v  for  coiivevaiice  w  itliin  one  day.  exclusive  of  the 
dav  on  which  tjie  Wagon  is  placed  at  the  trader's  dis- 
posal, 
(h)    Loaded  Wagons  after  conveyance. 
At  Stations. 

Wagon  to  Ive  unloaded  and  placed  at  Railway  Com- 


192 


w  \i(   \ri\i  i\  I- 1  K  vTidX  I'l   K\ii\\  \vs 


]>aiiv's  (li-~|">^.il   witliiii   t'\ii  ilav--  i-\i.iii>i\i-  ot   the  day 
of  receipt  !)>•  tin-  ii.nliT  ^i  ii^iKi.'  '.i  ani'.il. 
At  I'crts     (  SliipiiK'iit  iimI:k'  'iiil\    ) 

\\a,i;i'ii  l"  Ik-  I'lilnailctl  ami  iilari'd  ai   Uailuay  T.  .ni- 
lKiiix 's  di-]"  >^.il  within  ilirtT  (la\-  i'mIiwim-  oI   tlio  day 
of  arri\  al 
./:'  !'ri:ali-  Siiliiuis.  /'/x'/.-.v,  11  luinis.  <•/.  . 

Wa^nm  to  K'  iinluaiU-d  and  i>lai-ed  at  l\',iil\\a;.  (oui- 
|>aii\'>-  d:N|H)sal.  if  emptN.  within  two  da\s,  or  if  rc- 
l(ia(ied,  within  three  days,  exclusive  in  either  case  of 
the  day  on  wliich  the  NVafjon  is  placed  at  the  trader's 
chsposal. 
The  numl)cr  "f  days  to  l>e  allowrd  for  the  return  of  any  cov- 
erings Sheet  or  Slieets  to  be  me  same  a-^  for  W'apons. 

The  term  "dav"  in  this  Schedule  means  the  twenty-four  hours 
Ix^pinniniT  at  '')  a.m..  cxchtdinj:^  the  twinty-four  hours  Wj^inninp 
at  (^  a.m.  in  a  Simdav  niornin-j;. 


The  f\-t,'iiti  11  of  II  (hiotis  mil!  Slirrls  ( Scollaiuh   Cirdcr,  iqij, 
diiti'i!  March    'J\   ioi~.  iiiadr  by  the  Board  I'f  Trade. 


.^4: 


V>\7.     Xo. 


S.40 
(Simi'ar  to  Xo.   246,    iu<t  cited.  !.nt  aj'plies  to   Scotland.) 


Schedule 


Number  of  Days  .Mlowed  for  Loading;  or  L'nloadinj^  Merchan- 
dise  (  Schcdtde  same  as  for  l-'.n,s,dand  and  W'rdes. ) 


'J'he  i'liioiidiiiji  of  ll'chioiis  (liiu/laiid  and  Wales  i  Order,  loij, 
dated  March  lO,  luij.  made  h\  the  Board  of  1  rade. 

I'll/".    Xo.  248 

\\']icrcas  by  I\ej;u!ation  7"  of  the  Defence  of  the  Rerdm  Reg- 
ulations the  Board  of  Trade  have  jKiwcr,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  the  most  efficient  use  f>f  railway  plant  or  lat>our,  with  a 
view  to  the  successful  prosecution  of  the      ar.  to  make  orders, 


M'll-Mill  KS 


1-M 


aiiinii-,'-,!  Dtlicr  tiling-.  iLr  iiial)linK  uajiiii-^  wliitli  arc  not 
I.miii|)llv  unloaiU'd  \i<  \k-  unloaded  and  their  coiUmUs  to  Ir-  dealt 
with  at  the  riNk  and  cxpcn.-c  ol  the  trader  in  manner  provided 
hy  the  order : 

Xo'.v,  iherelore.  etc  .  the  ISoard  of  Trade  hereliy  order  as 
follows  : 

1.  If  a  waf,""!!  on  any  Kailuay  i>  n.  >t  unloaded  by  the  trader 
within  the  time  >hewn  in  the  Schedule  to  this  Order,  the  Railway 
(■(Miipanv  mav  cau^e  the  \\at;on  t(j  he  unloaded  and  the  contents 
thereof  to  hc'warehou-ed  or  stoicd  at  the  owner\  risk,  in  accord- 
ance with  any  direction-;  i;i\en  for  the  purpose  hy  the  Hoard  of 
Trade. 

2.  Anv  exi)en-c-<  incurred  hy  the  Railway  t'lmipany  in  unload- 
ing; the  wa.i;"!!  Mid  any  cartage,  warehouse  or  ^toraj;e  charges 
shall  l)e  i)aid  \>\  tlie  trader,  and,  in  addition  to  any  other  remedy 
available,  the  spools  in  respect  of  which  the  e.\p(  n^es  are  in- 
curred inav  he  detained  until  th'i.e  exi>enses  and  clK.r,L;v-  are 
paid. 

,v  The  provi-ioiiv  ><i  this  Order  with  respect  to  the  unloading 
of  wagons  >hall  he  in  addition  to  and  iH't  in  dero^'ation  of  any 
other  provisions  for  enforcing;  the  ])roni]it  loading?  and  unluad- 
ing  of  wagons. 

4.  \eithcr  the  tr.i<lcr  imr  any  other  per>on  shall  ohstruct.  in- 
terfere with  or  ini|>ede  the  exercise  hy  the  Railway  Company  of 
the  powers  frivcn  liy  this  Order. 

5.  .Anv  'person  acting  in  contravention  of,  or  failing  to  comply 
with,  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  Order  is  guilty  of  a  summary 
olTence  against  the  Defence  of  the  Realm  Regulations. 

(i.  I"or  the  puq)ose  of  this  Order  the  teriu  "trader"  includes 
the  consignor,  consignee,  transferee,  or  other  person  at  whose 
disposal  the  contents  of  a  wagon  may  he  held.  .\I1  n'>tices  re- 
ferred lo  in  this  Order  may  be  given  in  writing  or  verbally  or 
sent  bv  jiost  or  by  telegram  or  by  telephone. 

7.  This  Order  shall  apjily  to  England  and  Wales,  and  may  be 


cited  as  the  Unloadiiij 
1917. 


Board  of  Trade. 
16th  March.  1917. 


of  Wagons  ( i'jigland  and  Wales)  Order 

.■\.    II.    Sr.VNt.KY, 

I'rrsidriit  nf  the  Board  nf  Trade. 


''I 


\\  \\<  AD.MIMSIKM  I(>\  iM-  KMI.U W^ 


Silu-<!i,l,- 

NuiiiIht  ot   Days  for  L'nluadiii.u   Mi  n  li.iihli~t'   >  ixciiulmg  Coal, 
Coke  and  I'ah  ni    lia-l. ) 

.■It  Sltititnts 

Two  (lays  c\c1um\c  uf  llic  day  ■•[   ron-ipt  l;y  the  tradi-r 
of  notice  of  arrival. 
At  I'orts  (Shijmu'nt  TrafTic  inily) 

Tlirce  cla\s  (.■xilusivi'  ni  the  ilay  of  arrival 
At  I'ruatc  Sidiniis.  Puckw.  H'luirzvs,  vie. 

'I'uK  davs  cM-lii'ive  of  llic  day  on  wliicli  tlu'  \\  aj^^on  is 
placi'd  at   \\ic  trader's  disposal. 

Tlif  term  "ij.iy"  in  tlii'<  .'^dii'dtdc  means  the  twenty-four  lionrs 
bcjjinninj,'  at  '>  a.m..  evcliidin;^  tlie  t\\eiity-iiinr  hmirs  heKinnins; 
at  6  a.m.  on  a  Snndav  mornini:. 


i 


'I'lii'  i'nloatliiu/  of  IViUionx  (Scnfhuul)   Or^lrr.   HU'.  elated 
March  l6.  jqij,  made  by  thr  Rn.ird  :•[   Trade. 

249 

vn7.   Xo.  — 

.S.41 
(  Similai-  to  Xo.  J  18,  jti-t  cittU  l-iit  a[i|'Iies  to  Srotlitid.) 


Seliedide 


XhiiiIr';-  of  I  )a\<  for  I'ltloadiiiLT  Mi  rrli.andise.      (  Siiiii'ar  t^i  that 
for   IjiL'iaiid  ;!iid   \\'ale<.  i 


The  Prhalc  Openers'  ]\'a(}ou.-i  i  I'se  leiier  fiiiiNy  \  Order,  loij, 
dated  March  /A,   jeir~.  made  by  the  Board  'if  Trade. 

I'M 7.     Xo.   2.-0, 

Whereas  li\  Regulation  7"  of  the  niM'eiice  of  ihe  Ueahii  Re^- 
ulatioti^  the  I'loanl  of  Tr.ade  h.ive  [josser,  for  the  purptse  of 
makiiiL;  the  iiio-t  ellieieiit  u-e  of  I'aiiwax  plant  or  lahonr.  with  a 
view  to  the  >ncee>sful  proseeution  of  the  war.  to  make  or(ler>. 


APPF.NniCES 


195 


iiiunii;;-.!  nilier  lliiiii4>.  ivf  >ikiMiiil;  llu'  l'..i.ir.l  ni  1  r.i.lc  to  laKe 
jx>ssevsi(iii  <>i  aiiv  private  nwii.-rs'  ua^^oiis  and  lo  ii-u  thn-  •  waR- 
ons  111  siK-li  iiiaiiiicr  a'^  tlicv  think  l.c-t  in  the  interests  of  the 
country  as  a  wli^le  on  ^\u\\  m  nchti^n^  a>  t>>  iia>iiu-nl.  l:^L■  .itid 
otherwise  as  mav  lie  imovi'IoI  liy  the  <  inlrr. 

Now.    therefore,   eh'.,    liie    I'^ard   ><i     Trade   hen  l.y    Mvder   i -- 

follows :    - 

1  Where  a  jiri^ate  dwners  wa^'o,:  umild  nthiM^i-e  he  sent 
on  a  jonmcv  enijits  the  I'oard  of  Trade  may  take  i>osse>si(jn  of 
the  Aaijon  lor  that  journey,  and  .i^'ve  ^nch  direction^  with  respect 
to  the  eases  m  whicii  [wssession  i>  to  Ik;  so  taketi  and  the  u>e  and 
loading,'   oi    ,i    wa^ou    of    uhidi    |i..--e--ion    i>    ^o    i.iki  n    a-    they 

think  lit. 

2  Where  i»o-.-e-.sion  i>  m,  taken  of  a  ua>,'on,  there  shall  1)€ 
iJaiTto  the  owner  for  the  use  of  the  \\ai,'(in  sue!;  amount  as  may 
l)e  agreed  or  as  m.iy  he  determined,  in  default  of  at,'reement.  hy 
the  Uailway  and  (anal  Commission  or  hy  an  Arhitr.itor  ap- 
j)ointed  hy  that  t  ommission. 

3.  The  owner  of  any  waj,'on  and  any  other  person  aliened  hy 
directions  tjiven  under  litis  (  )r(ler  shall  comply  with  any  direc- 
tions so  };iven  and  .uive  all  rea^onahle  facdities  for  i-airyiiif,'  out 
those  directions. 

4.  Any  iK.'rsoii  actiui;  in  i-ontra\ention  of  or  failinu  to  com- 
ply with!  anv  of  the  jirovisions  of  this  Order  is  f^nilty  of  a  snm- 
marv  offence  a).,'ain>i  the  Hefcnce  of  the   I     ilm   Re^julalions. 

5.  This  Order  shall  ajiplx-  to  Great  Britaui.  and  may  Ik-  cited 
as   the    Trivate   Owners'    Watsons    (Use   when    Km|>lyi    Order, 

I'M/". 

.\.  H.  St.\.\i.!-v. 
rri-siili-iit  of  tlir  Hoard  of  Trudt. 
Board  of  Trade. 
irnh  March.  1<M7. 


Rcstrittir,'  Mrasiir,-.':  ( ^rdcrrd  hy  Riiiluoy  F..vtiiill:r  ('i'liiinillrr. 
jiiiiiiarx    I,    ii)i~ 

Xolice  is  lierehy  u;i\en  that  the  followint;-  alterations  in 
passentrer-train  traxek  as  ajiplyint,'  to  the  railways  in  (Ireat 
Britain,  will  come  into  force  on  and  from  January  1,  1917- 

(a)  Passenger-train  services. — The  passcntrer-train  services 
will  he  considcrahlv  curtaile<l  and  decelerated.  i'"or  details 
see  the  compain^'s  time-tables  and  notice^'. 


1% 


\S  \H    XDMIMMKAl  liiN   iH    H\ll  W  WS 


(b)  Reservation  of  seats,  compartments,  etc.  Tlu'  reser- 
vation oi  seals  .mil  inmiiari  ^u■^t^,  aii'l  ^.iIumh,  for  (nivate 
])artics.  will  he  (liscdutiiiiicd. 

(II  .Sleeping;  and  dining  cars,  -liie  miiuiih'^  oI  ^lri|)iii^ 
aiiii  i!    'iiil;  1:11^  will  I'c  curtaileil. 

(d  Ihrough  coaches. — The  niniiinj;  of  certain  slip  coaches 
and  iliinu^li  iii.n-lio  iit't  main-line  trains  tu  Sranch  Ii:ics  will 
he  discoMliniieil. 

(e)  Prohibition  of  conveyance  of  motor  cars,  carriages, 
etc. —  Kii.id  M'liu'ic-,  ^m-li  .1-  iipitoi  car^,  can  iaj;e>,  >li<iw  i.aiis, 
etc.,  will  not  he  accepted  fur  c(jnveyance  hy  passenj;cr  train. 

(f)  Increase  of  fares.  -All  pas^enj^er  fares,  except  work- 
nieii'-  tickc  ;-  id.iily  and  weekly),  season,  ir.iders'  and  zone 
tickets,   uid  hr  inncii-cd  hv  .^<^  I'lM'  cent. 

(ff)  Cancellation  of  reduced  fare  facilities.  Kediu cd-fare 
facilities  will  in  cert. 1111  cases  he  ilisiMiitiniied.  See  .'iniionnce- 
iiients  hv  indi\idn;il  ci  mipanies. 

(In  Interavailability  of  tickets.  l',i>->ii-cr~  liDldiiiL;  'idi- 
narv  sea--iin  or  tr.iders'  tickets  co\erini;-  points  directly  served 
l)y  two  nr  mure  companies'  lines  will  he  allowed  lo  travel, 
f(i|-  the  tlinnmlidut   journey  (inly,  hv  any  rente  so  availahle. 

In  ca^es  where  ihrnuuh  tickets  have  hecn  issued  and  there 
is  111)  direct  thrinii^li  s.,T\ire,  a  passenLjer  will  he  permitted  lo 
complete  the  j  mrney  hy  a  reco.i^nized  alternative  route. 

These  arr.in'jjements  will  not  appl\'  to  local  residential 
service^  unless  speciallv  autluiri/ed 

( i )  Limitation  in  weight  of  luggage  accompanying  passen- 
gers. Tlu'  railway  conipaiiies  wi'l  n^t  undertake  to  Ljive 
assistance  in  the  handliuL:  of  passeui^crs'  lu,t;ija^e. 

.Snhiect  to  certain  exceptions,  the  amount  of  ordinar\-  |)er- 
sonal  hit^gaL,'e  allowed  free  of  chari^e  will  he  100  ])onnds. 
irrespective  of  ih.e  class  of  ticket  held,  and  no  passenij-er  will 
he  permitted  to  take  more  than  100  pounds  \veii;ht  of  hig- 
t::ai.;e  hv  train. 

Rv  '  >i  (ier 
Till-:  R.Mi.w.w  r;xr<^'"Ti\i'  Commi  1  1  i'.k. 


I 


T.iindon.  Decenihev,   1^116, 


APPKNDIX  E 
Proclamation  of  the  President  Taking  Possession  of  the  Railways 

As  this  innii(,-rai)li  i;"c.  t..  press  ilu-  pPK-l;miatUMi  ..1  the  I'res- 
i.k-m  of  the  I'lii'.'.l  States,  date.l  l)eiemlK;r  lU.  1''17.  '''-'^  "!'- 
IK-arcl.  tiniler  whirh  the  I'residetit  has  taken  |K)ssession  of  all 
the  railroad-  of  the  rniied  States  under  ilu-  power-  c.nferred 
by  the  Army  Appropriation  Act  of  \ui;u-t  _"',  I'^K,  (  See  pa^-e 
.V)  of  this  nioiio;,'raph. ) 

i'.y  this  pr.xlaination  the  i're-idcnt  ha-  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Trea-inv  William  i  i.  McAdoo  as  Director  (ieneral  of  Rail- 
roads On  DecemlHT  .U.  Mr  McAdoo  as-entcd  to  the  desire  of 
till  Raiiroa.ls'  War  Hoard  to  hrin^  its  orf^anized  activities  to  a 
close,  and  appointed  an  advisory  U^ard  ronsistnif;  of  John  Skel- 
ton  Williams.  ( -omiitroller  of  the  Cnrrency ;  Hale  Holden,  Presi- 
dent of  theChicauo,  I'-nrlinuton  and  Ouincv  Railroad  and  former 
niemlKJr  ..I  the  Railroads'  War  P.o.nd :  Henry  Walters.  Chairman 
of  the  Hoard,  Atlantic  Coast  Line  Railroad;  I.dward  ChamU-rs. 
Vice  1 'resident  of  the  Atchison.  Topcha  and  Santa  Fe  Railway 
and  head  of  the  Transportation  Division  of  the  United  States 
I-o,k1  Administration;  and  Walker  D.  Hines.  Ch.drman  of  the 
F.xecufive  Comnnttee  of  the  Atchison.  Topeka  and  Santa  he 
Rai'wav.    Mr.  Mines  has  l)een  apjioime.!  Assistant  to  the  Dirctor 

Cieneral. 

Tlie  pnH'iamation  of  the  President  follows; 

I!y  the   rRisniFNT  oV  the  Unitkd  SxATts  of  America 

A    PROCLAMATION' 

Whereas  tlic  CoiiKr.-ss  of  the  United  States,  in  the  exercise  of  the  consti- 
tutional authority  vested  in  them,  by  joint  resolution  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Kepresentatives,  hearing  date  April  (>.  1917,  resolved: 

That  the  state  of  war  between  the  United  States  and  tlie  Imperial  German 
Government  which  has  thus  been  thrust  upon  the  United  States  is  hereby 
formally  declared;  and  that  the  President  be.  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized 
and  directed  to  employ  the  entire  naval  and  military  forces  of  the  United 
States  and  the  resources  of  the  Government  to  carry  on  war  against  the 
Imperial  German  Government;  and  tn  brinR  the  conflict  to  a  successful 
termination,  .ill  of  the  resources  of  the  country  are  hereby  pledged  by  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States. 


l''S 


W  AK    AHMIM-IK  \  I  l(i\    (II     K  M|  ,u  ^y, 


And  b>  J. .lilt  rcs.uutiun  l)caring  dale  i^'  December  7,  1917,  resolved: 
That  a  state  of  war  is  hereby  deelared  to  exist  between  the  United  Statp« 
01  America  and  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Austro-Uungarian  Govcrnmem  ■  and 
tliat  the  I'residcnt  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  and  directed  to  einploy 
the  entire  naval  and  military  forces  of  the  United  -States  and  the  resources 
of  the  Government  to  carry  on  war  against  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Austro- 
llunyanan  Government;  and  to  brmg  the  conflict  to  a  successful  termination 
all  the  resource-  uf  the  country  are  hereby  pledged  by  the  Congress  of  the' 
United  States. 

And  whereas  it  is  provided  by  section  1  oi  the  act  approved  August  29 
1916,  entitled  "An  act  making  appropriations  for  the  support  of  the  Army  tor 
the  fiscal  jear  ending  June  30.  1917,  and  for  other  purposes."  as  follows: 

•Ihe  I're^ident,  in  time  oi  war,  is  empowered,  through  the  Secretary  of 
War.  to  lake  possession  and  assume  control  of  any  svstem  or  svstems  of 
transportation,  or  any  part  thereof,  and  to  utilize  the  same  to  tlie  cxclu-ion 
as  far  as  may  be  necessary,  of  all  other  traffic  thereon  for  the  transfer  or 
transportation  of  tn.ops,  war  material,  and  equipment,  or  for  such  other 
purposes  connected  with  the  emergency  as  may  be  needful  or  desirable. 

And  whereas  it  has  now  become  necessary  i  the  national  defence  to  take 
possession  and  assume  control  of  certain  systems  of  transportation  and  to 
utih/e  the  same  to  the  exclusion,  as  far  as  may  be  necessary,  of  other  than 
war  traffic  thereon  for  the  transportation  of  troops,  war  material,  and  equip- 
ment thcretor,  .-md  for  oth.r  needful  and  desirable  purposes  connected  with 
the  prosecution  of  the  war; 

Now,  therefore.  I,  WoonRow  Wilson,  President  of  the  United  States   umler 
and  by  virtue  <,f  ihe  powers  vested  in  me  by  the  toregouig  res..Iutio'ns  and 
statute,  and   by  virtue  of  all  other   powers   thereto  me  enabling,   do   lierebv 
through   Xewton  1).   Baker,  Secretary  of  War,  take  possessi.m  and  as,um'e 
control  at  li  o'clock  noon  on  the  twent- -eighth  day  of  December,  1917    of 
each   and    every   system    of   transportation    and    the    appurtenances    thereof 
located  wholly  or  ;„   part  within  the  lK.undaries  of  the  cominental  United 
States  and  consistniR  of  railroads,  and  owned  or  controlled  svstems  of  coast- 
wise and  inland  transportation,  engaged  in  general  transportation    whether 
operated  by  steam  or  by  electric  power,   including  also  terminals    terminal 
companies.   an,l   terminal  associations,   sleeping  and   parlor  cars    private  cars 
and   private   car   lines,   elevators,   warehouses,   telegraph   and   teleplmne   line- 
and  all  other  equipment  and  appurtenances  commonly  used  upon  or  n  .cr.ited 
as  .a  part  of  such  rail  or  combined  rail  and  water  s>stems  of  transportation- 
to  the  end  that  such  systems  ,.;  transportation  be  utilized  for  the  transfer  and 
transportation  of  troops,  war  material  and  equipment,  m  the  exclusion'  -„ 
far  as  m.ty   be  necessary,   of  all   other   traffic  thereon,  and   that   so   far  as 
such  exclusive  use  be  not  necessary  or  desirable,  such  systems  nf  transporta- 
tion be  operated  and  utilized  in  the  performance  of  such  other  services  as 
the  national  interest  m.iy  require  and  of  the  usual  ..nd  ordinary  business  and 
duties  of  common  carriers. 

It  is  hereby  directed  that  the  possession,  control,  operation  and  utib/ation  of 


AI'I'TMilc  KS 


190 


Mu  h  ir.iii^iJMii.iiKin  systems  licrchy  by  me  utulcrtakeii  shall  be  exercised  by  and 
tbruii^li  VV  til.  (1.  McAdoo.  who  is  hcicliy  appiimtL'd  and  designated  Din'it'T 
GeiK-ral  ul'  Kailronds.  Said  director  may  iiert'nti.i  llic  duties  iiiipcsi-d  upon 
him,  so  long  and  10  such  extent  as  lie  .-ludl  determine,  tliroiigh  the  board-^ 
of  directors,  receivers,  officers,  and  employees  of  said  systems  of  traiispona- 
iion.  Until  and  except  so  far  as  said  Director  shall  from  time  to  timi-  by 
general  or  special  orders  otherwise  provide,  the  boards  of  directors,  receivers, 
otiicers,  and  employees  of  the  various  transpnrtat'on  systems  shall  continue 
the  operation  thereof  in  the  usn  and  ordinary  course  of  the  busiiicis  of 
common  carriers,  in  the  names  of  their  respective  companies. 

Until  and  except  so  far  as  said  Direct  ir  -hall  from  time  to  imie  i.tlu  •  vse 
by  general  or  speei.i!  orders  determine,  such  systems  of  transportation  shall 
remain  subject  to  all  existing  statutes  and  orders  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission,  and  lo  all  -Latutes  and  orders  of  regulating  commissions  of  the 
variou;  .^tales  in  which  said  systems  or  any  part  thereof  may  be  situated. 
But  any  orders,  general  or  special,  hereafter  made  li>  -  lid  Director  shall 
have  paramount  authority  and  be  obeyed  as  such. 

Nothing  herein  shall  be  construed  as  now  affecting  the  possession,  i.pera- 
tion,  and  control  of  street  electric  passenger  railways,  including  railway; 
commonly  called  interurhans,  whether  such  railways  be  or  be  not  owned  or 
controlled  by  such  railroad  companies  or  systems.  By  subsequent  order  and 
proclamation,  if  and  when  it  .shall  be  found  necessary  or  desirable,  possession, 
control,  or  operation  may  be  taken  of  all  or  any  part  of  muIi  street  i.iihv.iv 
sytsems,  including  subways  and  tunnels;  and  by  subsequent  orilcr  and  procbi- 
niation  possession,  control,  and  operation  in  whole  or  in  part  may  also  be 
relinquished  to  the  owners  thereof  of  any  par'  of  the  railroad  systems  or 
rail  and  water  systems,  possession  and  cnnirnl  of  uliicli  are  hereby  assumed. 

The  director  shall,  as  soon  as  may  be  after  having  assumed  such  possession 
and  control,  enter  upon  negotiations  with  the  several  c^impanies  looking  to 
agreements  for  just  and  reasonable  compensation  for  the  possession,  use,  and 
control  of  their  respective  properties  on  the  basis  of  an  animal  guaranteed 
compensation,  above  accruing  depreciation  and  the  maintenance  of  their  prop- 
erties, equivalent,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  to  the  average  of  the  net  operating 
income  thereof  for  the  three-year  period  ending  June  30.  1917.  the  results  of 
such  negotiations  to  be  reported  to  me  for  such  action  as  may  be  appropriate 
and  lawful. 

But  nothing  herein  contained,  expressed,  or  implied,  or  lureaftcr  done  or 
suffered  hereunder,  shall  be  deemed  in  any  v  ay  to  impair  Ibe  riv;tits  of  the 
stockholders,  bondholder;;,  creditors,  and  other  persons  having  interests  in  said 
systems  of  transportation  or  in  the  profits  thereof  to  receive  just  and  adequate 
compensation  for  the  use  and  control  and  operation  of  their  property  hereby 
assumed. 

Regular  dividends  hitlu  rto  declared,  and  ni.ituring  interest  upon  bonds, 
debentures,  and  other  obligations,  may  be  paid  in  due  course;  and  such  regu- 
lar <li\idends  and  interest  may  continue  to  be  paid  until  and  unless  the  said 
director  shall,  from  time  to  time,  otherwise  by  general  or  special  orders  dc- 


20(1 


W    \l;     \|iM  I  \  I-  I  K  \  I  II  i\    (>|     R  \l  I.W    \\  s 


tcrmine;  and,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  director,  the  varioii';  carriers  may 
agree  upon  and  arrange  for  tlic  renewal  and  extension  of  niatiirinK  oliliga- 
lions. 

Kxcept  with  the  prior  written  assent  of  said  Director,  no  attaclimcnt  hy 
mesne  process  or  on  execution  shall  be  levied  on  or  against  am-  of  ihe 
property  u.-eil  by  any  of  said  transportation  systems  in  the  conduct  of  their 
business  as  common  carriers;  but  suits  may  be  brought  by  and  against  said 
carriers  and  judgments  rendered  as  hitherto  until  and  except  so  far  as  said 
Director  may,  by  general  or  special  orders,  otherwise  determine. 

I'ro.n  and  after  twelve  o'clock  nn  said  twcnty-eightli  day  of  December. 
iyi7.  .ill  transportation  systems  included  in  this  order  :.nd  proclamation 
shall  conclusively  be  deemed  within  the  possession  and  ■■.•ntrol  of  said 
Directnr  without  further  act  or  notice.  But  for  the  purp( 
said  possession  and  control  shall  date  fmm  twelve  o' 
December  31,  1917. 

In  witness  whereof.   1   have  hereimlo  set  m>    hand  .and 
the  United  States  to  he  affixed. 

Done  by  the  President,  through  Newton  D.  Baker,  Secretary  of  War,  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  this  2rith  day  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  seventeen,  and  of  the  independence  of  tlu- 
United  States  the  one  hundreil  and  forfv-sccond. 


of  accotmting 

ck    tnuhiitjlit    on 

:iu-ed   Ihe  seal   of 


By  the  President  : 
Robert  L.^^■sl^•r,. 

Scfli^ttiry   of    Stale. 


\V(X)IiHnW    Wii.sov. 

Nkwton  F),  Rakir. 
Sfcri-liiry  of  IVtir. 


INDEX 


Acculcnt    rcti.rd   i(j.    IJ.).    158. 
Aiwi.rth.   \V.    M..   I6H. 
Actvisury      Itoard     ap|<ujiiU'rl 

McAdoo.   l'>7. 
Advisory    (.'itiiinii.ssidn,    17. 
Aishton,   U.    II..   15.   1?<U. 
Aniericati    Railway    AxNt^'iation.    1 

179. 
American    Kail  way    Hxprt  ^■s   Co., 
As|.iiiall.    .lolui    .\.    !•■..    79,    j<0. 
.V-quitli.    i'rinif   Minister,   9|,   106, 
Aissociateil      Society     of      Loconu 

Kint-t  ts    ami    I'ircnifn.    [iroiirani 
Attcrbury.    W.    W..    18. 


Iiy     Sci-tftur\ 


■t.  1''.  -■-' 

14.'. 

.itivf      Kii 
,.f.    l'..v 

H9. 


I.I 


\V,,rkinK 
76;    an 


I'ainT, 
niittre 
Uonnsrs 
Hurcaii 


Kayc 


nu. 


load 


M: 


Ila^lwcll,    Tohn 

llrskr,    \C.    (,.,    15,    ISO. 

IJoaril    ..f     Railn.a.l     Wajje 

("imditions,    144. 
licianl    .if    Tr.-iilc    ((1.     11.1,    Julifs, 
iitimiccim'tu    by,    K.S;    curtailment    of    rt 
I'orts,    113;    special    jH.wers   nf.    11&,    1S7 
-drrs   antl   itislrutti(.ii>.    11/.    IKV;    VV'liit' 
1.^');    hours    of    labor.     16.1;    i.oni 
of  c-\iK.'rti  ai>('oinIftl   by,    16S. 
,    war.      St'e    Wages,    \^ar. 
of    i'ar    Service.    23,   46. 
Hums.    John,    "9. 
Hutterwortli,    .Sir    .\. 
llynie.   Sir   Wm.,  X') 

talthrop.  t".uy.  79.  Sll. 

Car    loadinR:    relatu>n    of    avcram- 

capacity,    .'-;    cimpait!"    to    iniiii 

results,   34.     .Vi-i-  ii/.<"   I'rcitjbt. 
far    service;    ilurrau    of.    i3,    46:    l  omuns- 

sion  oil.   Jl.  46;    Sccti»>n  of,   13S. 
Carter.    W.    S.,    13 J. 
I'entral    .\ccountinK    nureau.   46. 
C'liainbers,  F.dward,  13J,  r>7. 
Churclnll.    Winstou,    16''. 
'"ivil   \\';ir,  ciuiditions  (iuriiiK,  7. 
rlark.    K.lwanI    E..    Jl.   -'4,   4(1,    179. 
Coal    and    iron    ore.    Jl*.    43.    .5.'.    117.     1^<. 

.Vcc    also    Pooling    oiH-rations. 
OiRhlan.   .lames,   89. 
I'ominissioti   on   Car   Service.   21,   46. 
Committee   of   seven   eastern  executives.   .■.9. 

Crtmmittrc  on   Production    (O.   R.),   163. 
Conciliation    Scheme.    Railway    (C.    II.).    '■ft- 

97,  1)9,    ion. 
Controller;    of    coal    nunes.    117;    of    rolliTii; 

stock.    116;   of  traffic.   59. 
CootieratiMi       with       military       authonln 

Sreci.al      committee     on;     appointed, 

membership,    15;   chanRe   of   name,    IR 
Council    of    National     llefense,    17,     19, 
I'oun    of    Arbitration    (<;.    1!.!.    163. 
Cowie.   .T..   ."9. 

Peclaration   of   liolicy    of    Wm.   I.     McAdo,,. 

IVfe'lisc  of  the  Realm  reRulalioiis.   187.   ]»". 

Dent,   C    n  ,   «'l 

Dent.    Sir    I-     II  .   79.  fO. 

nivision    of    Caoital    Kxpeiidilures.    146. 

Division    ot    Public    Service.    149. 

Kconomies  anil  restrictions  of  Uritish  gov 
ernmeni:  passencer  trains.  Ill;  .accounts 
and      statistics.      112;      reports      to      sl.iek 


14. 
66. 


holders,  113;  picpaymcm  of  diaries. 
114;  puuliuK  of  equiiment,  115;  shipping 
orders.    116;    coal    di.stribution,    117. 

r.lectric    railways'    war    board.    56.    57. 

IClliott,    llowanl,    21.    179, 

KliibarKoes,    2y,    60. 

Kx|M)rtation.     Couritinatintf     committee     on. 

Kxpurts   Cunlrid    Coniniittee.    139. 
Kxpress    transportation.    .Subconmiittee    on. 
21,  26,  49. 

I'.iy.    Sir   Sam,   "9. 
I  eltoii,  S.   -M..   54. 

ruiancial    results   in   (ireal    llrilain;    income 
guaranteed  to   ro;uls.    120;   basis   lur  guar 
antce   above   aver,ai!c    earnings.    120;   tfood 
bargain    for    government,    121;    net    earn- 
ings    .and     profits,     124;     ilivideiids     paid, 
125;  comparison  of  st'K'k  ipiotations,   126. 
statement    of    compensation,     160. 
1-ood   administiation,    53,    57. 
Korbes,    Sir    Win.,   79,  HO. 
lox,    Wilson,    16K. 

hreight    ( .ive   hIsk    Pooling    opcrationsl: 
I'nileil    .States;    idaii    to    expedite.    15;    re- 
lation of   average  load  to  capacity.  32, 
table   showing  operations,   37;    full   iuxle 
capacity       loading,       47;       government 
freight,     49,     51;     (k'lieral     Order     So. 
2X.    142. 
tlreat     llritam;     prepayment     of    charges, 
114;    pooling.    115;    iirivate    cars,    11»; 
rate  charges,    UK;   report   on   passenger 
and   freight    tralftc,    157. 
Krench,    Sir   John,    107. 
I'uel  administration,   52. 

tieiiiles,   Sir    Kric,    172. 

C.eneral   Orders:    .\o.    f.    145;    -No.    27.    144; 

.\o.   28,    142. 
tiranet.    Sir   C,uy,   HO. 
liiay.   Carl    R-.    132. 

Harrison,    Fairfax.     14,     IS.     19.    21,     179. 

llighwav    trans|H»rt    committee.    .s6. 

Mines.    Walker    D.,    131,    197. 

Il,.ldeii.    Hale,    21,    179,    197. 

Hours,    drive    for    shorter    (Ci.     11.  l.     I"!-!. 

Improvements   througli    l)i\isioii    of    Ca:'tt:il 

Kxpeiiditures,  14t). 
Ingram.  Joseph.  K9. 
Interstate     C'ominerce     tommission:     report 

on  car  sui>lv.   Ian..   1917.  22;  power  under 

Ksch     bill.    23;     under     priority    law.    42. 

special    report.    |)ec.   6,    1917.  60. 
Ir.m    ore.      .SVc    l'o:lI    and    iron    ore. 


"loint 


oMtrol,' 


Keogh,   M.   v..  »9. 
Kitchener.    Karl,   91,    106. 
Kruttschnitt.    .lulm^.    21. 


17' 


Labor :  ,  , 

fnited       St,ate-.       64;       cmidoymen'       ol 

women.    65;    demands   of    brotherhoods. 

66;     conference      with      Presiilent.     67; 

statement    oi    policy,   6P. 


202 


INDliX 


<.r<;ic  llnlam.  'HI,  ii-lrulidiis  ipii  cnli,!- 
mini  „f  .mi.l.ncs.  'ij;  pni|'l»yiiulit  ii( 
wiimtii  an.l  hoys.  QJ.  iftj;  ,railc 
miii.ris,  'M;  »aK<-!<  pri.T  lo  «ar.  96: 
Inclu^ln.il  Truif,  97;  war  honiUM.  9X; 
lu'soliatioti!.  of  ilrtnaiiiU  c.f.  \-,7;  wane 
iiurra>i-».  161:  |.ri>i>raMi«  nf  miior,-. 
165. 

lam-.   I'ranklin   K..    Hi. 

Law,  Itonar.  ll'J, 

Ix-tn-'ilation.   raitwav: 

UniU-il  Stal.s:  .ict  of  Ian,  Jl.  186J.  9. 
.19:  jiiMil  ns  .  July,  1*52,  10;  executive 
■iriler,  .Auij.  «,  1S6.5,  10;  act  of  'Hi*. 
U;  army  apprnpriation  bills  (ixsn. 
1-',  (IK9n  1.1.  (19161  17.  39.  42:  K-cli 
lull  (1917).  J.l;  amcniliiu'til'.  i„  I.  I'.  I. 
.ici  (19(16).  41;  naval  apprnpriatii.n  ;ul, 
rilo,  41;  pri.nity  law,  1917,  4.': 
Adani-on  tiul.thuiir  law.  66. 
drc.it  i'rilain  .ict  nf  1X4.,,  74;  act  ol 
1K44.  74;  resnlatmn  of  the  forced  m\. 
I»7I.  7J.  7.5.  XJ.  K4.  1.S5;  cheap  train- 
act.  IXX.1.  7,1 :  national  ilefpiwc  art. 
IHHH,  76:  military  service  hill.  I"1b. 
95;  transi«irt  hill.  169;  defense  of  ll,. 
realm    regulations.    1S7.    189. 

I.loy.l    CeorRc.    David.    169 

l.neonuitive  KnRineer^  and  I'lreincn.  .\ss 
cialed  Society  of  1(1.  II.).  94.  97.  i 
itJso    VV.'iRcs,    war. 

iMjvctt.    Kohert    >.,    4,1.    44.    4.;,    U.'.    isl, 

McAd.io,  Wni.  I'l..  137.  197.  199;  ilcclara 
tion  of   policy.   1.17. 

McChcml.  Comr.  C.   C„  61. 

Marine   .Section.    141. 

Master  ("ar  tliiilders  ,\ss'ieiaIioii;  plan  t" 
expedite  freight  movement,  15:  permis- 
sion   to   load   tg    full   axle  capacity,   47. 

Materials  and  supplies,  Suhconimittee  on. 
21.   J.5.  48, 

Matheson,    Donald    .\..    79. 

Mexican  troiihles,  conditions  during,   14. 

Military  eiiinpment  standartls,  Suhcoiiimit- 
tee   on,   21,   23,   47, 

Militaiy  freight  tari:Ts,  Subeomiinttc  on. 
21,   3(),   49. 

Militaiy  passenger  taritTs,  Suliconiinittee 
on.  21,   25,   4H,  511. 

.Military  transportation  accounting,  Siih- 
coinniitlee  on.  21,  24,  25,  46. 

Missis,siiiiii  &  Warrior  Waterways  Section. 
141. 


.■•pup- 


.National     army:     movement    of, 

iiient    for,    SI. 
National  .\.sstK-iation  uf  UaiU\a\    \   Ciilities 

fotirnisMoners,    149. 
.Vationrd    defense:    Council    ot,    17,    19,    oo: 

sjiecial    committee    on.     l."!,     19,    21,     179; 

act    It;.    1!.),   76. 
N'ational   Cuaril  movenients,   51. 
national     I'nion    of    Kailwaymen    (ti.    U.). 

94.    o;.     jij.t;    i-riigrams    of.    165;    wages. 

162.      .V*','   ii/vi)   Wages,   war. 
N'eale.    K.    A .  m. 

New     \'ork    Il.irge    (."anal    Section.    141. 
•N'e'.v    Nork    eoi  l   var  hoard.   5.>. 
Noitltweslern    I'acilic   Kaitro.-ul  t"o..  decision 

in    case    oi     Pacific     I.iiinher    (  o..    ,*f    ,il 

vs..    I4d. 

<h-evatin«   Statistics   Secti-in.    141. 

Pacific    r.iimher  Co.,   ef   al..   vs.   Northwest- 
ern     racilic     R,-^ilway      fo..     dt-eision      in 


28. 
29: 
115, 


I  issellgei     Irallic     |(,.     11. |,     leslrictlons    oB, 

I'ooling  o|ieratinn»:   coal   and   iron  ore, 
-'9,    44,     53:     hox    cars,    .'9;     grain, 
rright   cars.    46;    in   (ircat    llritain, 
1 1ft. 

Potter,    Frank,    80. 

['resident's   mess.igc  to   Congress,    151 

I  riorily      committee      of      War       Industrie. 
Hoard,    47,    4.S. 

Priority    orders,   44.   45;   suspension   of.   44 


197. 


I!)     M 


Proclamations   of    President     141 

Prouty,   Charles    R  ,   132. 

Piihlic    Service,    Division    of,    149. 

•luintshill  troop  train  disasti      (C 

Kailroad    Control    .\cl,    134,    145 
K.ailroad    Wage    Commission.    |.i.i.    143 
Railroads'    War     Hoard:     memhers    of     21- 
suhccmimittees,    21:    suggestions    for' con' 
si-rvalion,    29;    organi.-ation    of   Tidewater 
1  ool,     43;     coo|>eration     with     other     or 
gani/.-ilions.     52.     57:     suggestions     aiienl 
commission   to   Russia,    54;   prevention  of 
congestion     at     seaports,     55:     letter     to 
President,    6X. 
k'^'i   -"''    *^''"^'    '"ommission     ((",.    n.). 
_   d"ay    Hoards  of   .\dju«tmenl,    145 
K...i\  ay    Clerks'    .\ssociation     (C.    n.).    94, 

166 
Kailw.iy   Kxecutive  Committee    (G.    B)-   an- 
iiouncement     by.      72;      history     and 
velo|inlent,   77;    members,   7H;    (lowers, 
"-■      X5;      enlistment      notice.      99-      wage 
a;:reement,   10.!;  reductions  ,,f  traffic.  11(1; 
,,„  •   "6.."'-   hitllier  |.assen- 
IIX:     restrictive    mea.sures    or- 


de 
fll. 


-hipjiing  orde 
ger    rates. 
■  lered.    195. 


legislation.      See    Legislation.    rail- 


Service  Con>s.   54. 

Staflf  Corns  (O.   H).   7«. 

unions,    drive    for    shortc 


Railway 

w.ny. 
Railway 
Railway 
Railway 

163. 
R.-ftes.  jtower  to  be  exercised  bv  Sr; 
Wen.   SaniMel.   21.    179,    180 
Rce.    Sir    Frank,   78. 
Regulation   of  the    forces  act     1S7I 

82.    84,    185. 
Re-.>lulion   unifying   railways   in   the   I 

21). 
Results     of     experiment     in     i.duntarv 

ot-eration    of    railways,    62 
Wos.herry,    F.ord.    91 
Runciman.   Walter,  79.   85,   ]I5. 

Select    Committee   on   Trans->„rtati.oi, 
S- arish    war.    conditions    during.    13 
St.inley.    Sir    .\lberl    H  .    79.    1(14 
S/lumper.    Ciilhert    S,,    73. 


Tables: 

I'nited  States;  relation  tielwii-n  a\iiage 
car  Inal  and  capacity,  .id:  freigli:  op- 
eration- .  37. 
(Sreat  liiiLiin:  25  representative  mails, 
miles  o|ierated,  81;  net  earnings,  etc., 
U4:  dividends,  125;  stock  i|uolations. 
126;  balance  sheet  between  railways 
.ind  goierninent  1-9:  compensation  for 
government  traftie,  160:  wage  increa.ses 
to   railwaymen,    161. 

Thelen.    Max,    149 

Thomas,   .T.    H  ,   168. 

Thompson.    .\.    W      Is,    1«n.    184 

Thorton.   TTeniv  W,.   79,   80. 


hours. 


73. 


16S. 


INDKX 


3  »> 


Slate-.  fi6;  (Ireat   Itntain,  9.*. 
Transport    lull    (<;.    B.I.    169. 
Transj.nrlatiim     ami    communication.     C  »tM 

initter    on,    I". 
Ttii'U-  IiKliiAtrial   Alliam-e,  Ifi^. 
TriN*|>    niovrmcnt" : 

rnitcf!  States;  Civil  war.  T;  Mrxicai 
Wisdirbantc-*.  14;  National  ;irmy.  ^*^ 
National  Ciiard,  51. 

C.reat    Britain.   74.   77.    105. 
TurnhuII,    Robert,   79. 


I'nions.    labor,    wa^ci    an-l 
tionn.   161.   164;   proKraiiiH. 


Aorkinii 
165. 


ion>ti 


\VaBf>*   (set  also  T^bnrV. 

l^iitcd  States:  prewar  .  ..n.lilion*.  h-i . 
ilcmands  for  incre.iHe.  66;  creation  ot 
Railwav  W.irc  t"ofnnii*«ion.  14.^:  Uoar<f 


..I    Hallway   ^V'aKca   and   Workinii   <  uii 
•  litii>n*i.    144. 
( Ircat      Britain:     jirewar     conditions,     96; 
aRrcenients  under  Conciliation  Scheme. 
98;    increa-rjt    in,    161.    166;    prngram* 
of    unions.    165:    honu!»et.    sec    \\  .igc*. 
war. 
Wam-H,    war:    allowances    to    enlisted    men. 
*m:    wnr   bftnusei.   99;    an  anKeinent-;    with 
union**.   100;  bulk  of  increase^  aiiaranteed 
hv    K"vernmfnt,    104. 
Waiktr.    Sir    Herbert    .\..    73,    7H.    79. 
Walters.    H.nry.    197. 
Waterways.   Committee    <'n,    55, 
Wafion.    Artlmr.    79,    80. 
Webb.    Sv.inev.    16H. 

Wtllard.     !»aniel.     17.    20.    Jl.    40.    ^3.    =4. 
William-,  .iohn   Skelton.   133.    197. 
Women'**    Service    Sect  ion,    145, 


MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 


1.0    !fl^  i- 


I.I 


2£ 
1.8 


1-25    III  1.4     i  1.6 


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FICHE    4    NOT 


4  NOT  REQUIRED 


